Svayambhu

This article is about the Sanskrit word. For the temple, see Swayambhunath.

Svayambhu (Sanskrit: स्वयम्भू, romanized: Svayambhū, lit. 'self-born') is a Sanskrit word that means "self-born",[1] "self-manifested", "self-existing",[2] or "that that is created by its own accord".[3] Various deities and entities featured in Hindu literature and tradition are regarded to be svayambhu, such as Brahman in the Upanishads, and the Trimurti of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, and Manu in the Puranas.[4][5]

The term svayambhu is also used to describe the belief of a self-manifested image (murti) of a deity present in a temple, which is described to be not of human creation, but of natural or divine origin. Such images are described in some of the regional legends of religious sites called the sthala puranas.[6] Some of the best examples of such images include the twelve Jyotirlinga images of Shiva,[7] and Venkateswara image of Vishnu.[8]

Etymology

Svayambhu is a portmanteau of the Sanskrit words svayam (स्वयम्) which means 'self' or 'on its own' and bhū (भू) which means 'to take birth' or 'arising'.

Literature

Part of a series on
Hindu philosophy
Orthodox
Heterodox
Sub-schools
Smartist
Vaishnavite
Shaivite
Neo-Vedanta
Teachers (Acharyas)
Nyaya
Mīmāṃsā
Advaita (Mayavada)
Vishishtadvaita
Dvaita (Tattvavada)
Shuddhadvaita
Achintya Bheda Abheda
Svabhavika Bhedabheda
Mahanubhava
Ekasarana Dharma
Akshar Purushottam Darshan
Neo-Vedanta
Others
Samkhya
Yoga
Vaisheshika
Secular
Major texts
Vedas
Upanishads
Other scriptures
Shastras and Sutras
Secular ethics

According to the Brahmanas, the Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is described to be svayambhu and the cause of all life and the universe.[9]

The Manusmriti describes the creation of Brahma from the Svayambhu, applied as a term to denote Brahman. The mind of Brahman is stated to have produced the golden, germinal substance that created the Hiranyagarbha, the primordial egg, from which the creator deity manifested.[10]

The status of a deity as svayambhu is observed to vary according to literature and a given tradition. For instance, while the Manusmriti and Srimad Bhagavatam describes Brahma to be Svayambhu, whereas the Mahabharata asserts that Brahma manifested from the lotus that emerged from Vishnu, transferring the status from the former to the latter.[11] The Srimad Bhagavatam also accords the status to Svayambhuva Manu, the first man born during a given age of the earth.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Narayan, Aiyangar. Essays On Indo-Aryan Mythology-Vol. Asian Educational Services. p. 214. ISBN 978-81-206-0140-6.
  2. ^ Kippenberg, Hans G.; Kuiper, Yme B.; Sanders, Andy F. (1990). Concepts of Person in Religion and Thought. Walter de Gruyter. p. 251. ISBN 978-3-11-012159-9.
  3. ^ Koslowski, P. (31 July 2003). Philosophy Bridging the World Religions. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4020-0648-7.
  4. ^ Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. p. 402. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  5. ^ Nakamura, Hajime (1992). A Comparative History of Ideas. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 90. ISBN 978-81-208-1004-4.
  6. ^ Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter (6 May 2015). Everyday Hinduism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-4051-6021-6.
  7. ^ Lochtefeld, James (27 January 2010). God's Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place. Oxford University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-19-045264-3.
  8. ^ Nair, Shantha (7 January 2014). Sri Venkateshwara. Jaico Publishing House. p. 33. ISBN 978-81-8495-445-6.
  9. ^ Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1925). The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads. Harvard University Press. p. 449.
  10. ^ Kramrisch, Stella (1988). The Presence of Siva. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 215. ISBN 978-81-208-0491-3.
  11. ^ Bhattacharji, Sukumari (1 January 2016). The Indian Theogony: A Comparative Study of Indian Mythology from the Vedas to the Puranas. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 333. ISBN 978-81-208-0588-0.
  12. ^ Shastri, J. L.; Tagare, Ganesh Vasudeo (1 January 2004). The Bhagavata-Purana Part 1: Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 7. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 26. ISBN 978-81-208-3874-1.