TAI TF Kaan

Kaan
Kaan during runway tests at its facilities in Ankara on 17 March 2023
Role Stealth multirole/air superiority fighter[1]
National origin Turkey
Manufacturer Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI)[2]
First flight 21 February 2024[3]
Introduction 2030s (planned)[4][a]
Status Under development
Primary user Turkish Air Force
Produced 1 prototype

The TAI Kaan also called TF ("Turkish Fighter", formerly known as TF-X[6]) and MMU (Milli Muharip Uçak, Turkish for 'National Combat Aircraft'[7]), is a stealth, twin-engine,[8] all-weather air superiority fighter[9] in development by Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) and sub-contractor BAE Systems.[10][11] The jet is to replace the Turkish Air Force's F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft and to be sold to foreign governments.[12][13]

The prototype performed taxi and ground tests on March 16, 2023[7] and was ceremonially rolled out two days later.[14] Its maiden flight, initially scheduled for 27 December 2023 (one day before the maiden flight of the TAI Anka-3),[15] was completed on 21 February 2024.[3]

Development

On 15 December 2010, Turkey's Defence Industry Executive Committee (SSIK) decided to design, develop, and manufacture a national next generation air-superiority fighter which would replace Turkey's F-16 fleet and operate with other critical assets like the F-35 Lightning II.[16]

In 2011, Turkey's Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (SSM), now known as the Defence Industry Agency, the procurement agency for the Turkish Armed Forces, signed an agreement with TAI for the conceptual development of basic capabilities. TAI and TUSAŞ Engine Industries (TEI) would lead the design, entry, and development processes of the fighter jet. The studies would reveal the cost of the fighter, while investigating which mechanical and electronic systems would be employed and included, and a wider perspective of the opportunities and challenges in military aviation.[17] Funding equivalent to US$20 million was allocated for a 2-year conceptual design phase performed by the Turkish Aerospace Industries.[18] TAI officials stated that conceptual design phase should be complete in late 2013, with a report being prepared and submitted to the Prime Minister for the approval of development phase budget and framework. Janes has described the project as "extremely ambitious".[19]

On February 15, 2024, Ukraine has expressed interest to acquire the Kaan.[20]

Design choice

In 2015, the TAI released three potential airframe configurations:

Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu announced on 8 January 2015, that the TF-X will be a twin-engined fighter.[8] The Undersecretariat for Defence Industries published its 2016 Performance Report in March 2017, where it was revealed that the final decision was to continue with the twin engine FX-1 configuration.[22][23]

Bid

On 13 March 2015, the Turkish Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (SSM) officially issued a Request for Information to Turkish companies which had the capability "to perform a genuine design, development and production activities of the first Turkish fighter aircraft to meet Turkish Armed Forces' next generation fighter requirements" signalling the official start of the program.[24] The contract for design and development of the fighter was signed between the SSM of Ministry of Turkish National Defence and Turkish Aerospace Industries Inc. on 5 August 2016. The SSM granted $1.18 bn. to Turkish Aerospace Industries to acquire necessary technologies and infrastructure for the design, testing and certification of the aircraft.[25] In the same period, Request for Proposal was published for the engine of the aircraft, and General Electric, Eurojet and Snecma companies returned to this file. Within the scope of the RFP, the condition was for the engine infrastructure to be developed in Turkey and production be domestic as long as possible.

Former partnership plans and proposals

Saab AB

In February 2013, meetings were held with Saab AB upon the instruction of then-Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and an agreement was signed between TAI and the Swedish firm Saab during the state visit of then-Turkish President Abdullah Gül to Sweden on 13 March 2013, according to which:[26]

  • Saab AB would provide technological design assistance for Turkey's TF-X program.
  • TAI would have the option to purchase Saab's fighter aircraft design unit.

This plan was later abandoned and on January 8, 2015, then-Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu announced that the TF-X program will be a completely independent domestic platform, not in partnership with Korea, Sweden, Brazil or Indonesia.

