Swami Karpatri

Swami Karpatri
Swami in his ashram in Varanasi.
Founder of Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad
In office
1948–continued
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byShankaracharya Swaroopanand Saraswati elected as first president
Personal life
Born
Har Narayan Ojha

11 August 1907 (1907-08-11)[1]
Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh
Died7 February 1982(1982-02-07) (aged 74)
Varanasi
Known forHindu revivalism and activism
Religious life
ReligionHinduism
DenominationDashanami Sampradaya
Founder ofAkhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad
PhilosophyAdvaita Vedanta
Religious career
TeacherBrahmananda Saraswati

Swami Karpatri (1907–1980) born as Har Narayan Ojha was a Hindu saint and revivalist, who founded Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad. He was also a writer and lead many pro-Hindu movements such as cow protection movement. He was a sannyasi in the Hindu Dashanami monastic tradition and was of conservative branch of Hinduism.

Early life and education

He was born in a Saryuparin Brahmin family in a small village of Bhatni in Pratapgarh, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India (now modern-day Uttar Pradesh). From early childhood he had no interest in worldly matters and was married to Srimati Mahadevi at the age of 9 in the year 1916.[1] He planned to leave home in order to attain Sannyasa, though his father insisted him to give them a child before leaving. After which a girl child was born to him, after which he left his home at the age of 19.[2]

Sometime after leaving home, he took vow of Brahmacharya (initiation into celibacy) from Swami Brahmananda Saraswati. After initiation, he was renamed Harihar Chaitanya and went to study in a gurukul in Narwar, Bulandshahr.

He stayed there for two years studying Vyakarana, Vedanta and 6 Darshanas (six schools of Hindu Philosophy) among other things. In 1927, he left the Gurukula and walking along the Ganga river, reached Uttarakhand where he spent the next three years in solitude that ended with him attaining Atmagyana or self-realisation.[3]

He returned to his gurukul where he was welcomed as a Paramhansa (one who has self-realisation). It was during this period that he got his most popular name “Karpatri” as he used to receive alm of food in his cupped hands resembling a bowl. (Kar-hands, Patra-bowl, hence Karpatri literally means a man who receives alm in his cupped hands).[3]

Sometime during 1931–32, at the age of 24, he formally accepted the Danda from the hands Swami Brahmananda Saraswati near Durga Kund, Varanasi. He was given Sanyasa Deeksha (initiation into monkhood) name of Swami Hariharananda Saraswati.[3]

Dharm Sangh

On the day of Vijayadashmi, He established Dharm Sangh in the year 1940. He travelled through all parts of India and established many branches of Dharm Sangh. The Slogan was:

Dharma ki Jaya Ho

Victory to Dharma!

Adharma ka Nash Ho

May Adharma Perish! [4]

He revived the lost traditions of Varanasi.[5]

Dharm Sangh under leadership of Swami Karpatri helped the Noakhali victims of 1946 riots and provided them land, food and financial aid.[5]

He re-converted Hindus who were forcibly made Muslims and gave them initiation under Rama-Nama.[6][7]

He and his group was the first one to be jailed in Independent India. Even before Independence, In the year 1947, he started protests and meetings from the month of April. On the night of 14 August 1947, the members of Dharm Sangh were raising the slogans of "Bharat Akhand Ho" (May Bharat be united), All of them were jailed.[5]

Later life

He was a disciple of Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math Swami Brahmananda Saraswati.[8] He spent most of his life at Varanasi.

Swami Nishchalananda Saraswati, the 145th Govardhan Peeth Shankaracharya of Puri, Odisha, is an eminent disciple of Swami Karpatri.[9]

He initiated Alain Daniélou, a noted French Historian into Shaivite Hinduism under the name, Shiv Sharan.[10]

Politics

Other than DharmSangh, In 1948, Swami Karpatri founded the Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad (RRP),[11] A traditionalist Hindu party. The RRP won three Lok Sabha seats in the 1952 Lok Sabha election and two in 1962.[12] He led a movement against the Hindu Code Bill. He was also a prominent agitator in 1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation.[13] On 18 April 1948, he founded the newspaper Sanmarg which promoted Sanatana Dharma and also advocated against the Hindu Code Bill and voiced opposition on cow slaughters.[14]

Death

Statue of Swami in a temple.

