Two Wide-Angle Imaging Neutral-Atom Spectrometers (TWINS) are a pair of NASA instruments aboard two United States National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) satellites in Molniya orbits. TWINS was designed to provide stereo images of the Earth's ring current. The first instrument, TWINS-1, was launched aboard USA-184 on 28 June 2006. TWINS-2 followed aboard USA-200 on 13 March 2008.
Each instrument consists of an energetic neutral atom imager and a Lyman alpha detector. The ENA imager provides indirect remote sensing of the ring current ions, and the Lyman alpha detector gives a measure of the neutral hydrogen cloud about the Earth, known as the geocorona. The TWINS prime mission lasted two years, from 2008 to 2010, and has been followed by an extended mission which is ongoing.[1]
Launched as missions of opportunity (MoO) aboard classified, non-NASA U.S. government spacecraft, TWINS conducts stereoscopic imaging of Earth's magnetosphere. By imaging the charge exchange neutral atoms over a broad energy range (~1-100 keV) using two identical instruments on two widely spaced high-altitude, high-inclination spacecraft, TWINS enables the 3-dimensional visualization and the resolution of large scale structures and dynamics within the magnetosphere for the first time. In contrast to traditional space experiments, which make measurements at only one point in space, imaging experiments provide simultaneous viewing of different regions of the magnetosphere. Stereo imaging, as done by TWINS, takes the next step of producing 3-D images, and provides a leap ahead in our understanding of the global aspects of the terrestrial magnetosphere.
The ENA imagers observe energetic neutrals produced from the global magnetospheric ion population, over an energy range of 1 to 100 keV with high angular (4°) and time (about 1-minute) resolution. A Lyman-alpha geocoronal imager is used to monitor cold exospheric hydrogen atoms that produce ENAs from ions via charge exchange. Complementing these imagers are detectors that measure the local charged particle environment around the spacecraft. The offset in the orbital phases (apogees at different times) of TWINS 1 and TWINS 2 means that in addition to stereo ENA imaging for several hours twice per day, the two TWINS instruments also obtain essentially continuous magnetospheric observations. The TWINS instrumentation is essentially the same as the MENA instrument on the IMAGE spacecraft. This instrumentation consists of a neutral atom imager covering the ~1-100 keV energy range with 4° x 4° angular resolution and 1-minute time resolution, and a simple Lyman-alpha imager to monitor the geocorona.
TWINS provides stereo imaging of the Earth's magnetosphere, the region surrounding the planet controlled by its magnetic field and containing the Van Allen radiation belts and other energetic charged particles. TWINS enables three-dimensional global visualization of this region, leading to greatly enhanced understanding of the connections between different regions of the magnetosphere and their relation to the solar wind.[2]
Routine stereo imaging by TWINS began on 15 June 2008, during an extremely weak geomagnetic storm whose Dst index never fell below -40 nT, as compared to a nominal Dst of -100 nT for classification as a storm. During the TWINS prime mission (2008–2010), an extended and unprecedented solar minimum (from solar cycle 23) prevailed, bringing with it very calm magnetospheric conditions ranging from dead quiet to mildly disturbed. During this time period TWINS observed numerous weak storms, roughly once every 27 days (corresponding to the solar rotation period and triggered by solar corotating interaction regions (CIRs). The strongest storm (which was still very mild) observed by TWINS during its prime mission was on 22 July 2009, with Dst reaching a moderate -79 nT. Throughout these extended quiet conditions TWINS images contained ENA signals from both high-altitude (ring current) and low-altitude emission (LAE) regions.