Rostec

The Russian state-owned defence company Rostec expressed its willingness to join the TF-X program during the 2018 Eurasia Air Show.[27][28] Some Russian companies, including the United Engine Corporation, have also stated that they were ready to provide technology for the TF-X engine.[29] Turkish defence officials confirmed that they were exploring this option and discussing potential cooperation models. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, accompanied by Russian President Vladimir Putin, observed the fifth-generation Sukhoi Su-57 stealth fighter jet at the MAKS 2019 international airshow near Moscow on 27 August 2019.[30]

Cooperation agreement between TAI and BAE Systems

TF-X mock-up at the 2019 Paris Air Show
UK Foreign Secretary James Cleverly examines the TFX-KAAN mock-up during his visit to the Turkish Aerospace Industries headquarters in Turkey (2023)

In December 2015, Turkey's Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (SSM) announced that it had chosen BAE Systems of the United Kingdom to assist with the design of the nation's next-generation air superiority fighter. On the same day, Rolls-Royce offered technology transfer for the EJ200 engine and joint-development of a derivative for the TF-X program.[31] During the visit of British Prime Minister Theresa May to Turkey in January 2017, BAE Systems and TAI officials signed an agreement, worth about £100 million, for BAE Systems to provide engineering assistance in developing the aircraft.[32] Following the agreement, the UK issued an open general export licence to defence companies willing to export goods, software or technology to Turkey.[33]

Engine

On 20 January 2015, ASELSAN of Turkey announced that it had signed a memorandum of understanding with Eurojet, the manufacturer of the EJ200 engine used in the Eurofighter Typhoon.[34] The announcement also stated that a derivative of the EJ200 will be used in the TF-X program.[35][36][37][38] The two companies will additionally collaborate and co-develop engine control software systems and engine maintenance monitoring systems.[38] Turkey's selection of the EJ200 evidenced TAI's intention to use supercruise capability. In May 2017, Rolls-Royce established a joint venture with the Kale Group of Turkey to develop and manufacture engines for the project.[39] Another competitor is TRMotor Power Systems Inc. established in April 2017 by BMC, TAI and SSTEK. On 8 November 2018, TRMotor signed a memorandum of understanding with the Presidency of Defence Industries to develop a jet engine for the TF-X project.[40]

While General Electric did not openly express interest in the TF-X project, its local partner Tusaş Engine Industries (TEI) announced that it will participate in the engine development phase. On 11 June 2018, TEI General Manager Mahmut Faruk Akşit said that they proposed a mature engine for which they had completed a commercial proposal for the infrastructure of sub-component tests for the compressor. He emphasized the advantage of GE engines over its competitors stating that they have significant OEM support whereas the collaboration between other companies were yet to thrive. TEI committed to submit all intellectual rights to the government.[41] In October 2018, local media reported that an unknown number of initial production fighters will be equipped with General Electric F110 engines until Turkish Air Engine Company (TAEC)[42] finalizes the local engine.[43]

On 14 March 2022 Kale & Rolls-Royce re-started the progress of developing an engine for the TF-X program, stating that the previous disputes between the companies have been resolved and that the first prototypes of the TF-X will use the F110 engine.[44]

On 5 March 2022, İsmail Demir, undersecretary for Defence Industries, said the government would now negotiate a possible engine deal with Rolls-Royce. “We had some issues [with Rolls-Royce] before. These have been resolved. I think we are ready to work together.”[45]

In May 2022, while visiting the U.K., Demir said, "It is imperative for us that the engine be produced in Turkey… that Turkey should possess intellectual property rights."[46] His statement implied that the same dispute over intellectual properties of the engine which previously stalled the negotiation between Rolls-Royce and Turkey in 2019[47] remained unresolved.

As of 2 June 2022, unknown number of General Electric F110 engines delivered to TEI as the first batch according to the agreement between Tusaş Engine Industries (TEI) and GE Aerospace that comprises delivery of 10 engines in total.[48][49]

On 2 July 2022, the Defence Industry Agency published the invitation to tender for the domestic development of the engine to be used and İsmail Demir, undersecretary for Defence Industry Agency, stated that TRMotor, which is a subsidiary of TAI, has submitted its proposal and Turkish Air Engine Company (TAEC), consortium by Kale Group and Rolls-Royce, will submit its offer soon.[50]

Development schedule overview

Development Phase-1 was expected to officially commence by the end of 2014,[51] however, initial conditions were met and the project has officially started in late 2018.

