While costing 300 million, as opposed to 3 billion for the public project, Celera's data was of very limited usefullness. http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/25/ -- (unknown commenter)
I agree there is pro-Celera bias in that text, with respect to the quality of the shotgun-sequencing technique. In addition, there was more bias in this quote:
'Celera had announced from the start its intent to make their genome freely available like that of the publicly-funded HGP, and in line with the "Bermuda Statement" (Feb 1996), made freely available to the public, 24 hours a day.'
This is disingenuous. According to Sir John Sulston in _The Common Thread_, Celera took varying positions, as time went on, on how open they would be with their data. Celera's initial announcement noted that they intended to release their data 'on a quarterly basis', which is not comparable to the daily releases of the HGP. While doing this, they announced that they would be "seeking patent protection on 'only 200-300' genes", which later became "intellectual property protection on 'fully characterized important structures' amounting to 100-300 targets". To call all that 'freely available' requires qualification, in my opinion.
I've rewritten that section, hopefully it's little more accurate now (or at least more fact-based!) The quotes are from Sir John Sulston's _The Common Thread_. (btw 24.127.183.241 is me; I'd forgotten to log in first.)
Another thing -- the brief mention of taxpayer funding in the Celera block should probably be moved to its own paragraph. It's important to note that the HGP was an international effort with funding from other sources, too, not just US taxpayers. That line, in its current placement as part of the Celera-discussion block, feels like it's anti-government axe-grinding on behalf of Celera.
To be honest, I'd argue that the Celera paragraphs should be a separate section, I think. -- Jmason 17:41, 13 September 2005 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2005-09-13T17:41:00.000Z","author":"Jmason","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Jmason-2005-09-13T17:41:00.000Z-bias_towards_Celera_Genomics","replies":[]}}-->
I think it is a pretty good article - provides lots of information for my essay!!
The HGP was an international project; however the current article text doesn't mention anything apart from the US government funding bodies until 4 paragraphs in, with a mention of an unspecified international consortium. That'd be good to fix, too. -- Jmason 21:38, 26 September 2005 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2005-09-26T21:38:00.000Z","author":"Jmason","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Jmason-2005-09-26T21:38:00.000Z-International_Project","replies":[]}}-->
that this article is contested by creationsists, as according to them, evolution is unverifiable, and there exists no hard evidence for it, because this artcile doesn't really exist, and the human genome was never sequenced.. ..If you don't agree, you might want to take it up with them lodge complaints here Of course, I'm biased, silly me, I believe in DNA, I'm such a day dreamer--Bah' 16:37, 5 October 2005 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2005-10-05T16:37:00.000Z","author":"Bah'","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Bah'-2005-10-05T16:37:00.000Z-also_worth_noting","replies":[]}}-->
Can we use the human genome project logo? - Samsara contrib talk 05:18, 24 January 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-01-24T05:18:00.000Z","author":"Samsara","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Samsara-2006-01-24T05:18:00.000Z-Using_the_logo","replies":["c-Petaholmes-2006-01-24T05:20:00.000Z-Samsara-2006-01-24T05:18:00.000Z"]}}-->
Just to let you know that Human genome has been voted Science Collaboration of the Week. - Samsara contrib talk 10:32, 27 January 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-01-27T10:32:00.000Z","author":"Samsara","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Samsara-2006-01-27T10:32:00.000Z-Human_genome_is_Science_Collaboration_of_the_Week","replies":[]}}-->
This is info from the major center for this research in the UK;
Formerly the Sanger Centre, the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute was founded in 1993 by the Wellcome Trust and the UK Medical Research Council (MRC). The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute is a non-trading, non-profit making registered charity involved in biomedical research. The vast majority of our funding is now provided by the Wellcome Trust, who announced in October 2001 an award of 300 million pounds sterling (430 million US dollars) to support the Institute from 2001 to 2006.
Its from the web site http://www.sanger.ac.uk/ and i'm looking for more global input.Hypnosadist 22:23, 18 May 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-05-18T22:23:00.000Z","author":"Hypnosadist","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Hypnosadist-2006-05-18T22:23:00.000Z-Globalize","replies":[]}}-->
Here are more groups involved in the international research and funding effort.
HEALTH RESEARCH BOARD, a government funder from ireland.http://www.hrb.ie/
GENOSCOPE a french government institution. History 18 December 1996: Creation of a Public Interest Group ("Groupement d'intérêt public", GIP) named "Centre national de Séquençage" (CNS, also named Genoscope) for 10 years (Official Journal, 1 January 1997). November 1997: Beginning of activities in newly-renovated premises in Evry. 1 July 2002: Integration of Genoscope within a new GIP, "Consortium National de Recherche en Génomique" (CNRG), created for 12 years, which also includes the Centre National de Génotypage (CNG) and the Réseau National des Génopoles (RNG). http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/
ACADEMY of FINLAND. The Academy of Finland provides funding for high-quality scientific research, serves as an expert in science and science policy, and strengthens the position of science and research. The Academy is committed to increasing public understanding of science through science events and science weeks, as well as through the Academy of Finland Annual Science Competition for Senior Secondary Students. http://www.aka.fi/
The AUSTRAILIAN GOVERNMENT also was a funder of this project.Hypnosadist 23:30, 18 May 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-05-18T23:30:00.000Z","author":"Hypnosadist","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Hypnosadist-2006-05-18T23:30:00.000Z-Globalize","replies":[]}}-->
Why is there an NPOV tag?
Agreed -- 08:39, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
Remove NPOV tag unless inserter has clear explanation in talk page. Crum375 00:08, 20 May 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-05-20T00:08:00.000Z","author":"Crum375","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Crum375-2006-05-20T00:08:00.000Z-NPOV_Tag?","replies":[]}}-->
Regarding the following paragraph in the artice :"In the future the knowledge gained by the understanding of the genome will boost the fields of medicine and biotechnology, eventually leading to cures for cancer, Alzheimer's disease and other diseases."