On the day of his demise in the year 1980 “Magh Shukla Chaturdashi”, he asked his disciples to sing the "Ayodhya Tyaga" story of Ramayana for him; he himself did the recitation of Sri Sukta and at the end by keeping the idol of Krishna on his chest, he died by reciting "Shiva Shiva Shiva" thrice.[5]

Debates

Swami Karpatri maintained no-compromise policy with regards to Hindu laws and Shastras. He was called Dharmasamrata[15][7](English: The Emperor of Dharma) by the masses.

In 1932, when he was in his late 20s, he debated with Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya on the topic Pranava (ॐ).[16] Unable to Answer Swami Karpatri's arguments, Malaviya accepted his defeat. This incident was later published in the book "Mananiya Prashnottara".[17]

A debate took place in 1964; this one was between Sanatani Pandits and Arya Samaj. Swami Karpatri was just a viewer in the debate, but he later joined the debate with Yudhisthir Mimansak.[18]

Another debate took place in 1965 between Swami Karpatri and Madhva sampradaya sanyasi Sri Vidyamanya Teerth. Sri Vidyamanya challenged people to defend Advaita Siddhanta. Swami Karpatri accepted the challenge and the debate went on for 2 days.[19] As Vidyamanya Tirth Swami Ji posed insightful questions, Karpatri Maharaj Ji resorted to logical reasoning of vedanta. Since Karpatri Swamy pointed on Vidyamanya tirtha's mistakes, Karpatri Swamy is said to have been victorious in this debate.[20]

Books

Marxwad Aur Ramrajya: Criticism of Modern Ideologies such as Marxism, Socialism, Utilitarianism, Liberalism, Progressivism, Democratism, Feminism etc.[21][22]

Vichar Piyush: A Summary of Swami Karpatri's Thoughts.[23]

Bhakti Sudha: An anthology of various articles written by Swami Karpatri on importance of Bhakti.[24]

Bhagwat Sudha: Explaining the Essence of Srimad Bhagvat Puran.[25]

Sri Radha Sudha: A record of Swami Karpatri's speeches on Radha Sudha Nidhi.[26]

Bhakti Rasarnava: A Unique work on Bhakti.[27]

Pibata Bhagvata Rasamalaya: A Book dealing with Rasa of Srimad Bhagvata Purana.[28]

Kaal Mimansa: A work dealing with the chronology in context of the Pauranic and Other Hindu Epic literature.[29]

Kya Sambhog se Samadhi: A Simple Refutation of Osho's interpretation of Samadhi.[30]

Capitalism, Socialism and Ramrajya: Refuting Osho's shallow understanding on these Ideologies.[31]

Ramayana Mimansa: A Book with systematic analysis of the Hindu Epic Ramayana.[32]

Ved Ka Swaroop Aur Pramanya: The epistemological significance and Structure of the Vedas.[33]

Veda Pramanya Mimansa: Establishing the supreme authority of Vedas.[34]

VedaSwarupVimarsh: A Short book defining the swarupa of Vedas while refuting the claims of Social Reformers and Modern day Scholars Like Swami Dayanand.[35]

Samanvaya Samrajya Samrakshanam:A work dealing with coordination between various schools of Hinduism.[36]

Ahamartha aur Parmartha Sara: A commentary on Patanjali's work "Parmarth Sara" with the refutation of Vishishta Advaita View.[37]

Nastika-Astika Vaad: A point to point refutation of Nastika Arguments used against Astikas.[38]

Videsh Yatra Shastriya Paksha: The Views of Hindu Shastras on Travelling Abroad.[39]