On June 30, 2021, the Turkish Air Force made an official presentation about the TF-X program to the press. In the presentation, it was stated that Phase-1 Stage-1 had started with preliminary design works, right after T0 stage. As part of preliminary design activities, a system requirements review (SRR) is currently being carried out. By the end of 2022, system functionality review (SFR) and system requirements review (SRR) will be completed. Thus, the preliminary design activities will come to an end. The program is expected to go to the next stage by 2023 when the initial roll-out occurs with engines capable of taxiing.[1]

Phase-1 Stage-2 involves detailed design and qualifications carried out in the 2022-2029 period. The aircraft will roll out in 2023, critical design review (CDR) activities will be carried out in 2024, the production of the first aircraft, called Block-0, will be completed in 2025 and the first flight will be accomplished in 2026. Until that date, TAI aims to manufacture 3 prototypes.[1] The Block-1 configuration is planned to be developed until 2029. The manufacture of 10 Block-1 fighter jets is planned within the scope of Phase-2, and the aircraft will be delivered to the Turkish Air Force between 2030 and 2033.[1] In Phase-3, between 2034 and 2040, development and mass production activities of other TF-X blocks is planned.[1]

Start of production

On November 4, 2021, the first piece of MMU was manufactured. Temel Kotil, CEO of TAI said;

We have realized the production of the first part of our National Combat Aircraft. Every step we take for the survival project of our country is very meaningful and valuable for us. I would like to thank all my friends with whom we walked on the same path by working with enthusiasm and effort.[52]

The other 20,000 parts of TF-X were planned to be ready by the end of 2022.[53]

TAI's Deputy General Manager responsible for TFX Dr. Uğur Zengin, stated on February 11, 2022, that 550 parts of TF-X were in production.[54] The maiden flight was planned for 2025,[55] but has been rescheduled for the end of 2023.[56]

The aircraft was officially named Kaan on May 1, 2023.[57][58][59]

In May 2023, TAI CEO Temel Kotil said the company expects to deliver twenty Block 10 aircraft to the Turkish Air Force in 2028, then two aircraft per month by 2029, generating $2.4 billion in annual revenues for TAI.[60]

Kotil also warned that the price tag of the aircraft may surpass his 2021 promise of $100 million per unit.[60] This led the company to seek additional capital and production workers. In July 2023, at the 16th International Defense Industry Fair, a protocol agreement was signed to bring Azerbaijan into the project. Project officials began looking for Azerbaijani companies and production facilities that could be used and 200 Azerbaijani workers were to be immediately dispatched to join the fighter project.[61]

On February 21, 2024, Kaan conducted its maiden flight. TAI shared a video showing a KAAN fighter jet taking off and then returning to Mürted Airfield Command in the north Ankara.[62]

Design

TAI TF-X (MMU) mock-up

Requirements

In June 2021, the Turkish Air Force, in a presentation made to the press, announced its requirements for minimum capabilities of the TF-X:[1]

  • Improved aerodynamics and propulsion
  • Supercruise
  • Sufficient and optimized combat radius
  • Advanced and internal multi-spectral sensors (EW and RF/IR)
  • Low observability
  • Sensor fusion and autonomy
  • Improved data-link capabilities for network-enabled warfare
  • High precision stand-off weapons

Airframe

SOM-J cruise missile developed by TÜBİTAK SAGE and Roketsan is designed to fit the internal weapons bay of the TAI TF-X and F-35.

Hüseyin Yağcı, TAI's chief engineer on the TF-X program, has stated that all three conceptual designs thus far feature a design optimized for low radar cross-sectional density, internal weapons bays, and the ability to supercruise, features associated with fifth-generation fighter jets.[9]

TAI's Advanced Carbon Composites fuselage facility, which was commissioned to produce fuselages for Lockheed Martin's Joint Strike Fighter (F-35) program,[63][64] has been tasked with developing an Advanced Carbon Composite fuselage for the TF-X. The Turkish Defence Industry Agency has also issued a tender for the development of a new lighter carbon composite thermoplastic for the TF-X fuselage.[65]

Radar and sensors

ASELSAN is currently developing an advanced active electronically scanned array radar which will use gallium nitride (GaN) technology for the TF-X program.[66]