How can you tell the future? How do you know for sure that it WILL LEAD TO A CURE??? I think this should be removed unless the author wants to cite evidence of his or her unique knowledge of the future.
im writing an essay, so are they saying that they will be able clone fruit? ive heard they might be able to soon
(Above comments unsigned)
In response to this, how about the following as a suggested edit:
Someone let me know if this is a better wording, even if it is more verbose! Calilasseia 21:03, 19 May 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-05-19T21:03:00.000Z","author":"Calilasseia","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Calilasseia-2006-05-19T21:03:00.000Z-Fortune_Teller","replies":[]}}-->
In the absence of any dissenting voices, I added the above edit. Calilasseia 21:24, 20 May 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-05-20T21:24:00.000Z","author":"Calilasseia","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Calilasseia-2006-05-20T21:24:00.000Z-Fortune_Teller","replies":[]}}-->
"I have been referring to this article periodically over a time now, but there remains a glaring omission. It is remarkably unclear as to all the nucleotides have been sequenced. What does 'rough draught' mean? I am studying molecular biology and it still makes no sense. Does it mean that it was sequenced, but innacurately? And now that the last chromosome has been sequenced, do we now have every single nucleotide? Please someone expand on this and make it CLEAR!"
was posted earlier here. I would like to explain a little about the process used in the HGP. There are three steps in it. Each level gives a further layer of detail. Only the last sequences the individual nucleotides successfully. The "drafts" have given scientists an idea of the general functions and structures of large segments of the genome. I studied this in my A.P Biology class for crying out loud. I do not know enough to add to the article without reveiwing some old material I read for A.P. Bio on the specifics of the project (would take waaaaaaaaaay to much of my time to find.)
http://www.allbusiness.com/periodicals/article/497481-1.html
"The (stock market) drop was primarily due to a misinterpretation of an announcement by White House spokesman Joe Lockhart, who had indicated earlier that day that President Clinton planned to announce a restriction on genetic patents. CBS News reported that "Presidnt Clinton later today will unveil an agreement with Britain to ban patents on individual genes." CBS later stated that "President Clinton will announce a new agreement with Britain on a statement of principles urging a ban on patents on individual genes."
Following the miscommunication, Clinton soothed many investors by clarifying his comments, saying that genomics companies that discover something with a "specific commercial application ... ought to be able to get a patent on it."
The Crash of tech heavy NASDAQ was due almost entirely to market speculation and panic. You can't blame the tenous nature of the market and the crash that followed on one announcement, although it may have been the beginning. The main cause, I think, is that stocks of the Tech and Biotech industries were highly overvalued which caused the subsequent crash to reality. While it may have been the start of the decline, it is hardly the single cause for the crash Sterichinderance 08:03, 7 June 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-06-07T08:03:00.000Z","author":"Sterichinderance","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Sterichinderance-2006-06-07T08:03:00.000Z-Clinton's_Role_in_Tech_burst_Overestimated","replies":[]}}-->
The "Whose genome...?" section should be wikified rather than a block quote from their FAQ. savidan(talk) (e@) 02:10, 23 June 2006 (UTC)—Preceding unsigned comment added by Kbradnam (talk • contribs) 12:35, 2006 June 23__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-06-23T02:10:00.000Z","author":"Savidan","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Savidan-2006-06-23T02:10:00.000Z-Whose_genome?","replies":[]}}-->
I agree with the removal of RCA. I've never heard it mentioned in the context of sequencing the genome. I know that Celera NEVER used it...obviously...large scale shotgun, and if the Nature article doesn't mention it then NIH probably didnt use it. It appears that the DOE did use RCA, however, their role in the H.G.P was rather diminished and in the relative scheme, R.C.A was a rather small scale tool in comparison to the other methods developed by NIH. Sterichinderance 03:42, 3 July 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-07-03T03:42:00.000Z","author":"Sterichinderance","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Sterichinderance-2006-07-03T03:42:00.000Z-RCA","replies":[]}}-->
Question 1? - The human genome contains approximately 3 billion nucleotides. Comment 2- The reason I put the Celera stuff in there was that I wanted to put some information regarding how it was done in the article. Previous to that addition on my part, there was nothing. The federal program and Celera did it in a very similar manner except that Celera used shotgun sequencing. I agree that that maybe a separate article should be set up for Celera's efforts, Maybe we could call it "Celera's Contribution to discovery of the Human Genome" If anyone else would comment that would be great. I will add more to the Federally funded HGP methodology soon. Sterichinderance 10:13, 21 July 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-07-21T10:13:00.000Z","author":"Sterichinderance","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Sterichinderance-2006-07-21T10:13:00.000Z-Response_to_Recent_Questions","replies":[]}}-->
I noticed that in the "How it was accomplished" section, the only discussion was how Celera accomplished their sequencing. This is about the HGP, not Celera, so how did the HGP accomplish their sequencing? (P.S., Why is there so much information about Celera? Shouldn't that be in a different article?) IMacWin95 21:12, 19 July 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-07-19T21:12:00.000Z","author":"IMacWin95","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-IMacWin95-2006-07-19T21:12:00.000Z-How_WAS_it_accomplished?","replies":[]}}-->
I've just tried to answer some of this. I was involved in both teams, Celera and the HGP, and I am very familiar with all the details of both groups' methods.Genometer 01:55, 29 August 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-08-29T01:55:00.000Z","author":"Genometer","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Genometer-2006-08-29T01:55:00.000Z-How_WAS_it_accomplished?","replies":[]}}-->
I think, and this is waht I have discerned from my APA paper I'm doing on the HGP, that when Celera began to sequence, the HGP upgraded everything on par of what Celera was using.
