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Subthalamus
Subthalamus
	Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia, subthalamic nucleus (STN) and substantia nigra (SN). STN is in subthalamus; SN is not.
Identifiers
MeSH	D020530
NeuroNames	434
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_708
TA98	A14.1.08.201; A14.1.08.701
TA2	5708
FMA	62010
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

The subthalamus or ventral thalamus is a part of the diencephalon.^[1] Its most prominent structure is the subthalamic nucleus. The subthalamus connects to the globus pallidus, a subcortical nucleus of the basal ganglia.^[2]

Structure

The subthalamus is located ventral to the thalamus, medial to the internal capsule and lateral to the hypothalamus. It is a region formed by several grey matter nuclei and their associated white matter structures, namely:^[3]

The subthalamic nucleus, whose neurons contain glutamate and have excitatory effects over neurons of globus pallidus and substantia nigra
Zona incerta, located between fields of Forel H₁ and H₂. It is continuous with the thalamic reticular nucleus and receives input from the precentral cortex.
Subthalamic fasciculus, formed by fibers that connect the globus pallidus with the subthalamic nucleus
Fields of Forel
Ansa lenticularis

During development the subthalamus is continuous with the hypothalamus, but is separated by white matter fibres mainly from the internal capsule. Caudally, the subthalamus or prethalamus is separated from the thalamus by the zona limitans intrathalamica.^{[citation needed]}

Postnatally, the subthalamus lies beneath the thalamus, hence 'sub' (meaning below) 'thalamus'. It also lies dorsolateral to the hypothalamus.

Connections

The subthalamus develops efferent (output) connections to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) in the telencephalon, to the dorsal thalamus (medial and lateral nuclear groups) in the diencephalon, and to the red nucleus and substantia nigra in the mesencephalon. It receives afferent (input) connections from the substantia nigra and striatum.

References

^ Haines, Duane (2018). Fundamental neuroscience for basic and clinical applications (Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. p. 222. ISBN 9780323396325.
^ Schünke, Michael; Ross, Lawrence M.; Schulte, Erik; Lamperti, Edward D.; Schumacher, Udo (2007). Theme atlas of anatomy: head and neuroanathomy. ISBN 9781588904416.
^ Carpenter, M. (1991). Core Text of Neuroanatomy. Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0683014570.