Avionics and equipment

The TF-X will be integrated from the cockpit to accompanying UAVs (most likely the TAI Anka) through encrypted datalink connections.[67] The aircraft will likely use upgraded variants of Aselsan's own radar warning receiver (RWR), missile warning system (MWS), laser warning system (LWS), chaff and flare management, dispensing system and digital radio frequency memory (DRFM)-based jamming system, which are already deployed with the other air platforms.[68][69]

Propulsion

TAI TF-X (MMU) mock-up, rear view

Prototypes and the first batch of aircraft will be equipped with General Electric F110 engines until the TAEC engine, a joint venture between the Turkish KALE & British Rolls-Royce, is completed and ready. Ismail Demir also stated that besides these two engines, an alternative engine is found from an undisclosed nation.[44][70]

Preliminary specifications

Data from Turkish Aerospace Industries[71]

General characteristics

  • Crew: One & two-pilot variants[72]
  • Length: 21 m (68 ft 11 in)
  • Wingspan: 14 m (45 ft 11 in)
  • Height: 6 m (19 ft 8 in)
  • Wing area: 60 m2 (645 sq ft)
  • Max takeoff weight: 27,215 kg (60,000 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric F110-GE-129[b] Turbofan, 76.31 kN (17,155 lbf) thrust each dry, 131 kN (29,000 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.8
  • Service ceiling: 17,000 m (55,000 ft)
  • g limits: +9.0 g & -3.5 g