Sankirtan Mimansa evam Varnashrama Dharma: A text Describing the maintenance of Varnashrama Dharma along with Holy Enchanting.[40]

Rss aur Hindu Dharma: Deals with Structural criticism of Sangh-Sponsored Anti-Shastra ideology.[41] Gau - Ek Samagra Chintan: The importance of Cow within Hinduism and Humanity as a whole.[42]

Vedartha Parijata: Explaining the True Essence of the Vedas along with Commentary.[43]

Kumbha Tithyadi Nirnaya: A treatise dealing with the astrological conclusions in context of Tithis and Kumbha Parva.[44]

Yajurveda Commentary: Bhashya (Commentary) of Shukla Yajurveda by Swami Karpatri in eight parts.<[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]

Further reading

  • Lutgendorf, Philip (1991). The Life of a Text: Performing the Rāmcaritmānas of Tulsidas. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06690-8.
  • Swami, Vedanti (1999). Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani [Detailed Biography of Swami Karpatri] (in Hindi).

References

  1. ^ a b Swami 1999, p. 1.
  2. ^ Swami 1999, p. 2.
  3. ^ a b c Kumar, Pramod (30 April 2019). "Swami Karpatri Ji: The forgotten Dharma SamarAt". Pragyata.
  4. ^ "करपात्री महाराज ने दिया धर्म की जय, अधर्म के नाश का मंत्र".
  5. ^ a b c d "Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani Vedanti Swami Ji".
  6. ^ Ramesh Kutticad. Abhinav Shankar Smriti Granth Swami Karpatriji Maharaj Poor Scan Vol 1.
  7. ^ a b "Swami Karpatri Ji: The forgotten Dharma SamarAt". 30 April 2019.
  8. ^ Rama, Swami (1999) Himalayan Institute, Living With the Himalayan Masters, page 247
  9. ^ @govardhanmath (4 August 2019). "Dharma Samrat Swami Karpatri Ji Jayanti.Puri Shankaracharya ji's Pravachan on his Guru Maharaj's 112th Jayanti.ध…" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 July 2020 – via Twitter.
  10. ^ Swami Karpatri The Linga and the great goddess Indica bolls, ISBN 818656988X
  11. ^ "Akhil Bhartiya Ramrajya Parishad - Contribution Reports Year 2009-10 - Election Commission of India". Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  12. ^ "Biographical sketches of Third Lok Sabha". National Informatics Centre, Government of India. Archived from the original on 19 May 2006. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
  13. ^ Irfan Ahmad, Pralay Kanungo (24 December 2018). The Algebra of Warfare-Welfare: A Long View of India's 2014 Election. Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780199097531.
  14. ^ Mahila Patrakarita (in Hindi). Prabhat Prakashan. 2012. p. 73. ISBN 9789350481189. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  15. ^ @govardhanmath (10 August 2021). "#गौ_रक्षा_दिवससर्वभूतहृदय धर्मसम्राट स्वामी श्रीकरपात्रीजी की अद्भुत देन" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  16. ^ "Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani Vedanti Swami Ji".
  17. ^ "Mananiya Prashnottara" – via Internet Archive.
  18. ^ "Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani Vedanti Swami Ji".
  19. ^ "Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani Vedanti Swami Ji".
  20. ^ "Swami Karpatri vs Swami Vidyamanyatirtha 1965" – via Internet Archive.
  21. ^ "मार्क्सवाद और रामराज्य markswad or ramrajya".
  22. ^ "मार्क्सवाद और रामराज्य (Marksvad Aur Ramrajya)".
  23. ^ "Vichar Piyush ( 305to 308 512to 519miss)". 5 April 2018.
  24. ^ "Bhakti Sudha - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  25. ^ "Bhagavata Sudha - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  26. ^ "Radha Sudha - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  27. ^ "Bhaktirasarnava - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  28. ^ "Pibata Bhagavata Rasamalaya Karapatriji Maharaj" – via Internet Archive.
  29. ^ "Kala Mimansa - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  30. ^ "Kya Sambhog Se Samadhi - Swami Karpatri" – via Internet Archive.
  31. ^ "1960 Around -Punjivad Samajvad Aur Ramrajya". 1960.
  32. ^ "Ramayan Mimansa - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  33. ^ "Ved Ka Swaroop Aur Pramanya Part 1 Shri Swami Karpatri Ji Maharaj".
  34. ^ "Veda Pramanya Mimansa - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  35. ^ "Veda Swaroop Vimarsha - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  36. ^ "Samanvaya Samrajya Samrakshanam - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  37. ^ "Ahamartha Aur Paramartha Sara - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  38. ^ "Nastika Astika Vada - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  39. ^ "Videsh yatra - karpatri ji विदेश यात्रा (करपात्री जी महाराज )".
  40. ^ "Sankirtana Mimansa Evam Varnashrama Maryada - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  41. ^ "Rss और हिन्दू धर्म स्वामी करपात्री जी" – via Internet Archive.
  42. ^ "Gau - Ek Samagra Chintan - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  43. ^ "Vedartha Parijata - Sri Karpatri Swami (Total 23 Files)".
  44. ^ "Kumbha Tithyadi Nirnaya - Sri Karpatri Swami".
  45. ^ "Yajurveda Bhashya 01 - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  46. ^ "Yajurveda Bhashya 02 - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  47. ^ "Yajurveda Bhashya 03 - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  48. ^ "Yajurveda Bhashya 04 - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  49. ^ "Yajurveda Bhashya 05 - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  50. ^ https://archive.org/details/yajurvedakarpatrabhashya06 [dead link‍]
  51. ^ "Yajurveda Bhashya 07 - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.
  52. ^ "Yajurveda Bhashya 08 - Sri Karpatri Swami" – via Internet Archive.

