Stroke number

Stroke number, or stroke count (simplified Chinese: 笔画数; traditional Chinese: 筆畫數; pinyin: bǐhuà shù), is the number of strokes of a Chinese character. It may also refer to the number of different strokes in a Chinese character set. Stroke number plays an important role in Chinese character sorting, teaching and computer information processing.[1]

Stroke numbers vary dramatically, for example, characters "丶", "一" and "乙" have only one stroke, while character "齉" has 36 strokes, and "龘" (three 龍s, dragons) 48 strokes. The Chinese character with the most strokes in the entire Unicode character set is "𪚥" (four 龍s) of 64 strokes.[2]

Stroke counting

There are effective methods to count the strokes of a Chinese character correctly. First of all, stroke counting is to be carried out on the standard regular form (楷體, 楷体) of the character, and according to its stroke order, e.g., by writing the character stroke by stroke (in one's mind). On the same stroke, the tip of the pen can only move along a path once, not allowed to go back. Strokes "㇐" (heng, 横) and "㇀" (ti, 提) are written from left to right, and strokes "㇑" (shu, 竖), "㇓" (pie, 撇), "㇔" (dian, 点) and "㇏" (na, 捺) are written from top to bottom. And if needed, a standard list of strokes or list of stroke orders issued by the authoritative institution should be consulted.[3][4]

If two strokes are connected at the endpoints, whether they are separated into two strokes or linked into one stroke can be judged by the following rules: [5]

  • If the two strokes are connected in the upper left corner of a character or component, then separate them into two strokes, such as: 厂 (stroke order: ㇐㇓), 口 (㇑㇕㇐) and 日 (㇑㇕㇐㇐).
  • If they are connected in the upper right corner, then one stroke, such as: 口 (㇑㇕㇐), 月 (㇓㇆㇐㇐), 句 (㇓㇆㇑㇕㇐).
  • If they are connected in the lower left corner, then if it is a fully enclosed structure, then count as two separated strokes, such as: 口 (㇑㇕㇐), 回 (㇑㇕㇑㇕㇐㇐), 田 (㇑㇕㇐㇑㇐);[a] if it is not fully enclosed, then count as one stroke, such as: 山 (㇑㇗㇑), 区 (㇐㇓㇔㇗), 葛 (㇐㇑㇑㇑㇕㇐㇐㇓㇆㇓㇔㇗) .[b]
  • If they are connected in the lower right corner, then two strokes, such as: 口 (㇑㇕㇐), 回 (㇑㇕㇑㇕㇐㇐), 田 (㇑㇕㇐㇑㇐).

An important prerequisite for connecting two strokes into one is: the tail of the first stroke is connected with the head of the second stroke.

Some characters or components have the same shape in the China Mainland and Taiwan, but the numbers of strokes are different, such as "之 (Mainland China: ㇔㇇㇏, 3 strokes), 之 (Taiwan: ㇔㇀㇓㇏ 4)", "阝 (M: ㇌㇑, 2), 阝 (T: ㇇㇢㇑, 3)”.[6]

The number of strokes of some characters are easy to be mis-counted, such as 凹 (㇑㇅㇑㇕㇐, 5 strokes), 凸 (㇑㇐㇑㇎㇐, 5), 鼎(㇑㇕㇐㇐㇐㇞㇐㇓㇑㇐㇑㇕, 12).

Distribution of characters

In the following, there are several tables of statistical data illustrating the distributions of Chinese characters among all stroke numbers of some representative character sets.

Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters (Taiwan)

Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters (常用國字標準字體表) is a standard character set of 4,808 characters issued by the Ministry of Education of Taiwan (ROC).

