TAI TF Kaan

Kaan
Kaan during runway tests at its facilities in Ankara on 17 March 2023
Role Stealth multirole/air superiority fighter[1]
National origin Turkey
Manufacturer Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI)[2]
First flight 21 February 2024[3]
Introduction 2030s (planned)[4][a]
Status Under development
Primary user Turkish Air Force

The TAI Kaan also called TF ("Turkish Fighter", formerly known as TF-X[6]) and MMU (Milli Muharip Uçak, Turkish for 'National Combat Aircraft'[7]), is a stealth, twin-engine,[8] all-weather air superiority fighter[9] in development by Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) and sub-contractor BAE Systems.[10][11] The jet is to replace the Turkish Air Force's F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft and to be sold to foreign governments.[12][13]

The prototype performed taxi and ground tests on March 16, 2023[7] and was ceremonially rolled out two days later.[14] Its maiden flight, initially scheduled for 27 December 2023 (one day before the maiden flight of the TAI Anka-3),[15] was completed on 21 February 2024.[3]

Development

On 15 December 2010, Turkey's Defence Industry Executive Committee (SSIK) decided to design, develop, and manufacture a national next generation air-superiority fighter which would replace Turkey's F-16 fleet and operate with other critical assets like the F-35 Lightning II.[16]

In 2011, Turkey's Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (SSM), now known as the Defence Industry Agency, the procurement agency for the Turkish Armed Forces, signed an agreement with TAI for the conceptual development of basic capabilities. TAI and TUSAŞ Engine Industries (TEI) would lead the design, entry, and development processes of the fighter jet. The studies would reveal the cost of the fighter, while investigating which mechanical and electronic systems would be employed and included, and a wider perspective of the opportunities and challenges in military aviation.[17] Funding equivalent to US$20 million was allocated for a 2-year conceptual design phase performed by the Turkish Aerospace Industries.[18] TAI officials stated that conceptual design phase should be complete in late 2013, with a report being prepared and submitted to the Prime Minister for the approval of development phase budget and framework. Janes has described the project as "extremely ambitious".[19]

On February 15, 2024, Ukraine has expressed interest to acquire the Kaan.[20]

Design choice

In 2015, the TAI released three potential airframe configurations:

Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu announced on 8 January 2015, that the TF-X will be a twin-engined fighter.[8] The Undersecretariat for Defence Industries published its 2016 Performance Report in March 2017, where it was revealed that the final decision was to continue with the twin engine FX-1 configuration.[22][23]

Bid

On 13 March 2015, the Turkish Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (SSM) officially issued a Request for Information to Turkish companies which had the capability "to perform a genuine design, development and production activities of the first Turkish fighter aircraft to meet Turkish Armed Forces' next generation fighter requirements" signalling the official start of the program.[24] The contract for design and development of the fighter was signed between the SSM of Ministry of Turkish National Defence and Turkish Aerospace Industries Inc. on 5 August 2016. The SSM granted $1.18 bn. to Turkish Aerospace Industries to acquire necessary technologies and infrastructure for the design, testing and certification of the aircraft.[25] In the same period, Request for Proposal was published for the engine of the aircraft, and General Electric, Eurojet and Snecma companies returned to this file. Within the scope of the RFP, the condition was for the engine infrastructure to be developed in Turkey and production be domestic as long as possible.

Former partnership plans and proposals

Saab AB

In February 2013, meetings were held with Saab AB upon the instruction of then-Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and an agreement was signed between TAI and the Swedish firm Saab during the state visit of then-Turkish President Abdullah Gül to Sweden on 13 March 2013, according to which:[26]

  • Saab AB would provide technological design assistance for Turkey's TF-X program.
  • TAI would have the option to purchase Saab's fighter aircraft design unit.

This plan was later abandoned and on January 8, 2015, then-Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu announced that the TF-X program will be a completely independent domestic platform, not in partnership with Korea, Sweden, Brazil or Indonesia.