Read other articles:

Anyaman bambu Taiwan

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Anyaman bambu adalah satu bentuk pengerjaan bambu dan kerajinan tradisional Taiwan. Sejarah Hutan bambu dekat Shizhuo, Kabupaten Chiayi Taiwan terletak di zona sedang dan zona subtropis. Iklim semacam itu mendorong pertumbuhan baik rumpun bambu yang te...

 

 

Negara megadiversitas

Ke tujuh belas negara yang teridentifikasi sebagai negara megadiversitas oleh UNEP (Pusat Pengawasan Konservasi Dunia) Negara megadiversitas adalah negara-negara yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati terkaya di dunia. Sekelompok negara-negara ini menampung sebagian besar khazanah spesies yang ada di muka Bumi, karena itu dianggap sangat kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati. Pusat Pengawasan Konservasi Dunia (World Conservation Monitoring Centre), sebuah badan dalam Program Lingkungan Hidup Perserika...

 

 

Kremlin Moskow

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang Kremlin di Moskow yang paling terkenal. Untuk penggunaan lain kata ini, lihat Kremlin (disambiguasi). Kremlin MoskowNama asli bahasa Rusia: Московский КремльLokasi di Pusat MoskowLetak Moskow, RusiaKoordinat55°45′6″N 37°37′4″E / 55.75167°N 37.61778°E / 55.75167; 37.61778Koordinat: 55°45′6″N 37°37′4″E / 55.75167°N 37.61778°E / 55.75167; 37.61778Luas277 hektare (2,77...

Deng Xiaoping Theory

Ideology developed by Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping Politics of China Leadership Leadership generations Succession of power Hu–Wen Administration (2002–2012) Xi–Li Administration (2012–2017) Xi Administration (since 2017) 4th Leadership Core: Xi Jinping 20th Party Politburo: Xi Jinping 14th State Council: Li Qiang Current state leaders Current provincial leaders National leaders Orders of precedence Paramount leader: Xi Jinping First lady: Peng Liyuan Communist Party leader: Xi ...

 

 

Creation of the World (Raphael)

Mosaic by Raphael This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Creation of the World Raphael – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Creation of the WorldArtistRaphaelYear1516TypeMosaicsLocationChigi Chapel, Rome Creation of the World i...