Just out of curiosity, according to the section on Whose DNA was sequenced, if we tried to create a person using the genome we've sequenced already, what would he/she look like? If anyone knows the answer, that is. Jonathan talk File:Canada flag 300.png 16:25, 25 April 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-04-25T16:25:00.000Z","author":"Jonathan W","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Jonathan_W-2006-04-25T16:25:00.000Z-whose_genome?_2","replies":["c-Samsara-2006-04-25T16:42:00.000Z-Jonathan_W-2006-04-25T16:25:00.000Z"],"displayName":"Jonathan"}}-->
The publically funded effort to sequence the human genome used DNA from twelve anonymous volunteers. E.g. see http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtx024107.html I think that the privately funded Celera genome sequence was from Craig Venter (the owner of the company).
Almost but not quite correct. Craig was one of five contributors to Celera's genome effort. I added text to explain this one too. Genometer 22:05, 29 August 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-08-29T22:05:00.000Z","author":"Genometer","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Genometer-2006-08-29T22:05:00.000Z-whose_genome?_2","replies":[]}}-->
The article says the "rough draft" was completed two years ago, but today's Main Page reports that chromosome #1, the "last chromosome" just had its map completed. What am I missing? It seems that either you have sequenced ALL the DNA or you haven't. Sfahey 16:06, 20 May 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-05-20T16:06:00.000Z","author":"Sfahey","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Sfahey-2006-05-20T16:06:00.000Z-Project_end_point?","replies":["c-Samsara-2006-05-20T17:52:00.000Z-Sfahey-2006-05-20T16:06:00.000Z"]}}-->
No, the genome is not complete. I added some text to the "History" section explaining where we are today. Genometer 22:18, 29 August 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-08-29T22:18:00.000Z","author":"Genometer","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Genometer-2006-08-29T22:18:00.000Z-Project_end_point?","replies":[]}}-->
I've just rearranged all the content, I found this article as a complete newcomer to be very disorganised... So I've grouped the relevant content for the two competing groups into two sections which should make it easier to read. So now someone new to the subject can read the intro and know stright away what the international group and Celera Genomics are doing. It also allows them to concentrate on a paticular group if they wish. Hope it meets your approval.
Thanks Starry.dreams 20:04, 17 September 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-09-17T20:04:00.000Z","author":"Starry.dreams","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Starry.dreams-2006-09-17T20:04:00.000Z-Layout_rearrange","replies":[]}}-->
For what's it's worth, I worked in a genetics lab running southern blots. Wikipedia has an excellent page on Southern Blotting. Should this be included under how genetic molecules are "read"...?
Why is sequencing important? (If I am correct) Sequencing is important to understanding protein synthesis. "proteins are essentially polymers made up of a specific sequence of amino acids...a cell reads the genetic information and uses it to construct the protein..." Wikipedia: Protein
Researchers hope to uncover useful information about protein synthesis; what is synthesised normally, verses "abnormally" in people (abnormal synthesis, or lack of normal protein synthesis creats certain genetic disorders.)
Should this be mentioned under the benefit section?
2c me 06:15, 29 July 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-07-29T06:15:00.000Z","author":"2c me","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-2c_me-2006-07-29T06:15:00.000Z-Benefits","replies":[]}}-->
1.According to my understanding, sequencing is important in order to "discover the structures and functions in living organisms, an important tool for understanding cellular processes." But not only for the information but to later on, develop drugs that will target the problems in a living organism's body faster. 2."Abnormally" in people is describing one that may have a genetic mutation in his/her body/genetic disorder as you mentioned, a missing body part, or disability I would think. "Normally would be considered as a healthy human being. 3.My opinion would be to mention this in protein sequencing but I suppose it is also under benifits.
Please ask me any questions that you have on DNA, cloning, sequencing etc. I am particularly interested in this subject and know about it.
--Starry.dreams 00:34, 1 August 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-08-01T00:34:00.000Z","author":"Starry.dreams","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Starry.dreams-2006-08-01T00:34:00.000Z-Benefits","replies":[]}}-->
Yikes, these are garbled answers. Protein sequencing is completely different from DNA sequencing - Wikipedia has entries on these that should explain. The human genome project was a DNA sequencing project. Genometer 22:08, 29 August 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-08-29T22:08:00.000Z","author":"Genometer","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Genometer-2006-08-29T22:08:00.000Z-Benefits","replies":[]}}-->
Thanks for the correction Genometer. You can go ahead and just make any correction you think is right. I think you are more clear on this subject than I am. --Starry.dreams 20:06, 17 September 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-09-17T20:06:00.000Z","author":"Starry.dreams","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Starry.dreams-2006-09-17T20:06:00.000Z-Benefits","replies":[]}}-->
As far as I can find in scientific literature, the first publication on the idea of a Human Genome Project came from Renato Dulbecco: The idea for the HGP came from Renato Dulbecco in 1986 Dulbecco R., A turning point in cancer research: Sequencing the genome, Science, 1986, 231: 1055-56. Pvosta 21:07, 29 November 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-11-29T21:07:00.000Z","author":"Pvosta","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Pvosta-2006-11-29T21:07:00.000Z-Dulbecco","replies":[]}}-->
The origin of the idea for a Human Genome Project shows 3 "attempts"Pvosta 21:27, 29 November 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-11-29T21:27:00.000Z","author":"Pvosta","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Pvosta-2006-11-29T21:27:00.000Z-History","replies":[]}}-->
Renato Dulbecco, A Turning Point in Cancer Research: Sequencing the Human Genome in Viruses and Human Cancer 1 (Alan R. Liss ed. 1987).