Rostec

The Russian state-owned defence company Rostec expressed its willingness to join the TF-X program during the 2018 Eurasia Air Show.[27][28] Some Russian companies, including the United Engine Corporation, have also stated that they were ready to provide technology for the TF-X engine.[29] Turkish defence officials confirmed that they were exploring this option and discussing potential cooperation models. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, accompanied by Russian President Vladimir Putin, observed the fifth-generation Sukhoi Su-57 stealth fighter jet at the MAKS 2019 international airshow near Moscow on 27 August 2019.[30]

Cooperation agreement between TAI and BAE Systems

TF-X mock-up at the 2019 Paris Air Show
UK Foreign Secretary James Cleverly examines the TFX-KAAN mock-up during his visit to the Turkish Aerospace Industries headquarters in Turkey (2023)

In December 2015, Turkey's Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (SSM) announced that it had chosen BAE Systems of the United Kingdom to assist with the design of the nation's next-generation air superiority fighter. On the same day, Rolls-Royce offered technology transfer for the EJ200 engine and joint-development of a derivative for the TF-X program.[31] During the visit of British Prime Minister Theresa May to Turkey in January 2017, BAE Systems and TAI officials signed an agreement, worth about £100 million, for BAE Systems to provide engineering assistance in developing the aircraft.[32] Following the agreement, the UK issued an open general export licence to defence companies willing to export goods, software or technology to Turkey.[33]

Engine

On 20 January 2015, ASELSAN of Turkey announced that it had signed a memorandum of understanding with Eurojet, the manufacturer of the EJ200 engine used in the Eurofighter Typhoon.[34] The announcement also stated that a derivative of the EJ200 will be used in the TF-X program.[35][36][37][38] The two companies will additionally collaborate and co-develop engine control software systems and engine maintenance monitoring systems.[38] Turkey's selection of the EJ200 evidenced TAI's intention to use supercruise capability. In May 2017, Rolls-Royce established a joint venture with the Kale Group of Turkey to develop and manufacture engines for the project.[39] Another competitor is TRMotor Power Systems Inc. established in April 2017 by BMC, TAI and SSTEK. On 8 November 2018, TRMotor signed a memorandum of understanding with the Presidency of Defence Industries to develop a jet engine for the TF-X project.[40]

While General Electric did not openly express interest in the TF-X project, its local partner Tusaş Engine Industries (TEI) announced that it will participate in the engine development phase. On 11 June 2018, TEI General Manager Mahmut Faruk Akşit said that they proposed a mature engine for which they had completed a commercial proposal for the infrastructure of sub-component tests for the compressor. He emphasized the advantage of GE engines over its competitors stating that they have significant OEM support whereas the collaboration between other companies were yet to thrive. TEI committed to submit all intellectual rights to the government.[41] In October 2018, local media reported that an unknown number of initial production fighters will be equipped with General Electric F110 engines until Turkish Air Engine Company (TAEC)[42] finalizes the local engine.[43]

On 14 March 2022 Kale & Rolls-Royce re-started the progress of developing an engine for the TF-X program, stating that the previous disputes between the companies have been resolved and that the first prototypes of the TF-X will use the F110 engine.[44]

On 5 March 2022, İsmail Demir, undersecretary for Defence Industries, said the government would now negotiate a possible engine deal with Rolls-Royce. “We had some issues [with Rolls-Royce] before. These have been resolved. I think we are ready to work together.”[45]

In May 2022, while visiting the U.K., Demir said, "It is imperative for us that the engine be produced in Turkey… that Turkey should possess intellectual property rights."[46] His statement implied that the same dispute over intellectual properties of the engine which previously stalled the negotiation between Rolls-Royce and Turkey in 2019[47] remained unresolved.

As of 2 June 2022, unknown number of General Electric F110 engines delivered to TEI as the first batch according to the agreement between Tusaş Engine Industries (TEI) and GE Aerospace that comprises delivery of 10 engines in total.[48][49]

On 2 July 2022, the Defence Industry Agency published the invitation to tender for the domestic development of the engine to be used and İsmail Demir, undersecretary for Defence Industry Agency, stated that TRMotor, which is a subsidiary of TAI, has submitted its proposal and Turkish Air Engine Company (TAEC), consortium by Kale Group and Rolls-Royce, will submit its offer soon.[50]

Development schedule overview

Development Phase-1 was expected to officially commence by the end of 2014,[51] however, initial conditions were met and the project has officially started in late 2018.