 

 

BC Lions

BC LionsJulukanLeoBerdiri1954PemilikAmar DomanManajerNeil McEvoy danRick Campbell (wakil manajer umum)PelatihRick CampbellLigaLiga Sepak Bola KanadaSitus web[BCLions.com Situs web resmi klub] Musim ini BC Lions adalah tim sepak bola Kanada yang berbasis di Vancouver, British Columbia. BC Lions berkompetisi di Divisi Barat dari Liga Sepak Bola Kanada (CFL), dan bermain di kandang mereka di BC Place. The Lions memainkan musim pertama mereka di 1954, dan telah bermain setiap musim sejak itu...

Rabat

Para la ciudad maltesa, véase Rabat (Malta). Rabatالرباط Capital de Marruecos De izquierda a derecha y de arriba abajo: Avenida Mohamed V, Qasba de los Udayas, Mausoleo de Mohamed V, garita con vistas al Bu Regreg, miranete de la Necrópolis de Chellah, zauía de la medina, la Torre Hasán, la Oficina Central de Correos, el tranvía a su paso por la Catedral de San Pedro y la Torre Maroc Telecom HQ. Escudo Otros nombres: «La ciudad verde» RabatLocalización de Rabat en MarruecosCoor...

 

 

All That Fall

This article is about the Samuel Beckett play. For the Beargarden album, see All That Fall (album). All That FallAll That Fall: A Play for Radio, London: Faber and Faber, 1957Written bySamuel BeckettCharactersMaddy RooneyDate premiered1957Original languageEnglishGenreRadio playSettingCountry road, railway station All That Fall is a one-act radio play by Samuel Beckett produced following a request[1] from the BBC. It was written in English and completed in September 1956. The autograph...

 

 

Tyrrell Racing

TyrrellNama resmiTyrrell Racing OrganisationKantor pusatOckham, Surrey, Britania RayaPendiriKen TyrrellStaf terkenalDerek GardnerMike GascoyneTim DenshamHarvey PostlethwaitePembalap terkenalJean AlesiJody ScheckterJackie StewartAndrea de Cesaris François CevertSejarah dalam ajang Formula SatuKonstruktorMatraMarchTyrrellGelar Pembalap3 (1969, 1971, 1973)Jumlah lomba463Menang33Posisi pole19Putaran tercepat27Lomba pertamaGrand Prix Afrika Selatan 1968Lomba terakhirGrand Prix Jepang 1998 Tyrrell...

Rusli Baco Dg. Palabbi

Rusli Baco Dg. Palabbi Wakil Gubernur Sulawesi TengahMasa jabatan26 Agustus 2019 – 16 Juni 2021PresidenJoko WidodoGubernurLongki DjanggolaPendahuluSudartoPenggantiMa'mun Amir Informasi pribadiLahir24 Juli 1966 (umur 57) Banggai, Sulawesi TengahKebangsaan IndonesiaPartai politikPartai Bintang Reformasi (2000–2011)[1]Partai Amanat Nasional (sejak 2011)Suami/istriMasturaAlma materSekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi Pembangunan PaluUniversitas Muhammadiyah PaluUniversi...

 

 

一中同表

一中同表，是台灣处理海峡两岸关系问题的一种主張，認為中华人民共和国與中華民國皆是“整個中國”的一部份，二者因為兩岸現狀，在各自领域有完整的管辖权，互不隶属，同时主張，二者合作便可以搁置对“整个中國”的主权的争议，共同承認雙方皆是中國的一部份，在此基礎上走向終極統一。最早是在2004年由台灣大學政治学教授張亞中所提出，希望兩岸由一中各表�...

 

 

Bushcraft

Wilderness survival skills This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Bushcraft – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A hatchet, a knife, and sometimes a saw are staple tools for bushcraft. A billhook (a common tool in Europe) with a sa...