The TWINS Mission of Opportunity maintains a library of selected storm events.[3]
State Routes in Connecticut Standard Connecticut route shieldsSystem informationLength3,719 mi (5,985 km)NotesRoutes are generally state-maintained. There is also a system of unsigned state highways known as State Roads (SR) and Special Service Roads (SSR). State roads maintained by the CTDOT.Highway namesInterstatesInterstate X (I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Route X (US X)System links Connecticut State Highway System Interstate US State SSR SR Scenic The Connecticut Department of…
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هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) تيم درو معلومات شخصية الميلاد 31 أغسطس 1978 (45 سنة) فالدوستا مواطنة الولايات المتحدة إخوة وأخوات جاي د. درو، وستيفن درو الحياة العملية المهنة لاعب…
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Railway line in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Ürümqi–Dzungaria railway – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) The Ürümqi-Dzungaria railway or Wuzhun railway (Chinese: 乌准铁路) is a single-track railway line i…
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Marcin IVMartinus Quartus Simon de Brie PapieżBiskup Rzymu Kraj działania Państwo Kościelne Data i miejsce urodzenia 1210–1220 Brie-Comte-Robert Data i miejsce śmierci 28 marca 1285 Perugia Miejsce pochówku ?↗ Papież Okres sprawowania 1281–1285 Wyznanie katolicyzm Kościół rzymskokatolicki Kreacja kardynalska 17 grudnia 1261Urban IV Kościół tytularny Santa Ceciliae trans Tiberim Pontyfikat 22 lutego 1281 Sukcesja apostolska Data konsekracji 23 marca 1281 Konsekrator L…
Traité de Pouilly-le-Fort Données clés Données clés Signé 11 juillet 1419Pouilly-le-Fort Parties Parties Royaume de France Duché de Bourgogne Signataires Dauphin Charles Jean sans Peur Saint-Maur (1418) Troyes (1420) modifier Liste des traités de paix Guerre de Cent Ans 1337 - 1453 Esplechin (1340) Malestroit (1343) Calais (1347) Westminster (1353) Mantes (1354) Valognes (1355) Bordeaux (1357) Berwick (1357) Londres (1358) Londres (1359) Pontoise (1359) Guillon (1360) Brétigny (1360) Av…
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Football clubEF OuagadougouFull nameÉtoile Filante de OuagadougouNickname(s)Les StellistesFounded1955GroundStade du 4 Août OuagadougouCapacity30,000ChairmanKassoum OuédraogoManagerOusmane CompaoréLeagueBurkinabé Premier League2021–223rd Home colours Away colours Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou is a Burkinabé football club based in Ouagadougou. They play their home games at the Stade du 4 Août. The club's colors are blue and white. Honours Burkinabé Premier League: 13 1965, 1985, 1986, 1…
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Place in Pest, HungaryNagykőrösTown Dorottya hercegnőm,legszebbem,legaranyosabb aki ennek a varosnak a szepségét adjaSzabadság Square FlagCoat of armsNagykőrösLocation of NagykőrösCoordinates: 47°01′59″N 19°47′02″E / 47.033182°N 19.783981°E / 47.033182; 19.783981Country HungaryCountyPestDistrictNagykőrösArea • Total227.96 km2 (88.02 sq mi)Population (2019) • Total23,517 • Density112.72/km…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أكتوبر 2018) تُظهر هذهِ المقالة التسلسل الزمني لثورات الربيع العربي والتي عمّت معظم الدول العربية منذ عام 2011: 2010 كانون الأول/ديسمبر بدأت سلسة الاحتجاجات في تونس بعدما أقد…
American public health official Eric GoosbyUnited States Global AIDS CoordinatorIn officeJune 2009 – November 2013Preceded byMark R. DybulSucceeded byDeborah Birx Personal detailsBorn1952 (age 70–71)San Francisco, California, U.S.EducationPrinceton University (BA)University of California, San Francisco (MD) Eric Goosby (born 1952) is an American public health official, currently serving as the UN Special Envoy on Tuberculosis. Goosby previously served as the United States G…
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Church in Bocking, United KingdomChapel of the Immaculate ConceptionChapel of the Immaculate Conception, Franciscan Convent51°53′24″N 0°33′38″E / 51.8899°N 0.5606°E / 51.8899; 0.5606LocationBroad Road, BockingCountryUnited KingdomDenominationRoman CatholicTraditionLatin ChurchReligious orderFranciscansArchitectureHeritage designationGrade IIDesignated1898Architect(s)John Francis BentleyArchitectural typeGeorgian RevivalAdministrationDioceseRoman Catholic Dioce…
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