On June 30, 2021, the Turkish Air Force made an official presentation about the TF-X program to the press. In the presentation, it was stated that Phase-1 Stage-1 had started with preliminary design works, right after T0 stage. As part of preliminary design activities, a system requirements review (SRR) is currently being carried out. By the end of 2022, system functionality review (SFR) and system requirements review (SRR) will be completed. Thus, the preliminary design activities will come to an end. The program is expected to go to the next stage by 2023 when the initial roll-out occurs with engines capable of taxiing.[1]

Phase-1 Stage-2 involves detailed design and qualifications carried out in the 2022-2029 period. The aircraft will roll out in 2023, critical design review (CDR) activities will be carried out in 2024, the production of the first aircraft, called Block-0, will be completed in 2025 and the first flight will be accomplished in 2026. Until that date, TAI aims to manufacture 3 prototypes.[1] The Block-1 configuration is planned to be developed until 2029. The manufacture of 10 Block-1 fighter jets is planned within the scope of Phase-2, and the aircraft will be delivered to the Turkish Air Force between 2030 and 2033.[1] In Phase-3, between 2034 and 2040, development and mass production activities of other TF-X blocks is planned.[1]

Start of production

On November 4, 2021, the first piece of MMU was manufactured. Temel Kotil, CEO of TAI said;

We have realized the production of the first part of our National Combat Aircraft. Every step we take for the survival project of our country is very meaningful and valuable for us. I would like to thank all my friends with whom we walked on the same path by working with enthusiasm and effort.[52]

The other 20,000 parts of TF-X were planned to be ready by the end of 2022.[53]

TAI's Deputy General Manager responsible for TFX Dr. Uğur Zengin, stated on February 11, 2022, that 550 parts of TF-X were in production.[54] The maiden flight was planned for 2025,[55] but has been rescheduled for the end of 2023.[56]

The aircraft was officially named Kaan on May 1, 2023.[57][58][59]

In May 2023, TAI CEO Temel Kotil said the company expects to deliver twenty Block 10 aircraft to the Turkish Air Force in 2028, then two aircraft per month by 2029, generating $2.4 billion in annual revenues for TAI.[60]

Kotil also warned that the price tag of the aircraft may surpass his 2021 promise of $100 million per unit.[60] This led the company to seek additional capital and production workers. In July 2023, at the 16th International Defense Industry Fair, a protocol agreement was signed to bring Azerbaijan into the project. Project officials began looking for Azerbaijani companies and production facilities that could be used and 200 Azerbaijani workers were to be immediately dispatched to join the fighter project.[61]

On February 21, 2024, Kaan conducted its maiden flight. TAI shared a video showing a KAAN fighter jet taking off and then returning to Mürted Airfield Command in the north Ankara.[62]

Design

TAI TF-X (MMU) mock-up

Requirements

In June 2021, the Turkish Air Force, in a presentation made to the press, announced its requirements for minimum capabilities of the TF-X:[1]

  • Improved aerodynamics and propulsion
  • Supercruise
  • Sufficient and optimized combat radius
  • Advanced and internal multi-spectral sensors (EW and RF/IR)
  • Low observability
  • Sensor fusion and autonomy
  • Improved data-link capabilities for network-enabled warfare
  • High precision stand-off weapons

Airframe

SOM-J cruise missile developed by TÜBİTAK SAGE and Roketsan is designed to fit the internal weapons bay of the TAI TF-X and F-35.

Hüseyin Yağcı, TAI's chief engineer on the TF-X program, has stated that all three conceptual designs thus far feature a design optimized for low radar cross-sectional density, internal weapons bays, and the ability to supercruise, features associated with fifth-generation fighter jets.[9]

TAI's Advanced Carbon Composites fuselage facility, which was commissioned to produce fuselages for Lockheed Martin's Joint Strike Fighter (F-35) program,[63][64] has been tasked with developing an Advanced Carbon Composite fuselage for the TF-X. The Turkish Defence Industry Agency has also issued a tender for the development of a new lighter carbon composite thermoplastic for the TF-X fuselage.[65]

