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Sulu hornbill
Conservation status
	; Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Bucerotiformes
Family:	Bucerotidae
Genus:	Anthracoceros
Species:	A. montani
Binomial name
	Anthracoceros montani; (Oustalet, 1880)

The Sulu hornbill (Anthracoceros montani), or Montano's hornbill, is a species of hornbill in the family Bucerotidae. It is endemic to the Sulu archipelago in the Philippines, with the remaining populations in Tawi-Tawi with it believed to be hunted to extinction on Jolo. ^[1]^[3]^[4] Its natural habitat is tropical moist forests. It is threatened by habitat loss as well as potential harvesting for food.^[1] Its diet includes fruit, insects, and small lizards.^[3]

In 2019 it was reported that only 27 mature individual hornbills are still believed to be alive in the wild making it one of the most endangered animals in the world.^[5]

Description and taxonomy

EBird describes the bird as "A large bird of lowland and montane forest on the Sulu Islands, although probably only remaining on Tawi-Tawi. Feeds particularly on fig trees. One of the rarest birds in the world. Entirely black except for a white tail. Has a long, thick black bill, a black casque, and black bare skin around the eye. Male has pale eyes and female has brown eyes and a smaller casque. Unmistakable. The only hornbill in its range. Voice is a nasal cackling."^[6]

Forms a sepcies cluster with Palawan hornbill, Malabar pied hornbill and the Oriental pied hornbill. It is most closely related to the Palawan hornbill but mainly differs in its all black face and bill.

Ecology and behavior

It is locally known as "tawsi".^[7]

Feeding

Diet is mainly fruit but also feeds on insects, small mammals and reptiles. Recorded in pairs

Breeding

All hornbills are monogamous and mate for life.They are cavity nesters and rely on large dipterocarp trees for breeding. The female seals itself within the tree cavity and the male is in charge of gathering food for its mate and chicks. The male stores food in a gular pouch and regurgitates it to feed its mate and chicks.

Species specific information on its breeding habits are limited. Nests have been recorded from June to September. Reported to lay 2 eggs^[8]

Habitat and conservation status

It inhabits primary dipterocarp forest, typically on mountain slopes (although this may simply reflect a constraint enforced by forest loss), occasionally visiting isolated fruiting trees over 1 km from the nearest forest. It requires large trees for nesting.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this bird as critically endangered. In 2019, it was reported that only 27 mature individual hornbills are still believed to be alive in the wild. However, these figures are rough estimates this figure is disputed. Biggest numbers in the past decade seen together was 10 mature birds in 2014.^[5]

While the exact numbers are unknown, this is still undoubtedly the most endangered hornbill and one of the most endangered animals in the entire world. It has gone extinct on the island of Jolo with the last record in 1930s, due to hunting and the remaining populations in Tawi-Tawi are threatened by habitat destruction through logging and slash-and-burn farming. ^[9]

The only species specific conservation actions as of 2019 were 16 "tawsi Rangers" employed by the local government patrolling against illegal logging and protecting nests.

In 2019, 44 participants which included military, conservationists, local government participated in a meeting hosted by the IUCN Species Survival Commission to formulate a species conservation plan. This meeting created a 10 year plan for the species continued survival. Conservation actions proposed were to improve the estimates on population and understanding of its ecology. This plan also included the creation of a species conservation program that involved the locals.

While an ex-situ captive breeding program was discussed, participants agreed that due issues with ownership of the birds and general lack of expertise, that these plans be re-explored 6-10 years in the future.^[10]