There should be a Human Metabolome Project article. See: [1] Brian Pearson 21:24, 24 January 2007 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2007-01-24T21:24:00.000Z","author":"Brian Pearson","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Brian_Pearson-2007-01-24T21:24:00.000Z-Human_Metabolome_Project_(HMP)","replies":[]}}-->
Recent addtions to this page (19th Feb 2007) have increased the genome size to 5 billion nucleotides (from 3 billion). This is misleading, there are approximately three billion base pairs in the human genome, and so if you count both nucleotides in each pair, then you could get to a higher figure. I think this should be changed to use the standard scientific terminology. Another change is made to double the length of BAC clones from 150,000 nt to 300,00 (presumably with the same rationale). The same author also mentions a '3rd' human genome project' which is not cited and for which I can not find any information on (from a Google search). Therefore I have doubts as to the validity of other changes by this author and would welcome further feedback from said author to clarify these changes. Nod 17:56, 19 February 2007 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2007-02-19T17:56:00.000Z","author":"Kbradnam","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Kbradnam-2007-02-19T17:56:00.000Z-human_genome_size_and_3rd_genome_project","replies":[],"displayName":"Nod"}}-->
I removed the sentence:
Today Francis Collins has been replaced by Kathy York who has the overwhelming task of going through the data collected, along with her team.
because the NHGRI website shows Francis S. Collins is still in charge and I can't find any reference on the web or news to either Kathy York or Cathy York involved in biomedical sciences. (And there is no wikipedia article for Kathy or Cathy York.)
I'm also in doubt about the sentence: The $3-billion project was formally founded in 1990 by the United States Department of Energy, private funding from the York family and the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and was expected to take 15 years
It's hard to do the query "human genome project york family without get a ton of false hits. The query (founded 1990 "human genome project" york) doesn't bring up anything about a York family either.
Does anybody know better about the founding of the Human Genome Project?
Clemwang 21:19, 19 February 2007 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2007-02-19T21:19:00.000Z","author":"Clemwang","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Clemwang-2007-02-19T21:19:00.000Z-Who_is_Kathy_York?","replies":["c-Kbradnam-2007-02-19T22:53:00.000Z-Clemwang-2007-02-19T21:19:00.000Z"]}}-->
I'm no expert so I've not gone in and edited the following statement from the article, but it seems 'odd' to me as it flies in the face of everything I've ever been taught about chromosomes:
...each male cell contains only one X or one Y chromosome, but not both. (This is true for nearly all male cells not just sperm cells).
...that's from the section "Whose genome was sequenced?"
My understanding was that all male cells had 46 chromosomes (except for sperm).
So am I ill-informed or if not could someone correct that sentence to whatever it should have been? --Mortice 22:36, 21 March 2007 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2007-03-21T22:36:00.000Z","author":"Mortice","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Mortice-2007-03-21T22:36:00.000Z-How_many_chromosomes_per_cell?","replies":["c-George_Church-2007-04-16T02:31:00.000Z-Mortice-2007-03-21T22:36:00.000Z"]}}-->
From this article it implies that Clinton's March 06, 2000 speech caused 50 billion dollars to be pulled out of the biotech stocks overnight. From stock charts this Celera stock crash happened shortly before the NASDAQ crash on March 10, 2000. Speculating, could this be connected thus Clinton unintentionally caused the Dot com bubble to burst? Has any one else looked into this?
Still, with computers monitoring stock prices and biotech uses lots of computers and instruments, could this have triggered automatic sales of stocks in hi-tech equipment which dragged down others like dominos? The closeness of these stock drops leads one to wonder. If I remember, the SEC has had to shut down the stock market temporarily to prevent trading computers from causing a crash.
Can someone please mention something about James Kent? And how he came in to safe the genome proj See this article....
—Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.111.86.56 (talk) 03:23, 7 October 2007 (UTC) --------__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2007-10-07T03:23:00.000Z","author":"74.111.86.56","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-74.111.86.56-2007-10-07T03:23:00.000Z-Miscellaneous_comments","replies":[]}}-->
. If so, we are only just beginning to understand the full scope of DNA's role in inheritance.
Isn't the first section supposed to be the intro? Burnedthru 00:36, 27 April 2007 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2007-04-27T00:36:00.000Z","author":"Burnedthru","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Burnedthru-2007-04-27T00:36:00.000Z-Intro","replies":[],"displayName":"Burned"}}-->
Hey, this page looks spammed up or changed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.12.62.129 (talk) 22:40, 5 February 2008 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-02-05T22:40:00.000Z","author":"24.12.62.129","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-24.12.62.129-2008-02-05T22:40:00.000Z-Intro","replies":[]}}-->
These are not necessarily in the right order and I pland to add quite a bit more to the acticle as it could use some help. I am far from done but am making this article my summer project Sterichinderance 23:43, 22 June 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-06-22T23:43:00.000Z","author":"Sterichinderance","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Sterichinderance-2006-06-22T23:43:00.000Z-Added_\"history\"_and_\"how_it_was_accomplished\"_to_the_HGP","replies":[]}}-->
-- Personally I find both sections quite useful. In the history section however, a casual reading of the first paragraph appears to contradict itself, it appears to say that two different organisms at two different times were both the first to be sequenced? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.95.113.161 (talk) 21:31, 26 March 2008 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-03-26T21:31:00.000Z","author":"128.95.113.161","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-128.95.113.161-2008-03-26T21:31:00.000Z-Added_\"history\"_and_\"how_it_was_accomplished\"_to_the_HGP","replies":[]}}-->
At the end of the 'State of completion' section, its says 92% of the genome has been completed. At the end of the 'Goals' section, 99.99% is quoted. Which is accurate? I realise this is an ongoing project, but I have a hard time believing the second estimate, not to mention that last paragraph needs a serious edit, looks like something i would write :D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.253.190.41 (talk) 12:57, 18 May 2008 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-05-18T12:57:00.000Z","author":"206.253.190.41","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-206.253.190.41-2008-05-18T12:57:00.000Z-percent_complete_is_inconsistant","replies":[]}}-->
...One minor technical issue is that male samples contain only half as much DNA from the X and Y chromosomes as from the other 22 chromosomes (the autosomes); this happens because each male cell contains only one X and one Y chromosome, not two like other chromosomes (autosomes)....