Numbers of strokes and their numbers of characters in the "Common National Characters"
strokes characters %
1 2 0.042
2 17 0.354
3 39 0.811
4 91 1.893
5 125 2.600
6 159 3.307
7 256 5.324
8 351 7.300
9 356 7.404
10 404 8.403
11 447 9.297
12 427 8.881
13 399 8.299
14 342 7.113
15 341 7.092
16 256 5.324
17 231 4.804
18 145 3.016
19 122 2.537
20 85 1.768
21 66 1.373
22 51 1.061
23 32 0.666
24 31 0.645
25 12 0.250
26 5 0.104
27 8 0.166
28 3 0.062
29 3 0.062
30 1 0.021
32 1 0.021

The stroke numbers of characters range from 1 to 32 strokes. The 11-strokes group has the most characters, taking 9.297% of the character set. On the average, there are 12.186 strokes per character.[4][7]

List of Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese (Mainland)

The List of Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese (现代汉语常用字表) is a standard character set of 3,500 characters issued by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 26 Jan 1988.[8]

Numbers of strokes and their numbers of characters in the "List of Frequently-Used Characters in Modern Chinese"
strokes characters %
1 2 0.057
2 19 0.543
3 50 1.429
4 113 3.229
5 151 4.314
6 250 7.143
7 341 9.743
8 408 11.657
9 415 11.857
10 391 11.171
11 350 10.000
12 320 9.143
13 232 6.629
14 140 4.000
15 126 3.600
16 78 2.229
17 51 1.457
18 16 0.457
19 20 0.571
20 15 0.429
21 6 0.171
22 4 0.114
23 1 0.029
24 1 0.029

The stroke numbers of characters range from 1 to 24 strokes. The 9-strokes characters are the most, taking 11.857% of the character set. On the average, there are 9.7409 strokes per character.[9][7]

List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese (Mainland)

The List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese (现代汉语通用字表) is also a standard character set issued by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. There are 7,000 characters, including the 3,500 characters in the List of Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese. [10]

Numbers of strokes and their numbers of characters in the "List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese"
strokes characters %
1 2 0.03
2 21 0.30
3 59 0.84
4 136 2.00
5 201 2.87
6 346 4.94
7 545 7.79
8 690 9.86
9 785 11.21
10 761 10.87
11 726 10.38
12 678 9.68
13 549 7.84
14 412 5.88
15 331 4.73
16 276 3.94
17 185 2.64
18 90 1.29
19 81 1.16
20 47 0.67
21 28 0.41
22 22 0.31
23 12 0.17
24 8 0.11
25 6 0.085
26 1 0.015
30 1 0.015
36 1 0.015

The stroke numbers of characters range from 1 to 36 strokes. The 9-strokes group has the most characters, taking 11.21% of the character set. On the average, there are 10.75 strokes per character. [11]

Cihai

The following statistic data comes from an experiment conducted on all the 16,339 traditional and simplified characters of Cihai (辞海; 辭海, 1979).[12]

Numbers of strokes and their numbers of characters in Cihai
strokes characters %
1 3 0.018
2 23 0.141
3 74 0.453
4 163 0.998
5 216 1.597
6 462 2.828
7 825 5.049
8 1084 6.634
9 1276 7.810
10 1371 8.391
11 1453 8.893
12 1553 9.505
13 1365 8.354
14 1190 7.283
15 1132 6.928
16 961 5.882
17 788 4.823
18 569 3.482
19 499 3.054
20 370 2.265
21 263 1.610
22 208 1.273
23 159 0.973
24 122 0.747
25 65 0.398
26 36 0.220
27 28 0.171
28 15 0.092
29 8 0.049
30 6 0.037
31 1 0.006
32 2 0.012
33 2 0.012
35 1 0.006
36 1 0.006

The stroke numbers of characters range from 1 to 36 strokes. The 12-strokes group has the most characters, taking 9.505% of the character set. On the average, there are 12.7061 strokes per character.

Unicode Basic CJK Unified Ideographs

The Unicode Basic CJK Unified Ideographs is an international standard character set issued by ISO and Unicode, the same character set of the Chinese national standard 13000.1. There are 20,902 Chinese characters, including simplified and traditional characters from China, Japan and Korea (CJK).[13] [14]

