Byzantine and Early Muslim period: Christian village
There was village at the site during the Byzantine period; tombs and remnants of two churches have been found.[8] In the Byzantine and Early Muslim periods, there was an agricultural settlement here.[3][9]
Remains from the Early Islamic (Umayyad & Abbasid) period have bern unearthed here,[5][6][7] including Umayyad glass vessels and Abbasid pottery and a lamp.[10] Remains dating to the Umayyad period (seventh–eighth centuries CE) have been excavated,[4] together with housing remains dating to the Early Abbasid period (late eighth and early ninth centuries CE).[9]
A basilica-style church was built here during the Umayyad period, with a dedication from 725 CE found in the middle. Mosaics belonging to the church have been excavated. The church was probably damaged in the 749 Galilee earthquake, after which its columns were replaced with square pilasters.[3] The archaeological evidence indicates that a thriving Christian community existed here in the Umayyad and the Abbasid periods.[3] Two complex winepress that were operated in the Umayyad and Abbasid periods have also been found, indicating widespread wine production during these periods.[9][11]
In 1870–1871 an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Shafa al-Shamali.[13] In 1875, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited Tamra and found it to be a village of about 120 inhabitants, living in adobe houses, or houses built of volcanic materials.[14] He further noted:
This village has taken the place of an ancient town which formerly rose in an amphitheatre around an abundant spring, whose waters are received in a regular basin formerly vaulted. Everywhere considerable piles of stones, for the most part basaltic; the remains of overthrown houses strew the slopes of the hill. In the midst of these confused ruins I remarked, near the spring, the vestiges of a small church lying east and west and divided into three naves. It was ornamented with columns, of which several trunks yet remain. In the higher part of the city are still distinguished the remains of a second church, almost entirely destroyed, which was paved with mosaic, as is proven by the little cubes lying about on the ground.[15]
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Tumrah as "a village of middling size, perhaps 50 or 70 houses, situated on high ground, and surrounded by plough-land." They also noted that there were ruins on the south side of the village.[16]
In the 1945 statistics Tamra had 240 inhabitants, 160 Arabs and 80 Jews,[19] with a total of 9,436 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[20] Of this, 27 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 9,090 dunams were used for cereals,[21] while 6 dunams were built-up land.[22]