you are saying that the RP11 samples are used for reasons that are very strange. Do u think the above paragraph is sufficient in supporting the assertion that "the RP11 samples are used"?--147.8.183.224 (talk) 11:12, 19 June 2008 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-06-19T11:12:00.000Z","author":"147.8.183.224","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-147.8.183.224-2008-06-19T11:12:00.000Z-What_does_this_paragraph_mean?","replies":[]}}-->
removed apparent vandalism 64.219.108.172 04:10, 22 April 2006 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2006-04-22T04:10:00.000Z","author":"64.219.108.172","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-64.219.108.172-2006-04-22T04:10:00.000Z-other","replies":[]}}-->
There is an instance of vandalism at the beginning of the "International HGP" section. I am unfamiliar with editing Wikipedia, but the instance does not show up on the edit page. It would be appreciated if someone with more experience remedies the situation. Thanks. -unregistered user i was wondering what some of the contoversal issues were generally.209.247.21.237 (talk) 03:58, 29 October 2008 (UTC)E.A.__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2008-10-29T03:58:00.000Z","author":"209.247.21.237","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-209.247.21.237-2008-10-29T03:58:00.000Z-other","replies":[]}}-->
I have merged the contents of ELSI to this article. ELSI was basically a POV fork based on the opinion of a single critic. WhatamIdoing (talk) 18:59, 5 March 2009 (UTC) who is not watching this page)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2009-03-05T18:59:00.000Z","author":"WhatamIdoing","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-WhatamIdoing-2009-03-05T18:59:00.000Z-Merge_from_ELSI","replies":[]}}-->
Can anyone get us a source on how much NIH, Celera and other organizations spent on this project? Right now, we're looking at new sequencing techniques that dramatically reduce sequencing costs, and people might be interested in a comparison. Darkfrog24 (talk) 12:44, 16 April 2009 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2009-04-16T12:44:00.000Z","author":"Darkfrog24","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Darkfrog24-2009-04-16T12:44:00.000Z-Costs","replies":[]}}-->
Goal #2 needs some serious attention. It is a misunderstanding of mitochondrial Eve. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.148.166.54 (talk) 04:17, 16 July 2009 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2009-07-16T04:17:00.000Z","author":"24.148.166.54","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-24.148.166.54-2009-07-16T04:17:00.000Z-Goal_#2","replies":[]}}-->
It is stated: "All human races are 99.99 % alike" (meaning in genome content). But a few paragraphs higher it is written: "the best estimates of total genome size indicate that about 92.3% of the genome has been completed". These are conflicting numbers, aren't they? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.204.185.130 (talk) 16:56, 19 November 2009 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2009-11-19T16:56:00.000Z","author":"88.204.185.130","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-88.204.185.130-2009-11-19T16:56:00.000Z-How's_that?","replies":[]}}-->
What http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14742737 actually leads to is a bit from _The Economist_, part of their _ The World in 2010_ project, where the editors asked folks for predictions about what 2010 would bring. It does not summarize papers that have actually been published. Hence, it does not back the specific claim "Significant genetic differences between racial and ethnic groups exist, despite the overall intraspecfic consistency of the genome". SZielins (talk) 06:21, 17 December 2009 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2009-12-17T06:21:00.000Z","author":"SZielins","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-SZielins-2009-12-17T06:21:00.000Z-Citation_from_The_Economist_does_not_support_claim_made_in_article","replies":[]}}-->
Hey all, just edited the interpretations section since three of the four bullet points were either untrue or irrelevant to the HGP. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Atavism (talk • contribs) 04:45, 23 February 2010 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2010-02-23T04:45:00.000Z","author":"Atavism","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Atavism-2010-02-23T04:45:00.000Z-Interpretations_section","replies":[]}}-->
Just thought I'd point it out, but the entire 'Criticisms' section is literally copy-pasted from a Op Ed piece from the New York Times. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.150.41.16 (talk) 15:12, 21 June 2010 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2010-06-21T15:12:00.000Z","author":"142.150.41.16","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-142.150.41.16-2010-06-21T15:12:00.000Z-Criticisms_section","replies":[]}}-->
I just nuked the second "History" section - everything there was covered elsewhere, and it was ill-cited to boot. If I missed something, feel free to revert. Brteag00 (talk) 22:04, 15 June 2011 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2011-06-15T22:04:00.000Z","author":"Brteag00","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Brteag00-2011-06-15T22:04:00.000Z-Second_\"History\"_second","replies":[]}}-->
{{Help me}} "....It was far too expensive at that time to think of sequencing patients’ whole genomes. So the National Institutes of Health embraced the idea for a "shortcut", which was to look just at sites on the genome where many people have a variant DNA unit. The theory behind the shortcut was that since the major diseases are common, so too would be the genetic variants that caused them......"
How would one come to know of the location of the 'sites' where people may have a variation in their DNA?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by A1dumbiryani (talk • contribs) 13:35, 11 March 2012 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2012-03-11T13:35:00.000Z","author":"A1dumbiryani","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-A1dumbiryani-2012-03-11T13:35:00.000Z-Can_anyone_please_explain","replies":["c-Fuhghettaboutit-2012-03-11T14:21:00.000Z-A1dumbiryani-2012-03-11T13:35:00.000Z"]}}-->
In the second paragraph it is stated "Researchers continue to identify protein-coding genes and their functions; the objective is to find disease-causing genes..." It is widely recognized in the genomics community that genes do not exist to cause disease. Cited: The selfish gene - Richard Dawkins; http://blogs.dnalc.org/2010/02/17/genes-dont-exist-to-cause-disease/ ; http://genetics.thetech.org/about-genetics/mutations-and-disease ; and much much much more. I would suggest changing "causing" to "related" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.89.17.255 (talk) 04:45, 24 May 2012 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2012-05-24T04:45:00.000Z","author":"71.89.17.255","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-71.89.17.255-2012-05-24T04:45:00.000Z-\"Disease-Causing_Genes\"","replies":[]}}-->
In the section "Findings", one of the bullet items was:
"2. Between 1.1% to 90% of the genes code for proteins"
This statement was earlier:
"2. Between 1.1% to 90% of the genome codes for proteins",
an entirely different statement, and was edited at some time (not sure exactly when). Pseudogenes are not genes, nor is there a simple proportionality between base pairs and genes.