Armament

Avionics

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

  1. ^ serial production starting in 2028[5]
  2. ^ TAI Kaan will use the TF-35000 engine, which will be produced by TEI.[73]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Türk Hava Kuvvetleri'nin MMU TF-X Sunumu ve Öne Çıkanlar" (in Turkish). July 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  2. ^ "Turkish Aerospace: Facilities". Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Turkey's Fifth-Generation Fighter Jet Kaan Makes Maiden Flight". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  4. ^ Malyasov, Dylan. "Turkish stealth fighter prototype made its first flight". Defence Blog. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  5. ^ "Turkey's KAAN fighter jet conducts first flight". 21 February 2024. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  6. ^ "TF | Turkish Aerospace". www.tusas.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  7. ^ a b Joseph Trevithick (17 March 2023). "Our First Full Look At Turkey's New TF-X Stealthy Fighter". thedrive.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  8. ^ a b "Turkey advances TFX fighter project, orders new rifles, more F-35s, CH-47s", Jane's 360, archived from the original on 12 January 2015, retrieved 9 January 2015
  9. ^ a b "IDEF 2013: TAI reveals fifth generation fighter designs". Jane's Defence Weekly. IHS. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  10. ^ "BAE Systems signs Heads of Agreement for a future contract with Turkish Aerospace Industries for TF-X Programme". BAE Systems. 28 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  11. ^ "Rolls-Royce and Kale Group create defence aero engine joint venture". Rolls-Royce. 8 May 2017.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ "Turkey to Replace F-16s With Local Jets". Hürriyet daily news. TR: Hürriyet Gazetecilik ve Matbaacılık. 29 March 2013. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  13. ^ "Turkish fighter jet takes first flight as Ankara eyes Asian buyers". Nikkei Asia. 21 February 2024. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  14. ^ Gareth Jennings (24 November 2022). "Turkish future fighter comes together ahead of 'victory day' roll-out". janes.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  15. ^ Thomas Newdick (28 December 2023). "Turkey's ANKA-3 Flying Wing Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle Flies". thedrive.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  16. ^ "Turkey ready to produce first national fighter jet". Today's zaman. TR: Feza Gazetecilik. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012.
  17. ^ "Deal for production of first Turkish fighter jet signed". Today's zaman. TR: Feza Gazetecilik. 23 August 2011. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011.
  18. ^ "Jet Trainer Aircraft and Fighter Aircraft Conceptual Design Project". TR: SSM. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
  19. ^ Felstead, Peter (17 June 2019). "Paris Air Show 2019: full-scale mock-up of Turkish Fighter unveiled". Jane's Defence Weekly. Paris. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  20. ^ "Ukraine Plans to Buy Turkish KAAN fighters".
  21. ^ "MMU TF-X Programına Bir Bakış". Savunma Sanayi ST (in Turkish). 22 December 2021. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  22. ^ "Milli Muharip Uçak TF-X çift motorlu olacak", DonanımHaber (in Turkish), TR, 2 March 2017, archived from the original on 27 July 2021, retrieved 2 March 2017
  23. ^ "Yerli Savaş uçağında önemli gelişme". Haber 7. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  24. ^ http://www.ssm.gov.tr/anasayfa/hizli/duyurular/projeDuyurulari/Documents/TF-X_Program_RFI.docx [dead link]
  25. ^ "TAI, Aselsan sign preliminary agreement for TF-X development". Air Recognition. 27 April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  26. ^ "Türkiye, SAAB ile masaya oturdu". Dünya (in Turkish). 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  27. ^ "Hand-in-hand: Russia and Turkey make the first Turkish fighter jet". 5 May 2018. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  28. ^ "Russians want to help develop first Turkish fighter jet". Ahval. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  29. ^ Bekdil, Burak Ege (2 May 2018). "Turkey's fighter jet program races ahead as Russian firm reveals interest". Defense News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  30. ^ "Russia showcases 5th-generation Su-57 jets for Erdoğan at MAKS airshow". Daily Sabah. 27 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  31. ^ "Rolls-Royce Offers Engine for Turkish-Made Fighter Jet". Defense News. 6 December 2015. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  32. ^ "Britain, Turkey sign defence deal to develop Turkish fighter jet". Reuters. 27 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  33. ^ "Open general export licence (exports in support of Turkish Aerospace Industries TF-X programme)". Department for International Trade, the UK. 26 July 2017. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  34. ^ "ASELSAN Signs MoU with EUROJET". Defense & Aerospace. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  35. ^ "Turkey's ASELSAN inks deal with Eurojet for EJ200 engine - Brahmand News". www.brahmand.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  36. ^ "Aselsan, Eurojet sign MoU". Janes's 360. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  37. ^ "ASELSAN ve EUROJET arasında İşbirliği". Aselsan Inc. Archived from the original on 30 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  38. ^ a b "Aselsan signs cooperation deal with Eurojet". Hurriyet Daily News. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  39. ^ "Kale Grubu ve dünyanın en büyük uçak motor üreticilerinden Rolls-Royce, Türkiye'ye uçak motorları geliştirmek için el sıkıştı". TR: NTV. 8 May 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  40. ^ "Milli Muharip Uçak'ın Motoru, TRMOTOR'a Emanet". TR: MSI. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  41. ^ "TEI milli muharip uçak MMU motorunu geliştirmek üzere teklif verdi". Aksam. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  42. ^ "Kale Group and Rolls-Royce to Develop Unique Engine for Turkish Fighter". www.defenceturkey.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  43. ^ "MMU için GE Motoru". TR: C4 Defence. 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  44. ^ a b Bekdil, Burak Ege (14 March 2022). "Rolls-Royce, Kale to develop engine for Turkish fighter". Defense News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  45. ^ "Rolls-Royce, Kale to develop engine for Turkish fighter". airforcetimes.com. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.[permanent dead link]
  46. ^ "Turkey sends Rolls-Royce another pitch to co-produce engines for the TF-X jet". defensenews.com. 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  47. ^ "Rolls-Royce dials back on project to build new Turkish fighter jet". The Financial Times. 4 March 2019. Archived from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  48. ^ "MMU'da Kullanılacak İlk Parti F110 Motorları Teslim Edildi". Defence Turkey. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  49. ^ "US delivered F110 engine for Turkish TAI TF-X next-gen fighter". Bulgarian Military. 2 June 2022. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  50. ^ "MMU motoru için Teklife Çağrı Dosyası yayımlandı". Defence Turk. July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  51. ^ Turkey; SSM envisages dual first line fighter fleet by 2023Archived 14 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine - Dmilt.com, 18 June 2014
  52. ^ "Milli Muharip Uçak için ilk parça üretildi | SavunmaSanayiST". Savunma Sanayi ST (in Turkish). 4 November 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  53. ^ Yıldırım, Göksel (4 November 2021). "Milli Muharip Uçak'ın ilk parçası üretildi". Anadolu Ajansı. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  54. ^ MMU'nun 550 ana parçası imalatta (in Turkish), archived from the original on 3 April 2022, retrieved 3 April 2022
  55. ^ "Turkey's TF-X jet nears the end of assembly - AeroTime". 9 January 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  56. ^ "Log In to AviationWeek". login.aviationweek.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  57. ^ "İşte Milli Muharip Uçak'ın Adı: KAAN". savunmasanayist.com. SavunmaSanayiST. 1 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  58. ^ "Milli Muharip Uçağın adı KAAN oldu". TRT Haber. 1 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  59. ^ "Turkish Stealth KAAN Fighter will Replace American F-16 Fighter jets". The Military Curiosity. 2 May 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  60. ^ a b Burak Ege Bekdil (11 May 2023). "The cost of Turkey's TF-X fighter jet could rise, manufacturer says". defensenews.com. Defense News. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  61. ^ "Turkey involves Azerbaijan in national fighter jet project with hopes of financial contribution - Nordic Monitor". August 2023. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  62. ^ "Turkey's KAAN fighter jet conducts first flight". Reuters. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  63. ^ "Composite". Turkish Aerospace. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  64. ^ "The composites industry in Turkey". Materials Today. 3 November 2009. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  65. ^ "A. Havacılıkta Kullanılan Karbon Elyaf Takviyeli Termoplastik Reçineli Prepreg Geliştirilmesi Projesi (KOZA)". SSM. Archived from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  66. ^ "Future Turkish Fighter Concepts Revealed at IDEF 13". Aviation International News. 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  67. ^ "TAI TFX / F-X Experimental Fifth Generation Fighter Concept". Military Factory. 18 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  68. ^ "Could Aselsan provide EW/ECM gear for the JF-17?". quwa. 11 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  69. ^ "Helicopter Electronic Warfare System (HEWS)". Aselsan. 11 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  70. ^ ""MMU motoru için alternatif kaynaklarımız var" – Tolga Özbek" (in Turkish). 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  71. ^ "KAAN". Turkish Aerospace Industries. 2023. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  72. ^ "MMU'ya çift koltuklu varyant". 29 March 2022. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  73. ^ Güleş, Okan (3 May 2022). "TUSAŞ'tan Milli Muharip Uçak açıklaması: 35 bin pound güçte motor yapabiliriz". TGRT Haber. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  74. ^ "TÜBİTAK-SAGE'den Milli Penguin: KUZGUN-ER" (in Turkish). 20 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  75. ^ "KUZGUN'un Elektronik Harp Konfigürasyonu: KUZGUN-EW" (in Turkish). 20 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  76. ^ "Turkish Roketsan Introduces New Antiship Missile Family "ÇAKIR"". 31 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to TAI TF-X.