Radar and sensors

ASELSAN is currently developing an advanced active electronically scanned array radar which will use gallium nitride (GaN) technology for the TF-X program.[66]

Avionics and equipment

The TF-X will be integrated from the cockpit to accompanying UAVs (most likely the TAI Anka) through encrypted datalink connections.[67] The aircraft will likely use upgraded variants of Aselsan's own radar warning receiver (RWR), missile warning system (MWS), laser warning system (LWS), chaff and flare management, dispensing system and digital radio frequency memory (DRFM)-based jamming system, which are already deployed with the other air platforms.[68][69]

Propulsion

TAI TF-X (MMU) mock-up, rear view

Prototypes and the first batch of aircraft will be equipped with General Electric F110 engines until the TAEC engine, a joint venture between the Turkish KALE & British Rolls-Royce, is completed and ready. Ismail Demir also stated that besides these two engines, an alternative engine is found from an undisclosed nation.[44][70]

Preliminary specifications

Data from Turkish Aerospace Industries[71]

General characteristics

  • Crew: One & two-pilot variants[72]
  • Length: 21 m (68 ft 11 in)
  • Wingspan: 14 m (45 ft 11 in)
  • Height: 6 m (19 ft 8 in)
  • Wing area: 60 m2 (645 sq ft)
  • Max takeoff weight: 27,215 kg (60,000 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric F110-GE-129[b] Turbofan, 76.31 kN (17,155 lbf) thrust each dry, 131 kN (29,000 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.8
  • Service ceiling: 17,000 m (55,000 ft)
  • g limits: +9.0 g & -3.5 g