The question is what was originally intended here, and what are the correct up to date figures, with a reference? Elroch (talk) 11:45, 17 June 2012 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2012-06-17T11:45:00.000Z","author":"Elroch","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Elroch-2012-06-17T11:45:00.000Z-What_was_intended_by_this?","replies":[]}}-->
Under the ELSI section, it should be documented from the Human Genome Project website:
DNA studies do not indicate that separate classifiable subspecies (races) exist within modern humans. While different genes for physical traits such as skin and hair color can be identified between individuals, no consistent patterns of genes across the human genome exist to distinguish one race from another. There also is no genetic basis for divisions of human ethnicity.
I am not a geneticist and this statement was a complete surprise to me, and does not seem accurate. I thought that skin pigment and other traits were genetic traits. If you can derive the gene between individuals, why can't they can't they determine those traits through the genome. I don't know if this was an issue of the fed gov profiling by race (violates 4th amendment of the Constitution), or if there is really no genetic data for skin pigment. Are there and genetics experts who might be able to answer that question? NIH published a 144 page document that details that having "race" data leads to problems of identifying minority and discrimination.
By definition, genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. We know that skin pigment is a hereditary, therefore if they cannot distinguish one race from another, the project was a failure. How can DNA be used in a court of law if they don't even know the race? Seem like an important issue.
Also, in this section, there needs to be some mention of
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) Becomes Law, May 2008.
Mapsurfer49 (talk) 04:38, 26 October 2012 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2012-10-26T04:38:00.000Z","author":"Mapsurfer49","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Mapsurfer49-2012-10-26T04:38:00.000Z-Ethical,_Legal_and_Social_Issues","replies":[]}}-->
The data in the "Findings" section lacks citations and contradicts Genes#Number_of_genes. Expert needed.
Around 21,000 protein coding genes from Clamp, M. et al. Distinguishing protein-coding and noncoding genes in the human genome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 19428–19433 (2007).
The appropriate length of the lead section depends on the total length of the article. As a general guideline—but not absolute rule—the lead should usually be no longer than four paragraphs. --WP:LEAD.
My point - the lead section contains (way) too many paragraphs. We should combine some of them, as some of them are only 1 or 2 sentences and could probably be grouped. Alternately, some of the paragraphs could be omitted from the lead section entirely, but 7 paragraphs is certainly too many. JZCL 11:22, 17 April 2014 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2014-04-17T11:22:00.000Z","author":"JZCL","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-JZCL-2014-04-17T11:22:00.000Z-Lead_Section","replies":[],"displayName":"JZ"}}-->
epigenetical gets genetical!!!
mostly Histones and a bit less Methylene groups affect the patterns chromosomes divide during gamete meiosis. Epigenetics affect genetics. Clones have variant gene transfering probabilities to their offsprings.
As we know from quantum mechanics and chemistry, different chemical shapes and bonds, have different tolerance.
We can prove that case in the lab with simple bacteria that reproduce sexually.
Changes in epigenetical data, cause changes in probabilistic appearance of DNA sections, therefore genes themselves, some few epigenetic data survive to the embryo.
during meiosis at gametes and then after their merging during fertilization, chromosomes were supposed to lose gradually their epigenetic data, well some data do change, but not all.
It is a probabilistic phenomenon.
we now know that protein chromosomal sleeves not only activate or deactivate probabilistically genes [we do not have the same epigenetics in all our cells] but epigenetical factors exert probabilistic presure at the points DNA twists during meiosis at gametes half DNA gene chart
it is a probabilistic factor though, not the only factor, but a very real one.
That epigenetical "pressure" on genes can be detected with mouse DNA analysis, but we need big samples, because not all changed by histones [rarely also Methyl groups that didn't get deleted] information passes to the next generation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.84.206.251 (talk) 13:22, 15 July 2014 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2014-07-15T13:22:00.000Z","author":"2.84.206.251","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-2.84.206.251-2014-07-15T13:22:00.000Z-epigenetical_gets_genetical","replies":[]}}-->
Genometer thanks for updating the article today - I agree that it was (and parts still are) very outdated and I've been meaning to update things. You didn't add citations for the new content. I've added "citations needed" tags per WP:VERIFY; the material will be deleted after a while if no citations are added. Thanks again! Jytdog (talk) 00:03, 18 January 2015 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2015-01-18T00:03:00.000Z","author":"Jytdog","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Jytdog-2015-01-18T00:03:00.000Z-edits_today","replies":["c-Jytdog-2015-01-18T00:09:00.000Z-Jytdog-2015-01-18T00:03:00.000Z"]}}-->
The comment(s) below were originally left at Talk:Human Genome Project/Comments, and are posted here for posterity. Following several discussions in past years, these subpages are now deprecated. The comments may be irrelevant or outdated; if so, please feel free to remove this section.
Last edited at 03:34, 7 October 2007 (UTC). Substituted at 14:59, 1 May 2016 (UTC)
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The "Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues section is very vague on what the actual issues are, and only actually lists one concern regarding insurance companies.
In the same, "Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues" category, the ELSI forming of the program is discussed, and it is stated that "Five percent of the annual budget was allocated to address the ELSI arising from the project" but doesn't discuss how much money the budget is, or where that money is coming from.