Read other articles:

Raja Lumu

Sultan Sallehuddin ShahSultan SelangorBerkuasa1742 - 1778Penobatan1756Raja MudaIbrahim ShahKelahiran1705Kematian1778Nama lengkapAlmarhum Sultan Sallehuddin Shah ibni Almarhum Daeng ChelakAyahAlmarhum Daeng ChelakIbu—AnakRaja Ibrahim Shah Raja Muda Nala Raja Punuh Raja Sharifah Raja Lumu (Sultan Sallehuddin Shah ibni Almarhum Yamtuan Muda Riau ll Opu Daeng Chelak); 1705–1778) adalah Sultan Selangor yang pertama. Ia merupakan putra dari pangeran pejuang asal Bugis yang terkenal Opu Daeng Ch...

 

 

حسين كامل (سلطان)

سلطان مصر حسين كامل السلطان حسين كامل فترة الحكم19 ديسمبر 1914 - 9 أكتوبر 1917 الخديوي عباس حلمي الثاني فؤاد الأول معلومات شخصية الميلاد 21 نوفمبر 1853القاهرة،  الدولة العثمانية الوفاة 9 أكتوبر 1917 (63 سنة)القاهرة،  السلطنة المصرية مكان الدفن مسجد الرفاعي  مواطنة مصر تركيا ...

 

 

Naruto Shippuden the Movie: Bonds

Naruto Shippuden the Movie: BondsSutradaraHajime KamegakiPemeranJunko TakeuchiNoriaki SugiyamaChie NakamuraKazuhiko InoueRikiya KoyamaSatoshi HinoNana MizukiMotoko KumaiUnshō IshizukaPenata musikYasuharu TakanashiPerusahaanproduksiStudio PierrotDistributorTohoTanggal rilis 02 Agustus 2008 (2008-08-02) Durasi93 menitNegaraJepangBahasaBahasa JepangPendapatankotor¥1.16 milyar (US$10.6 juta)PrekuelNaruto Shippuden the MovieSekuelNaruto Shippuden the Movie: The Will of Fire Naruto Shi...