Armament

Avionics

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

  1. ^ serial production starting in 2028[5]
  2. ^ TAI Kaan will use the TF-35000 engine, which will be produced by TEI.[73]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Türk Hava Kuvvetleri'nin MMU TF-X Sunumu ve Öne Çıkanlar" (in Turkish). July 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  2. ^ "Turkish Aerospace: Facilities". Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Turkey's Fifth-Generation Fighter Jet Kaan Makes Maiden Flight". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  4. ^ Malyasov, Dylan. "Turkish stealth fighter prototype made its first flight". Defence Blog. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  5. ^ "Turkey's KAAN fighter jet conducts first flight". 21 February 2024. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  6. ^ "TF | Turkish Aerospace". www.tusas.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  7. ^ a b Joseph Trevithick (17 March 2023). "Our First Full Look At Turkey's New TF-X Stealthy Fighter". thedrive.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  8. ^ a b "Turkey advances TFX fighter project, orders new rifles, more F-35s, CH-47s", Jane's 360, archived from the original on 12 January 2015, retrieved 9 January 2015
  9. ^ a b "IDEF 2013: TAI reveals fifth generation fighter designs". Jane's Defence Weekly. IHS. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  10. ^ "BAE Systems signs Heads of Agreement for a future contract with Turkish Aerospace Industries for TF-X Programme". BAE Systems. 28 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  11. ^ "Rolls-Royce and Kale Group create defence aero engine joint venture". Rolls-Royce. 8 May 2017.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ "Turkey to Replace F-16s With Local Jets". Hürriyet daily news. TR: Hürriyet Gazetecilik ve Matbaacılık. 29 March 2013. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  13. ^ "Turkish fighter jet takes first flight as Ankara eyes Asian buyers". Nikkei Asia. 21 February 2024. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  14. ^ Gareth Jennings (24 November 2022). "Turkish future fighter comes together ahead of 'victory day' roll-out". janes.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  15. ^ Thomas Newdick (28 December 2023). "Turkey's ANKA-3 Flying Wing Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle Flies". thedrive.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  16. ^ "Turkey ready to produce first national fighter jet". Today's zaman. TR: Feza Gazetecilik. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012.
  17. ^ "Deal for production of first Turkish fighter jet signed". Today's zaman. TR: Feza Gazetecilik. 23 August 2011. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011.
  18. ^ "Jet Trainer Aircraft and Fighter Aircraft Conceptual Design Project". TR: SSM. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
  19. ^ Felstead, Peter (17 June 2019). "Paris Air Show 2019: full-scale mock-up of Turkish Fighter unveiled". Jane's Defence Weekly. Paris. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  20. ^ "Ukraine Plans to Buy Turkish KAAN fighters".
  21. ^ "MMU TF-X Programına Bir Bakış". Savunma Sanayi ST (in Turkish). 22 December 2021. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  22. ^ "Milli Muharip Uçak TF-X çift motorlu olacak", DonanımHaber (in Turkish), TR, 2 March 2017, archived from the original on 27 July 2021, retrieved 2 March 2017
  23. ^ "Yerli Savaş uçağında önemli gelişme". Haber 7. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  24. ^ http://www.ssm.gov.tr/anasayfa/hizli/duyurular/projeDuyurulari/Documents/TF-X_Program_RFI.docx [dead link]
  25. ^ "TAI, Aselsan sign preliminary agreement for TF-X development". Air Recognition. 27 April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  26. ^ "Türkiye, SAAB ile masaya oturdu". Dünya (in Turkish). 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  27. ^ "Hand-in-hand: Russia and Turkey make the first Turkish fighter jet". 5 May 2018. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  28. ^ "Russians want to help develop first Turkish fighter jet". Ahval. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  29. ^ Bekdil, Burak Ege (2 May 2018). "Turkey's fighter jet program races ahead as Russian firm reveals interest". Defense News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  30. ^ "Russia showcases 5th-generation Su-57 jets for Erdoğan at MAKS airshow". Daily Sabah. 27 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  31. ^ "Rolls-Royce Offers Engine for Turkish-Made Fighter Jet". Defense News. 6 December 2015. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  32. ^ "Britain, Turkey sign defence deal to develop Turkish fighter jet". Reuters. 27 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  33. ^ "Open general export licence (exports in support of Turkish Aerospace Industries TF-X programme)". Department for International Trade, the UK. 26 July 2017. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  34. ^ "ASELSAN Signs MoU with EUROJET". Defense & Aerospace. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  35. ^ "Turkey's ASELSAN inks deal with Eurojet for EJ200 engine - Brahmand News". www.brahmand.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  36. ^ "Aselsan, Eurojet sign MoU". Janes's 360. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  37. ^ "ASELSAN ve EUROJET arasında İşbirliği". Aselsan Inc. Archived from the original on 30 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  38. ^ a b "Aselsan signs cooperation deal with Eurojet". Hurriyet Daily News. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  39. ^ "Kale Grubu ve dünyanın en büyük uçak motor üreticilerinden Rolls-Royce, Türkiye'ye uçak motorları geliştirmek için el sıkıştı". TR: NTV. 8 May 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  40. ^ "Milli Muharip Uçak'ın Motoru, TRMOTOR'a Emanet". TR: MSI. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  41. ^ "TEI milli muharip uçak MMU motorunu geliştirmek üzere teklif verdi". Aksam. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  42. ^ "Kale Group and Rolls-Royce to Develop Unique Engine for Turkish Fighter". www.defenceturkey.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  43. ^ "MMU için GE Motoru". TR: C4 Defence. 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  44. ^ a b Bekdil, Burak Ege (14 March 2022). "Rolls-Royce, Kale to develop engine for Turkish fighter". Defense News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  45. ^ "Rolls-Royce, Kale to develop engine for Turkish fighter". airforcetimes.com. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.[permanent dead link]
  46. ^ "Turkey sends Rolls-Royce another pitch to co-produce engines for the TF-X jet". defensenews.com. 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  47. ^ "Rolls-Royce dials back on project to build new Turkish fighter jet". The Financial Times. 4 March 2019. Archived from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  48. ^ "MMU'da Kullanılacak İlk Parti F110 Motorları Teslim Edildi". Defence Turkey. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  49. ^ "US delivered F110 engine for Turkish TAI TF-X next-gen fighter". Bulgarian Military. 2 June 2022. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  50. ^ "MMU motoru için Teklife Çağrı Dosyası yayımlandı". Defence Turk. July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  51. ^ Turkey; SSM envisages dual first line fighter fleet by 2023Archived 14 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine - Dmilt.com, 18 June 2014
  52. ^ "Milli Muharip Uçak için ilk parça üretildi | SavunmaSanayiST". Savunma Sanayi ST (in Turkish). 4 November 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  53. ^ Yıldırım, Göksel (4 November 2021). "Milli Muharip Uçak'ın ilk parçası üretildi". Anadolu Ajansı. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  54. ^ MMU'nun 550 ana parçası imalatta (in Turkish), archived from the original on 3 April 2022, retrieved 3 April 2022
  55. ^ "Turkey's TF-X jet nears the end of assembly - AeroTime". 9 January 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  56. ^ "Log In to AviationWeek". login.aviationweek.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  57. ^ "İşte Milli Muharip Uçak'ın Adı: KAAN". savunmasanayist.com. SavunmaSanayiST. 1 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  58. ^ "Milli Muharip Uçağın adı KAAN oldu". TRT Haber. 1 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  59. ^ "Turkish Stealth KAAN Fighter will Replace American F-16 Fighter jets". The Military Curiosity. 2 May 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  60. ^ a b Burak Ege Bekdil (11 May 2023). "The cost of Turkey's TF-X fighter jet could rise, manufacturer says". defensenews.com. Defense News. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  61. ^ "Turkey involves Azerbaijan in national fighter jet project with hopes of financial contribution - Nordic Monitor". August 2023. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  62. ^ "Turkey's KAAN fighter jet conducts first flight". Reuters. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  63. ^ "Composite". Turkish Aerospace. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  64. ^ "The composites industry in Turkey". Materials Today. 3 November 2009. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  65. ^ "A. Havacılıkta Kullanılan Karbon Elyaf Takviyeli Termoplastik Reçineli Prepreg Geliştirilmesi Projesi (KOZA)". SSM. Archived from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  66. ^ "Future Turkish Fighter Concepts Revealed at IDEF 13". Aviation International News. 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  67. ^ "TAI TFX / F-X Experimental Fifth Generation Fighter Concept". Military Factory. 18 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  68. ^ "Could Aselsan provide EW/ECM gear for the JF-17?". quwa. 11 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  69. ^ "Helicopter Electronic Warfare System (HEWS)". Aselsan. 11 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  70. ^ ""MMU motoru için alternatif kaynaklarımız var" – Tolga Özbek" (in Turkish). 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  71. ^ "KAAN". Turkish Aerospace Industries. 2023. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  72. ^ "MMU'ya çift koltuklu varyant". 29 March 2022. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  73. ^ Güleş, Okan (3 May 2022). "TUSAŞ'tan Milli Muharip Uçak açıklaması: 35 bin pound güçte motor yapabiliriz". TGRT Haber. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  74. ^ "TÜBİTAK-SAGE'den Milli Penguin: KUZGUN-ER" (in Turkish). 20 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  75. ^ "KUZGUN'un Elektronik Harp Konfigürasyonu: KUZGUN-EW" (in Turkish). 20 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  76. ^ "Turkish Roketsan Introduces New Antiship Missile Family "ÇAKIR"". 31 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.