A link to the databases referenced in the "Applications and Proposed Benefits" section should be added to the end of the sentence "The sequence of the DNA is stored in databases available to anyone on the Internet." so that it may be easily accessed. Erinmettler (talk) 21:06, 19 September 2016 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2016-09-19T21:06:00.000Z","author":"Erinmettler","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Erinmettler-2016-09-19T21:06:00.000Z-More_Information_Needed","replies":[]}}-->
Like stated above the "ethical, legal, and social issues" section seemed almost distracting due to the fact it didn't seem to have any information of what the issues were.
There were are few parts in text where I think a citation was warranted but was not used. for example the last 2 sentences in the "public vs private approach" section used statistics and data but were not cited.
Lastly I think there needs to be information on Pieter J. De Jong either within this article or separately as it was unclear to me was he a gene donor or a man who create libraries for use of within the project.
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Re-entered section on RCAT that was erroniously deleted. RCAT was indeed the method used to amplify DNA for sequencing by the Joint Genome Instutute (please see http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/index.html).
OK, I know that there are only 4 possible nucleotides [5 if you count Uracil], but say I give some J. Random Scientist this sequence of nucleotides:
CTAG CTGC CTAA CTCA CGCC CGCA AGAA CACA CCCG.
J. R. Scientist would say that there are 36 nucleotides in this sequence. [Of course, so would almost everyone else...but I digress.] Anywho, my question is this: How many nucleotides are in the entire sequence of the Human Genome?
Every source points to ~3 billion that I ahve ever seen, unless your trying to be a smart-aleck and say it is only four.
The article says Generally speaking, advances in genome sequencing technology have followed Moore's Law making it sound surprising. Most of the advances were lead by the ability to do the computational analysis required. The current (called next-gen) sequencing technology is possible because of the advances in computational ability. So, there is an obvious reason why it follows Moore's law. Gah4 (talk) 23:15, 15 March 2019 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2019-03-15T23:15:00.000Z","author":"Gah4","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Gah4-2019-03-15T23:15:00.000Z-Generally_speaking,_advances_in_genome_sequencing_technology_have_followed_Moore","replies":[]}}-->
I agree with the author of "Fortune Teller"; the statement about the HGP "eventually leading to cures for cancer, Alzheimer's disease and other diseases" is pure fluff. There is a significant and meaningful debate...has been for 15 years now...whether the HGP really needed to be done (as a single mega-project, that is). One might as well say (and with equal force) that the invention of the test-tube will eventually lead to a cure for cancer.
I am not sure when the above comment was written, but this debate is over, and was over well before 2020. It is clear that the HGP was an incredible investment, and to get the kind of benefit that arose from it, it needed to be done as a project of some sort. I am not actually sure it was a mega project. But it was at least mid size. Jaredroach (talk) 20:56, 26 September 2020 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2020-09-26T20:56:00.000Z","author":"Jaredroach","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Jaredroach-2020-09-26T20:56:00.000Z-Way_too_thin","replies":[]}}-->
Someone has requested updates (March 2022). What information needs to be added? 72.174.131.123 (talk) 14:08, 24 May 2022 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2022-05-24T14:08:00.000Z","author":"72.174.131.123","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-72.174.131.123-2022-05-24T14:08:00.000Z-Updates?","replies":["c-Jaredroach-20220821174300-72.174.131.123-2022-05-24T14:08:00.000Z"]}}-->
I don't see this number in the reference. In contrast, the reference claims that "In the April 2003 version, there are less than 400 gaps and 99 percent of the genome is finished with an accuracy rate of less than one error every 10,000 base pairs." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Qudent (talk • contribs) 12:49, 24 May 2022 (UTC)__DTREPLYBUTTONSCONTENT__-->__DTELLIPSISBUTTON__{"threadItem":{"timestamp":"2022-05-24T12:49:00.000Z","author":"Qudent","type":"comment","level":1,"id":"c-Qudent-2022-05-24T12:49:00.000Z-Where_does_the_85_%_in_2003_figure_above_the_table_of_contents_come_from?","replies":["c-Larseyfan-20230203232200-Qudent-2022-05-24T12:49:00.000Z"]}}-->
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Várong község (gemeente) in Hongarije Situering Comitaat Tolna District Dombóvár NUTS-regio Dél-Dunántúl Coördinaten 46° 32' NB, 18° 3' OL Algemeen Oppervlakte 6,63 km² Inwoners (01-01-2011) 148 (25 inw./km²) Overig Postcode 7214 Netnummer 74 Portaal Hongarije Várong is een dorp in het uiterste westen van het comitaat Tolna, in het zuiden van Hongarije. De plaats is een zelfstandige gemeente, waarin 148 inwoners leven (stand per 1 januari 2011).[1] Ligging Vár…
Černý Důl Černý Důl (Tschechien) Basisdaten Staat: Tschechien Tschechien Region: Královéhradecký kraj Bezirk: Trutnov Fläche: 2218 ha Geographische Lage: 50° 38′ N, 15° 43′ O50.63416666666715.710833333333684Koordinaten: 50° 38′ 3″ N, 15° 42′ 39″ O Höhe: 684 m n.m. Einwohner: 703 (1. Jan. 2023)[1] Postleitzahl: 543 43 – 543 72 Kfz-Kennzeichen: H Verkehr Straße: Vrchlabí – Svoboda nad Úpou St…
