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Supernumerary body parts are most commonly a congenital disorder involving the growth of an additional part of the body and a deviation from the body plan. Body parts may be easily visible or hidden away, such as internal organs.

Many additional body parts form by the same process as conjoined twins: the zygote begins to split but fails to completely separate. This condition may also be a symptom of repeated occurrences of continuous inbreeding in a genetic line.

Specific types of occurrence

Specific types of additional body parts include:

Accessory breast – one or more additional breasts^[1]
Accessory spleen – one or more additional spleens
Cervical rib – an additional rib^[2]
Diphallia – having two penes/penises
Hyperdontia – additional teeth^[3]
Pelvic digit – a bony growth in the soft tissue of the pelvic region
Polycephaly – an extra head
Polydactyly – additional fingers or toes^[4]
Polymelia – an extra arm or leg
Polyorchidism – having three or more testicles^[5]
Supernumerary bones – these additional bones are fairly common, particularly in the feet, and are frequently mistaken for fractures on x-rays.
Supernumerary kidney – a third kidney^[6]
Supernumerary musculature – presence of extra muscles such as additional heads of the biceps brachii, or coracobrachialis muscle variants^[7]
Supernumerary nipples – an additional nipple^[1]
Supernumerary phantom limbs – where the brain acts as though a limb were there, but it is not
Syndactyly – webbing between the fingers or toes^[4]
Uterus didelphys – two vaginal canals and/or uteri

Related conditions and concepts

Vestigial structures are anatomical structures of organisms in a species which are considered to have lost much or all of their original function through evolution.^[8] These body parts can be classed as additional to the required functioning of the body. In human anatomy, the vermiform appendix is sometimes classed as a vestigial remnant.

Prosthesis is an artificial extension that replaces a body part,^[9] and cybernetics is the study of computer technology in relation to organisms, which can include replacement or additional body parts.^[10]

Body integrity identity disorder (BIID) is a psychiatric disorder in which a person thinks that they have one or more additional limbs than they should, despite having two arms and two legs.^[11] People with this condition often wish to amputate what they see as additional body parts.

A phantom limb is the sensation that a missing limb is still attached to the body. This is almost universal in amputees in the first month following an amputation.^[12]

A supernumerary phantom limb is the sensation of having an extra limb or body part despite no such limb actually existing. It is an uncommon syndrome, usually due to some kind of brain injuries in the somatosensory cortex or in some parts of the right hemisphere of the brain, usually due to a stroke in the brain.^[13]

A chimera is an animal or plant that has two or more different populations of genetically distinct cells that originated in different zygotes that have merged. Anatomical structures are typically mixed depending on which cells are prevalent in different body parts. For example, plants can have two different types of flowers.

A mosaic is a genetic anomaly similar in nature and effects to a chimera: genetically different populations of cells within one organism, originated from some propagated mutation of a single cell rather than from outside sources.

Mythology

In Hindu mythology, additional limbs and heads are considered a sign of power.

In Greek mythology, Artemis, the goddess of fertility, was sometimes represented as having numerous breasts. This was particularly notable in the cult of Artemis (Diana) celebrated in the ancient city of Ephesus, in modern Turkey.

In Japanese mythology, the god of the sea and storms, Susanoo, is sometimes depicted as having a third arm.

In Hungarian mythology, having six fingers on a hand (polydactyly) is held to be the sign of innate supernatural power (see táltos).

In Christian mythology, Goliath has brothers who have six fingers and six toes.

References

^ ^a ^b Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. "Nipples, Supernumerary". Accessed 10 July 2006.
^ PatientPlus. "Cervical ribs and thoracic outlet syndrome". Accessed 10 July 2006.
^ Derm Atlas. "Image of hyperdontia. Accessed 10 July 2006.
^ ^a ^b Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center A-Z. Polydactyly and Syndactyly. Accessed 10 July 2006.
^ Wipro GE Healthcare. "Polyorchidism". Accessed 10 July 2006.
^ Biology Online. "Supernumerary kidney". Accessed 10 July 2006.
^ Moore, Colin W.; Rice, Charles L. (6 July 2017). "Rare muscular variations identified in a single cadaveric upper limb: a four-headed biceps brachii and muscular elevator of the latissimus dorsi tendon". Anatomical Science International. 93 (2): 311–316. doi:10.1007/s12565-017-0408-8. PMID 28685367.
^ Lawrence, Eleanor (2008). Henderson's Dictionary of Biology (14th ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Ltd. p. 709. ISBN 9780321505798.
^ "Prosthetic reconstruction". Royal Free London. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
^ George, Frank Honywill (1971). Cybernetics. London: Teach Yourself Books. ISBN 9780340059418.
^ "ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
^ Manchikanti, Laxmaiah; Singh, Vijay; Boswell, Mark V. (2007-01-01), Waldman, Steven D.; Bloch, Joseph I. (eds.), "Phantom Pain Syndromes", Pain Management, vol. 1, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 304–315, ISBN 978-0-7216-0334-6, retrieved 2024-05-07
^ Diaz-Segarra, Nicole; McKay, Ondrea; Kirshblum, Steven; Yonclas, Peter (2020-07-09). "Management of nonpainful supernumerary phantom limbs after incomplete spinal cord injury with visual–tactile feedback therapy: a case report". Spinal Cord Series and Cases. 6 (1): 62. doi:10.1038/s41394-020-0312-7. ISSN 2058-6124. PMC 7347878. PMID 32647132.