Read other articles:

サン・ピエトロ・イン・モントリオ教会正面 サン・ピエトロ・イン・モントリオ教会(San Pietro in Montorio)はローマの教会。その中庭には、ルネサンスの建築家ドナト・ブラマンテが建てた小さなマルティリウム(殉教者記念礼拝堂)のテンピエット(Tempietto)がある。 歴史 サン・ピエトロ・イン・モントリオ教会は、ローマのジャニコロの丘に、聖ペトロ(ピエトロ)

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يناير 2023) 17°22′17″N 78°28′49″E / 17.371426°N 78.480347°E / 17.371426; 78.480347 متحف سالار جونغ (بالإنجليزية: Salar Jung Museum)‏ مبنى متحف سالار جونغ إحداثيات 17°22′17″N 78°28′49″E / ࿯...

أرمينتو   الاسم الرسمي (بالإيطالية: Armento)‏    الإحداثيات 40°18′00″N 16°04′00″E / 40.3°N 16.066666666667°E / 40.3; 16.066666666667  [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد إيطاليا[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة بُتِنسة  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 58.98 كيلومتر مربع (9 أكتوبر 2011)[3]  ارتف

Artikel atau sebagian dari artikel ini mungkin diterjemahkan dari Alexander Kolchak di en.wikipedia.org. Isinya masih belum akurat, karena bagian yang diterjemahkan masih perlu diperhalus dan disempurnakan. Jika Anda menguasai bahasa aslinya, harap pertimbangkan untuk menelusuri referensinya dan menyempurnakan terjemahan ini. Anda juga dapat ikut bergotong royong pada ProyekWiki Perbaikan Terjemahan. (Pesan ini dapat dihapus jika terjemahan dirasa sudah cukup tepat. Lihat pula: panduan penerj...

Sebuah akrostik tahun 1850 karya Nathaniel Dearborn, huruf pertama dari setiap baris menampilkan nama JENNY LIND Akrostik adalah sebuah bait (atau bentuk penulisan lain) dimana huruf pertama (atau silabel, atau kata) dari setiap baru (atau paragraf, atau unsur lain dalam teks tersebut) menampilkan sebuah kata, pesan, atau abjad.[1] Kata tersebut berasal dari kata Prancis acrostiche dari kata Latin pasca-klasik acrostichis, dari kata Yunani Koine ἀκροστιχίς, dari kata Yunani...

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: CarrefourSA Maltepe Park – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) CarrefourSA Maltepe Park Location Maltepe, İstanbul, Turkey Opening date February 12, 2005; 18 years ago...

Not to be confused with Yerba Buena Island or Yerba Buena Tunnel. Original name of the Spanish settlement which became San Francisco, California, US San Francisco in 1848, not long after being renamed from Yerba Buena, looking to the north-east over Yerba Buena Cove toward Yerba Buena Island. Yerba Buena was the original name of the settlement that later became San Francisco. Located near the northeastern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, between the Presidio of San Francisco and the Missio...

Shen Zhu in Zhong Yuan Festival, Taiwan. Shen Zhu or God Pig, sometimes known as Holy pig[1] (traditional Chinese: 神豬; simplified Chinese: 神猪; pinyin: shénzhū; Wade–Giles: shen-chu; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sîn-tu), are pigs that have been chronically fattened for use in Hakka religious and cultural ceremonies, such as the Yimin Festival[2] and the Lunar New Year celebration in Sanxia, northern Taiwan.[1] Pigs are fattened in a process similar to...

American basketball player Christyn WilliamsPersonal informationBorn (2000-05-20) May 20, 2000 (age 23)Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.Listed height5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Career informationHigh schoolCentral Arkansas Christian(North Little Rock, Arkansas)CollegeUConn (2018–2022)WNBA draft2022: 2nd round, 14th overall pickSelected by the Washington MysticsPositionShooting guardCareer highlights and awards Ann Meyers Drysdale National Shooting Guard of the Year (2022) WBCA National...

India's National War Memorial from 1971 to 2019 and Flame of the Immortal Soldier Amar Jawan Jyoti India Top Image: Amar Jawan Jyoti under India Gate Bottom Image: Amar Jawan Jyoti at Amar Chakra of National War MemorialFor martyrs and soldiers of Indian Armed Forces.Established December 1971 (1971-12) under India Gate February 2019 (2019-02) at War Memorial Unveiled 26 January 1972 (1972-01-26) under India Gate 25 February 2019 (2019-02-...

1976 studio album by The Sensational Alex Harvey BandThe Penthouse TapesStudio album by The Sensational Alex Harvey BandReleasedMarch 1976Recorded1975StudioBasing Street, LondonGenreRockLength38:42LabelVertigo, 2002 CD reissue released on Universal InternationalProducerThe Sensational Alex Harvey Band, David BatchelorThe Sensational Alex Harvey Band chronology Live(1975) The Penthouse Tapes(1976) SAHB Stories(1976) Singles from The Penthouse Tapes Gamblin' Bar Room BluesReleased: Nove...