Scientific control

Methods employed to reduce error in science tests For other uses, see Control and Treatment and control groups. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Scientific control – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Take identical gr...

 

 

The Rogues (film)

1987 film The RoguesItalian theatrical release poster by Enzo SciottiDirected byMario MonicelliWritten byLeo Benvenuti Suso Cecchi d'Amico Piero De Bernardi Mario MonicelliProduced byGiovanni Di ClementeStarringGiancarlo GianniniEnrico MontesanoVittorio GassmanNino ManfrediGiuliana De SioBernard BlierCinematographyTonino NardiEdited byRuggero MastroianniMusic byLucio DallaMauro MalavasiDistributed byWarner Bros. Italia (Italy)Warner Española S.A. (Spain)Release date 1988 (1988) Running ...

 

 

Franz Schalk

Franz Schalk Franz Schalk (27 May 1863 – 3 September 1931) was an Austrian conductor. From 1918 to 1929 he was director of the Vienna State Opera, a post he held jointly with Richard Strauss from 1919 to 1924. He was later involved in the establishment of the Salzburg Festival. Life and career Born in Vienna, he studied under composer Anton Bruckner. From 1900, he was first kapellmeister of the Vienna Court Opera (Hofoper). Between 1904 and 1921, he was head of the Gesellschaft...

Grand Prix sepeda motor Jerman 2021

  Grand Prix Jerman 2021Detail lombaLomba ke 8 dari 19Grand Prix Sepeda Motor musim 2021Tanggal20 Juni 2021Nama resmiLiqui Moly Motorrad Grand Prix DeutschlandLokasiSachsenring, Hohenstein-Ernstthal, JermanSirkuitFasilitas balapan permanen3.671 km (2.281 mi)MotoGPPole positionPembalap Johann Zarco DucatiCatatan waktu 1:20.236 Putaran tercepatPembalap Miguel Oliveira KTMCatatan waktu 1:21.701 di lap 15 PodiumPertama Marc Márquez HondaKedua Miguel Oliveira KTMKetiga Fabio Q...

 

 

Calusa

CalusaArea centrale approssimativa dei Calusa (rosso) e dominio politico (blu) Luogo d'origine Stati Uniti Popolazioneestinta LinguaCalusa ReligioneNativa Manuale I Calusa [kəˈluːsə] erano una tribù di nativi americani stanziata sulla costa sud-occidentale della Florida. La loro società si sviluppò a partire da quella dei popoli arcaici che abitavano la regione delle Everglades, presenti nell'area da migliaia di anni. Quando entrarono in contatto con gli europei nel XVI e XVI...

 

 

Mahinda Rajapaksa

President of Sri Lanka from 2005 to 2015 Hon.[1]Mahinda Rajapaksaමහින්ද රාජපක්ෂமஹிந்த ராஜபக்ஷRajapaksa in 20186th President of Sri LankaIn office19 November 2005 – 9 January 2015Prime MinisterRatnasiri WickremanayakeD. M. JayaratnePreceded byChandrika KumaratungaSucceeded byMaithripala Sirisena13th Prime Minister of Sri LankaIn office21 November 2019 – 9 May 2022PresidentGotabaya RajapaksaPreceded byRani...

List of birds of Saint Helena

The Saint Helena plover or wirebird, is the only surviving endemic species. This is a list of the bird species recorded on Saint Helena. The avifauna of Saint Helena Island include a total of 209 species. 17 endemic species survives today. At least five non-endemics have been extirpated from Saint Helena but still occur elsewhere. 34 species have been introduced by humans and formed established breeding populations while many more species were introduced in the past but failed to become esta...

 

 

الرعاية الصحية في كندا

تُقدم الرعاية الصحية في كندا عبر أنظمة الرعاية الصحية الإقليمية الممولة من القطاع العام، والتي تسمى عاميًا «الرعاية الطبية» بالاعتماد على أحكام قانون الصحة الكندي لعام 1984، وهو قانون عالمي. يعتبر الكنديون أن الحصول على الخدمات الصحية الممولة من القطاع العام أمر بديهي، يض...