Este artigo ou secção necessita de referências de fontes secundárias fiáveis e independentes. Fontes primárias, ou com conflitos de interesse, não são adequadas para verbetes enciclopédicos. Ajude a incluir referências.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Abril de 2015) Projeto Uerê Projeto Uerê Tipo Organização não-governamental Fundação 1998 (25 anos) Estado legal Ativo Propósito Ensino …
International organization Commonwealth Games FederationPredecessorBritish Commonwealth Games FederationFormation1932; 91 years ago (1932)as British Empire Games FederationTypeSports federationHeadquartersLondon, EnglandMembership 72 member associations[1]Official language English[2]PresidentDame Louise Martin[3]Vice Presidents Bruce Robertson[4] Chris Jenkins[5] Kereyn Smith[6]PatronKing Charles III[7]Vice-PatronThe Duke …
Jambu Tangkalak Ranting jambu tangkalak yang berbuah, Darmaga, Bogor, Jawa Barat Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Magnoliophyta Kelas: Magnoliopsida Ordo: Myrtales Famili: Melastomataceae Genus: Bellucia Spesies: B. axinanthera Nama binomial Bellucia axinantheraTriana, 1871 Sinonim Bellucia pentamera Naudin, 1850 Bellucia costaricensis Cogn., 1891 Jambu tangkalak adalah nama sejenis pohon buah anggota suku senggani (Melastomataceae). Di Jawa Barat, buah ini juga dikenal sebagai …
Chiesa di San BartolomeoLa chiesa lungo via Moretto. Si notano la fiancata sud e parte della facciata.Stato Italia RegioneLombardia LocalitàBrescia Coordinate45°32′06.25″N 10°13′28.42″E / 45.53507°N 10.22456°E45.53507; 10.22456Coordinate: 45°32′06.25″N 10°13′28.42″E / 45.53507°N 10.22456°E45.53507; 10.22456 Religionecattolica di rito romano TitolareBartolomeo apostolo Diocesi Brescia Stile architettonicobarocco Inizio costruzione1236 …
أيامنا الجايةمعلومات عامةالصنف الفني دراماتاريخ الصدور 2008مدة العرض 95 دقيقةاللغة الأصلية لغة عربيةالبلد مصرالطاقمالمخرج محمد الشناوي الكاتب مصطفى سعدالبطولة عزت أبو عوفسوسن بدرانتصارمحمد شومانالتصوير إيهاب حامدالموسيقى ياسر البزارالتركيب علاء عبد العزيزصناعة سينم
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Abréviations militaires. Cette page présente quelques abréviations utilisées par l'armée belge. La source officielle est : Règlement interforces sur les abréviations militaires (Armée belge) Les abréviations les plus courantes sont reprises dans l'aide-mémoire du Comd Bn Inf Fascicule 1 État-Major édité par l'École d'infanterie N° EI/2669 Aou 71 et éditions suivantes. Sommaire : Haut - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Hero 420 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2016 filmHero 420Theatrical release posterDirected bySaikat NasirSujit MondalScreenplay by Pele Abdullah Zahir Babu Based onMaska (film)Prod…
Chambre de métiers et de l'artisanat de la MoselleCadreType Chambre de métiers et de l'artisanatForme juridique Organisme consulaireDomaine d'activité Activités des organisations patronales et consulairesSiège MetzPays FranceIdentifiantsSIREN 185722048modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata La Chambre de métiers et de l’artisanat de la Moselle (CMA 57) a son siège à Metz au 5, boulevard de la Défense. Historique La Chambre de métiers de la Moselle est initialement cré…
Type of sailing ship Not to be confused with caraval. For the method of boat building, see carvel (boat building). For the aircraft, see Sud Aviation Caravelle. For the American bred horse, see Caravel (horse). Caravels redirects here. For the band, see Caravels (band). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Caravel – news…
Joachim Fest (2004) Joachim Clemens Fest (* 8. Dezember 1926 in Berlin; † 11. September 2006 in Kronberg im Taunus) war ein deutscher Zeithistoriker, Herausgeber und Autor. Er ist vor allem für seine Werke zum Nationalsozialismus in Deutschland inklusive einer Hitlerbiographie und Arbeiten zu Albert Speer bekannt. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 1.1 Frühe Jahre 1.2 RIAS Berlin und NDR 1.3 Hitler-Biographie 1.4 Speer-Memoiren und -Biografie 1.5 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 1.6 Weiteres Wirken 2 …
Illegal acquisition of a state's territory by another state This article is about the incorporation of additional territory into a nation state. For the incorporation of additional territory into an urban area, see Municipal annexation. Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, passed by the Knesset on 30 July 1980Federal Law Admitting to the Russian Federation the Republic of Crimea, passed by the State Duma on 21 March 2014Two examples of unilateral annexation laws, both illegal under internati…
Núi SugarloafCon đường dẫn lên đỉnh núi SugarloafĐộ cao312 ft (95 m)[1]Phần lồi245 ft (75 m)[1]Vị tríNúi SugarloafVị trí tại FloridaVị tríQuậnLake, Florida,Hoa KỳDãy núiLake Wales RidgeTọa độ28°38′58″B 81°43′59″T / 28,6494413°B 81,7331317°T / 28.6494413; -81.7331317[2]Địa chấtTuổi đá~2.000.000 nămLeo núiHành trình dễ nhấtĐi bộ, đường lộ Núi Sugarloa…
Pakistani Oil Marketing Company Puma EnergyTypeSubsidiaryIndustryOil and gasFounded2001; 22 years ago (2001)HeadquartersKarachi, PakistanArea servedPakistanProductsPetroleum productsServicesDistribution and retailWebsitewww.pumapakistan.com Puma Energy Pakistan, formerly known as Admore Gas, is a Pakistani oil marketing company which is a subsidiary of Singaporean company Puma Energy and is based in Karachi, Pakistan.[1] It was founded in 2001.[1] The company op…
American baseball player (1844–1874) Baseball player Charlie MillsCatcherBorn: September 1844Brooklyn, New YorkDied: April 9, 1874(1874-04-09) (aged 29)Brooklyn, New YorkBatted: UnknownThrew: UnknownMLB debutMay 18, 1871, for the New York MutualsLast MLB appearanceSeptember 28, 1872, for the New York MutualsMLB statisticsBatting average.226Runs scored33Runs batted in24 Teams National Association of Base Ball Players Brooklyn Eckfords (1865) Brooklyn At…
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