William Gilbert William Gilbert (lahir 24 Mei 1544 di Colchester, Essex, Inggris - meninggal 10 Desember 1603 di London, Inggris pada umur 59 tahun) adalah seorang pelopor penelitian tentang magnet yang terkenal pada masa pemerintahan Ratu Elizabeth I.[1][2] Ia juga dikenal dengan sebutan Bapak ilmu listrik dan ilmu magnet.[2] Gilbert menempuh pendidikannya di bidang kedokteran dan pada tahun 1573 ia menetap di London dan mulai membuka praktik.[1] Keahliannya d...

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Георгиева; Георгиева, София. София Георгиева Личная информация Пол женский Полное имя болг. София Христова Георгиева Страна  Болгария Специализация вольная борьба Клуб Lewski Sofia Дата рождения 20 сентября 1995(1995-09-2...

British weekly children's comic magazine This article is about the comics magazine. For other topics, see Beano (disambiguation). The BeanoThe Beano logo, from 2016 onwardsChief-EditorJohn AndersonFormer editorsSee listStaff writersSee listCategoriesAnthology comic, Children's humourFrequencyWeeklyFounderR. D. LowFirst issue30 July 1938; 85 years ago (1938-07-30)CompanyDC ThomsonCountryUnited KingdomBased inDundee, ScotlandLanguageEnglishWebsitebeano.comOCLC28686914 The Bean...

Village in Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine Village in Zakarpattia Oblast, UkraineVovkove ВовковеVillageVovkoveShow map of Zakarpattia OblastVovkoveShow map of UkraineCoordinates: 48°31′21″N 22°28′13″E / 48.52250°N 22.47028°E / 48.52250; 22.47028CountryUkraineOblastZakarpattia OblastRaionUzhhorod RaionPopulation (2001) • Total509Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Vovkove (Ukrainian: Вовкове, Hungarian: Ungo...

2007 British-American science fiction film by Danny Boyle SunshineTheatrical release poster.Directed byDanny BoyleWritten byAlex GarlandProduced byAndrew MacdonaldStarring Cillian Murphy Rose Byrne Cliff Curtis Chris Evans Troy Garity Hiroyuki Sanada Benedict Wong Michelle Yeoh Mark Strong CinematographyAlwin H. KüchlerEdited byChris GillMusic by John Murphy Underworld Productioncompanies Moving Picture Company DNA Films UK Film Council Ingenious Film Partners Distributed byFox Searchlight P...

1989 video game 1989 video gameTecmo World WrestlingNorth American cover artDeveloper(s)Tecmo[1]Publisher(s)Tecmo[1]Platform(s)Nintendo Entertainment System[1]ReleaseJP: September 1, 1989[1]NA: April 1990[1]EU: November 23, 1990[1]Genre(s)Professional wrestling[1]Mode(s)Single-player Multiplayer Tecmo World Wrestling is a Nintendo Entertainment System professional wrestling game for one or two players released in 1989 where the player ca...

Bobby Roode2018Doğum adıRobert Francis Roode Jr.Doğum11 Mayıs 1976 (48 yaşında)Peterborough, Ontario, KanadaEş(ler)iTracey Roode (e. 1995)Çocuk(lar)3Profesyonel güreş kariyeriTakma ad(lar)ıBobby Roode Bobby Rude Lee Awesome Robert Roode Rudy RudeBoyu1,85 m (6 ft 1 in)Kilosu107 kg (236 lb)EğitenShane Sewell Val VenisBaşlangıç19 Haziran 1998 2005 2016 Robert Francis Roode Jr. (d. 11 Mayıs 1976; Peterborough, Ontario) Kanadalı profesyonel güreşçi...

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento aeroporti non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento aeroporti non è ancora formattata secondo gli standard. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento...

Manhunt International 1997Tanggal24 Mei 1997TempatSingapuraPeserta38Finalis/Semifinalis10DebutBahamas, Gibraltar, Kolombia, Kosta Rika, Panama, Republik Makedonia, Ukraina, Uruguay, VenezuelaTidak tampilAustria, Britania Raya, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Hawaii, Nepal, Prancis, Republik Dominika, RumaniaTampil kembaliKanada, Irlandia, Spanyol, SwediaPemenangJason Erceg( Selandia Baru)Best National CostumeSandro Finoglio Speranza( Venezuela)Mr. TalentV...