 

 

Dawaro

Medieval province in the Horn of Africa Dawaro or Doaro (Amharic: ደዋሮ) was a Muslim principality which laid alongside the Ifat Sultanate.[1][2][3] The state was originally independent until becoming a vassal and later a province due its subjugation by Emperor Amda Seyon I in the early 14th century. The region was situated east of Hadiya and north of Bali which covered much of Ethiopia's Arsi Province.[4][5][6][7] The capital of Daw...

Antonín Švehla

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Antonín Švehla – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Antonín Švehla Antonín Švehla (15 April 1873, in Prague – 12 December 1933 in Prague) was a Czechoslovak politician. He served thr...

 

 

Bandar Udara Mount Hagen

Bandar Udara Internasional KagamugaIATA: HGUICAO: AYMHInformasiJenisPublic[1]Pemilik/PengelolaNational Airports Corporation (NAC) of Papua New GuineaMelayaniMount HagenLokasiKagamuga, Papua NuginiKetinggian dpl1.641 mdplKoordinat05°49′36.44″S 144°17′45.10″E / 5.8267889°S 144.2958611°E / -5.8267889; 144.2958611PetaHGU/AYMHLokasi bandar udara di Mount Hagen , Papua NuginiTampilkan peta Papua New GuineaHGU/AYMHHGU/AYMH (Oseania)Tampilkan peta...

 

 

A Caddy for Daddy

1967 studio album by Hank MobleyA Caddy for DaddyStudio album by Hank MobleyReleasedMid September 1967[1]RecordedDecember 18, 1965StudioVan Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJGenreJazzLength39:50LabelBlue NoteBST 84230ProducerAlfred LionHank Mobley chronology Dippin'(1965) A Caddy for Daddy(1967) Straight No Filter(1966) A Caddy for Daddy is an album by jazz saxophonist Hank Mobley recorded on December 18, 1965, and released on the Blue Note label in 1967. It features performa...

South Stoke, Oxfordshire

For other uses, see South Stoke (disambiguation). Human settlement in EnglandSouth StokeSt. Andrew's parish churchSouth StokeLocation within OxfordshireArea7.68 km2 (2.97 sq mi)Population458 (parish (2001 census)[1]• Density60/km2 (160/sq mi)OS grid referenceSU6083Civil parishSouth StokeDistrictSouth OxfordshireShire countyOxfordshireRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townReadingPostcode districtRG8D...

 

 

Battle of Carthage (698)

Engagement of the conquest of Maghreb This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Battle of Carthage 698 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Battle of CarthagePart of the Muslim conquest of North Africa and the Arab–Byzantine W...

 

 

أسنان هتشنسون

أسنان هتشنسون معلومات عامة من أنواع علم أمراض الأسنان  الأسباب الأسباب زهري خلقي  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   أسنان هتشنسون أسنان هتشنسون (بالإنجليزية: Hutchinson's teeth)‏ عبارة عن أسنان غير طبيعية تكون مثلثة على حافتها الحرة وهي علامة طبية لمرض يدعى الزهري الخلقي.[1] انظر أي�...

Eriprando Poggipollini

Eriprando PoggipolliniInformazioni personaliArbitro di Calcio Federazione Italia SezioneFerrara Attività nazionale AnniCampionatoRuolo 1943-1950Serie A e BArbitro Eriprando Poggipollini (Castel San Pietro Terme, 17 giugno 1908 – Ferrara, 8 luglio 1997) è stato un arbitro di calcio italiano. Indice 1 Carriera 2 Note 3 Bibliografia 4 Collegamenti esterni Carriera Inizia ad arbitrare nel 1929.[1] Dopo aver arbitrato nelle serie inferiori ha esordito in Serie A il 17 gennaio 1943...

 

 

إميليانوس

إميليانوس (باللاتينية: Aemilianus)‏  صورة لإميليانوس على العملة الرومانية معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة ماركوس إميليوس إميليانوس أوغوستوس الميلاد 207 مجربة الوفاة 253 مسبوليتو مواطنة روما القديمة  الزوجة كورنيليا سوبيرا مناصب إمبراطور روماني   في المنصبأغسطس 253  – أكتوبر...