Numbers of strokes and their numbers of characters in the "Unicode Basic CJK Unified Ideographs"
strokes characters %
1 10 0.048
2 44 0.211
3 98 0.469
4 204 0.976
5 331 1.584
6 583 2.789
7 966 4.622
8 1300 6.220
9 1541 7.373
10 1709 8.176
11 1859 8.894
12 1956 9.358
13 1741 8.329
14 1570 7.511
15 1516 7.253
16 1292 6.181
17 1012 4.842
18 771 3.689
19 692 3.311
20 501 2.397
21 350 1.674
22 274 1.311
23 197 0.942
24 152 0.727
25 83 0.397
26 48 0.230
27 43 0.206
28 27 0.129
29 10 0.048
30 10 0.048
31 1 0.005
32 3 0.014
33 4 0.019
35 1 0.005
36 1 0.005
39 1 0.005
48 1 0.005

The stroke numbers of characters range from 1 to 48 strokes. The 12-strokes group has the most characters, taking 9.358% of the character set. On the average, there are 12.845 strokes per character.[9] [7]

Characteristics

From the data of the previous tables, some valuable cross-table characteristics can be found:

  • Everybody knows that the average number of strokes per character of the simplified Chinese writing system is less than the traditional writing system, but is not likely to know how much less it is. And the data from the first two tables present a very useful reference: "9.7409 : 12.186" strokes per character is the ratio between the two standard frequently-used character sets of China mainland (simplified Chinese) and Taiwan (traditional Chinese).
  • According to the data of the second and third tables, the average number of strokes of the 3,500 frequently-used characters is 9.74, and the average number of strokes of the 7.000 commonly-used characters (a super set of the 3,500 characters) is 10.75. That means generally speaking, frequently-used characters have less strokes than less frequently-used characters.
  • The numbers of characters for each number of strokes are in normal distribution, i.e., high in the middle and gradually low in both sides, with the peak numbers of characters ranging between 9 and 12 strokes in the five tables. Here is an explanation: To be easy to read or recognize, the forms (or glyphs) of Chinese characters should be sufficiently differentiated from each other, and to be easy to write, the characters should be relatively simple. The former condition requires the number of strokes of a character not to be too small, while the latter condition requires the number of strokes not to be too large. Under the action of these two forces, the normal distribution is formed. [15]

Stroke types

The term stroke number may also refer to the number of different strokes in the Chinese character writing system, or the number of stroke types in a stroke table. How many types of strokes are there in Chinese characters? Scholars’ opinions are not entirely consistent. For example, for the purpose of Chinese teaching and reference book compilation, the categories are usually relatively small; from the perspective of calligraphy art and glyph design, there are much more. For example, stroke "shu (丨)" can be further divided into "long shu", "short shu", and "hanging needle shu", etc., and "pie (丿)" can be divided into "flat pie", "slant pie", and "vertical pie".[16]

Five types

Current national standards such as "Stroke Orders of Commonly-used Standard Chinese Characters" and many reference books published in China mainland have adopted the five categories of 

heng (横, 一), shu (竖, 丨), pie (撇, 丿), dian (点, 丶), zhe (折, 𠃍),

and stipulate the heng-shu-pie-dian-zhe order. [17] In Hong Kong, Taiwan and some other places, people also use the order of dian-heng-shu-pie-zhe (點橫豎撇折) [18]

Eight types

In this classification, [19] Chinese strokes are divided into eight categories: 

heng (横, ㇐),  ti (提, ㇀),  shu (竖, ㇑), pie (撇, ㇓), dian (点, ㇔), na (捺, ㇏), zhe (折, ㇕), gou (钩, ㇆).

Because the character "永" (yǒng, forever) happens to contain strokes similar to these eight types of stroke forms, this classification is also called the "Eight Principles of Yong".

Unicode CJK strokes

The Unicode CJK strokes list has 37 types of strokes, including the newly-added character subtraction at the end:

CJK Strokes[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+31Cx ㇀ ㇁ ㇂ ㇃ ㇄ ㇅ ㇆ ㇇ ㇈ ㇉ ㇊ ㇋ ㇌ ㇍ ㇎ ㇏
U+31Dx ㇐ ㇑ ㇒ ㇓ ㇔ ㇕ ㇖ ㇗ ㇘ ㇙ ㇚ ㇛ ㇜ ㇝ ㇞ ㇟
U+31Ex ㇠ ㇡ ㇢ ㇣ ㇤ ㇥ ㇯
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

YES stroke alphabet

The YES Stroke Alphabet, which is employed by YES stroke alphabetical order, is a list of 30 strokes:[20] 

㇐ ㇕ ㇅ ㇎ ㇡ ㇋ ㇊ ㇍ ㇈ ㇆ ㇇ ㇌ ⺄ ㇀ ㇑ ㇗ ㇞ ㇉ ㄣ ㇙ ㇄ ㇟ ㇚ ㇓ ㇜ ㇛ ㇢ ㇔ ㇏ ㇂.

