Ahmed joined as a faculty member at the Department of Islamic History and Culture of the University of Dhaka in 1961.[3] She was a visiting professor of Bosphorus University in Istanbul and Alverno College in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.[3]
Ahmed served as a member of board of the directors of Bangladesh Bank.[6] She was the president of Bangladesh Itihas Parishad.[7]
On July 18, 2004, Sufia Ahmed established a trust fund titled "Barrister Syed Ishtiaq Ahmed Memorial Foundation" at the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.[10]
Justice Syed Refaat Ahmed and Tasneem Raina Fateh, the two children of Sufia Ahmed, established a trust fund titled "National Professor Dr. Sufia Ahmed Memorial Foundation" on November 20, 2020 at the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.[11]