Sixt

Sixt rent a car SENama dagangSixt rent a carJenisSocietas EuropaeaKode emitenFWB: SIX2ISINDE0007231326IndustriSewa MobilDidirikan1912PendiriMartin SixtKantorpusatPullach, Munich JermanTokohkunciErich Sixt (CEO and Chairman of the Executive Board), Gunter Thielen (Chairman of the Supervisory Board)Jasa Sewa Mobil Berbagi mobil Leasing Mobil Karyawan4,308 (2014)AnakusahamyDriverSitus websixt.com Sixt SE adalah perusahaan rental mobil multinasional Eropa dengan sekitar 4.000 lokasi di lebih dari...

 

 

Clos network

Kind of multistage circuit-switching network In the field of telecommunications, a Clos network is a kind of multistage circuit-switching network which represents a theoretical idealization of practical, multistage switching systems. It was invented by Edson Erwin[1] in 1938 and first formalized by the American [2] engineer Charles Clos[3] in 1952. By adding stages, a Clos network reduces the number of crosspoints required to compose a large crossbar switch. A Clos net...

 

 

Ezer Weizman

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Weizman. Ezer Weizmanעזר ויצמן Portrait d'Ezer Weizman. Fonctions Président de l'État d'Israël 13 mai 1993 – 13 juillet 2000(7 ans et 2 mois) Élection 24 mars 1993 Réélection 4 mars 1998 Premier ministre Yitzhak RabinShimon PeresBenyamin NetanyahouEhud Barak Prédécesseur Chaim Herzog Successeur Avraham Burg (intérim)Moshe Katsav Ministre de la Défense 20 juin 1977 – 28 mai 1980(2 ans, 11 mois et 8 jours) Premier...

Berlin-Adlershof

Adlershof ist eine Weiterleitung auf diesen Artikel. Siehe auch: Rittergut Adlershof, Sachsen. Adlershof Ortsteil von Berlin Adlershof auf der Karte von Treptow-Köpenick. Koordinaten 52° 26′ 16″ N, 13° 32′ 51″ O52.437913.547634Koordinaten: 52° 26′ 16″ N, 13° 32′ 51″ O Höhe 34 m ü. NHN Fläche 6,11 km² Einwohner 22.186 (31. Dez. 2023) Bevölkerungsdichte 3631 Einwohner/km² Eingem...

 

 

Mock election

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Mock election – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A mock voting booth at a US elementary school A mock election is an election for educational demonstration, amusement, or political protest r...

 

 

Wilhelm, German Crown Prince

Member of the House of Hohenzollern Crown Prince Wilhelm redirects here. For ships of this name, see Kronprinz Wilhelm (disambiguation). WilhelmGerman Crown Prince Crown Prince of PrussiaCrown Prince Wilhelm in 1914Head of the House of Hohenzollern Prince of PrussiaTenure4 June 1941 – 20 July 1951PredecessorWilhelm IISuccessorLouis FerdinandBorn(1882-05-06)6 May 1882Marmorpalais, Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia, German EmpireDied20 July 1951(1951-07-20) (aged 69)Hechingen, Württ...

Les Plaideurs

Les Plaideurs, 1669 (book in DjVu format) Les Plaideurs, or The Litigants, written in 1668 and published in 1669, is a comedy in three acts with respectively eight, fourteen, and four scenes, in alexandrine verse by Jean Racine. It is the only comedy he wrote. It was inspired by The Wasps by Aristophanes, but Racine removed all political significance. His play, which he wrote after Andromaque and before Britannicus, was a farce that, surrounded in his work by tragedies, was unexpected. Les P...

 

 

ييلابوغا

ييلابوغا    شعار الاسم الرسمي (بالتتارية: Алабуга)‏  الإحداثيات 55°46′00″N 52°02′00″E / 55.766666666667°N 52.033333333333°E / 55.766666666667; 52.033333333333   تاريخ التأسيس 1007  تقسيم إداري  البلد روسيا[1][2]  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 41 كيلومتر مربع  ارتفاع 70 متر  عد...