For more details about Chinese character stroke types and stroke tables, please see Chinese character strokes#Stroke form.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ exceptions: 惯, 實, 母, 马, 鸟, 乌
  2. ^ exceptions: 馬; 巨(Taiwan: 12511；Mainland：1515)

References

  1. ^ Su, Peicheng (苏培成) (2014). 现代汉字学纲要 (Essentials of Modern Chinese Characters) (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). Beijing: 商务印书馆 (Commercial Press). pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-7-100-10440-1.
  2. ^ https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=2A6A5&useutf8=true
  3. ^ PRC, National Language Commission (2021). 通用规范汉字笔顺规范 (Stroke Orders of the Commonly-used Standard Chinese Characters) (in Chinese). Beijing: the Commercial Press. ISBN 978-7-100-19347-4.
  4. ^ a b Taiwan, 國語推行委員會 (National Language Promotion Committee) (1996). 常用國字標準字體筆順手册 (Handbook of the Stroke Orders of the Commonly-Used National Chinese Characters) (in Chinese). Taipei: Ministry of Education. ISBN 978-9-57-090664-6.
  5. ^ Su 2014, pp. 75–76.
  6. ^ Zhang, X. (and Cheung W. K) (2013b). "A Mainland-Taiwan Comparative Study on Standard Stroke Orders of Chinese Characters (兩岸漢字規範筆順比較)" (PDF). Newsletter of Chinese Language (中國語文通訊). 92 (2013) (1): 17–26.
  7. ^ a b c (Lecture notes of the subject "Modern Chinese Characters and Information Technology", Dept of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnical University, by Dr. Zhang Xiaoheng, June 12, 2017.)
  8. ^ 现代汉语常用字表 Archived 2016-11-13 at the Wayback Machine [List of Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese], Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 26 January 1988.
  9. ^ a b Xing, Hongbing 邢红兵 (2007). 现代汉字特征分析与计算研究 [Characteristic Analysis and Computational Research on Modern Chinese Characters] (in Chinese). Beijing: 商务印书馆 (The Commercial Press, Shangwu). pp. 20–21. ISBN 7-100-05310-2.
  10. ^ 现代汉语通用字表 Archived 2016-11-23 at the Wayback Machine [List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese], Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 26 Jan 1988.
  11. ^ Su 2014, p. 76.
  12. ^ Fu, Yonghe 傅永和 (1999). 中文信息处理 [Chinese Information Processing] (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). Guangzhou: 广东教育出版社 (Guangdong Education Press). ISBN 9-787540-640804.
  13. ^ https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U4E00.pdf
  14. ^ National Language Commission of China (October 1, 1999). GB13000.1字符集汉字字序(笔画序)规范 (Standard of GB13000.1 Character Set Chinese Character Order (Stroke-Based Order)) (PDF) (in Chinese). Shanghai Education Press. ISBN 7-5320-6674-6.
  15. ^ Su 2014, p. 77.
  16. ^ Fei, Jinchang. (費錦昌) (1997). "現代漢字筆劃規範芻議". 世界漢語教學. (1997) (2).
  17. ^ PRC 2021.
  18. ^ * Wang, Ning (王寧，鄒曉麗) (2003). 工具書 (Reference Books) (in Chinese). Hong Kong: 和平圖書有限公司. p. 24. ISBN 962-238-363-7.
  19. ^ Su 2014, p. 79.
  20. ^ Zhang, Xiaoheng (张小衡); Li, Xiaotong (李笑通); et al. (2013). 一二三笔顺检字手册 (Handbook of the YES Sorting Method) (in Chinese). Beijing: 语文出版社 (The Language Press). ISBN 978-7-80241-670-3.