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Striated heron
	Nominate Butorides striata striata, Pantanal, Brazil
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Pelecaniformes
Family:	Ardeidae
Genus:	Butorides
Species:	B. striata
Binomial name
	Butorides striata; (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
	Ardea striata Linnaeus, 1758; Butorides striatus (lapsus); Butorides spodiogaster Sharpe, 1894; Ardea chloriceps Bonaparte, 1857;

The striated heron (Butorides striata) also known as mangrove heron, little green heron or green-backed heron, is a small heron, about 44 cm tall. Striated herons are mostly sedentary and noted for some interesting behavioural traits. Their breeding habitat is small wetlands in the Old World tropics from west Africa to Japan and Australia, and in South America and the Caribbean. Vagrants have been recorded on Oceanic islands, such as Chuuk and Yap in the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marianas and Palau; the bird recorded on Yap on February 25, 1991, was from a continental Asian rather than from a Melanesian population, while the origin of the bird seen on Palau on May 3, 2005 was not clear.^[3]

Taxonomy

The striated heron was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with the other herons in the genus Ardea and coined the binomial name Ardea striata. Linnaeus specified the locality as Suriname.^[4]^[5] The specific epithet is from Latin striatus meaning "striated".^[6] The striated heron is now one of three closely related species placed in the genus Butorides that was described in 1852 by the English zoologist Edward Blyth.^[7]

This bird was long considered to be conspecific with the closely related North American species, the green heron, which is now usually separated as Butorides virescens, as well as the lava heron of the Galápagos Islands (now Butorides sundevalli, but often included in Butorides striata, e.g. by BirdLife International^[8]); collectively they were called "green-backed herons".

Currently, 21 subspecies are accepted:^[7]

B. s. striata (Linnaeus, 1758) – east Panama to north Argentina, Bolivia and Chile
B. s. atricapilla (Afzelius, 1804) – Africa south of the Sahara
B. s. brevipes (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833) – Somalia and the Red Sea coasts
B. s. crawfordi Nicoll, 1906 – Aldabra and Amirante groups (south, central Seychelles)
B. s. rhizophorae Salomonsen, 1934 – Comoros
B. s. rutenbergi (Hartlaub, 1880) – Madagascar and Réunion
B. s. degens Hartert, EJO, 1920 – northeast Seychelles
B. s. albolimbata Reichenow, 1900 – Chagos Archipelago and Maldives
B. s. amurensis (Schrenck, 1860) – southeast Siberia, northeast China and Japan
B. s. actophila Oberholser, 1912 – east China to north Myanmar and north Vietnam
B. s. javanica (Horsfield, 1821) – Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka to Thailand, Philippines, the Greater Sundas and Sulawesi
B. s. spodiogaster Sharpe, 1894 – Andaman and Nicobar Islands and islands off west Sumatra
B. s. steini Mayr, 1943 – Lesser Sunda Islands
B. s. moluccarum Hartert, EJO, 1920 – Moluccas
B. s. papuensis Mayr, 1940 – northwest New Guinea
B. s. idenburgi Rand, 1941 – north New Guinea
B. s. flyensis Salomonsen, 1966 – central south, southeast New Guinea
B. s. stagnatilis (Gould, 1848) – northwest, central north Australia
B. s. macrorhyncha (Gould, 1848) – east, northeast Australia and New Caledonia
B. s. solomonensis Mayr, 1940 – New Hanover Island (=New Hanover) to Solomon Islands (except Rennell Island), and Vanuatu to Fiji (southwest Polynesia)
B. s. patruelis (Peale, 1849) – Tahiti Islands (Society Islands)

B. s. amurensis
Japan
juvenile B. s. atricapilla
Ghana
unknown subspecies
Bahrain
B. s. javanica, juvenile
India
B. s. javanica
Malaysia
B. s. macrorhyncha on the Daintree River, North Queensland
Australia

Description

The striated heron is 35–48 cm (14–19 in) in length, weighs 130–250 g (4.6–8.8 oz) and has a wing-span of 52–60 cm (20–24 in). The sexes are alike. The plumage is vary variable, even sometimes within the same race.^[9] Adults have a blue-grey back and wings, white underparts, a black cap, a dark line extends from the bill to under the eye and short yellow legs. Juveniles are browner above and streaked below.

Behaviour

Food and feeding

These birds stand still at the water's edge and wait to ambush prey, but are easier to see than many small heron species. They mainly eat small fish, frogs and aquatic insects. They sometimes use bait, dropping a feather or leaf carefully on the water surface and picking fish that come to investigate.^[10]

Breeding

The nest is a platform of sticks measuring between 20–40 cm long and 0.5–5 mm thick. The entire nest measures some 40–50 cm wide and 8–10 cm high outside, with an inner depression 20 cm wide and 4–5 cm deep. It is usually built in shrubs or trees but sometimes in sheltered locations on the ground, and often near water. The clutch is 2–5 eggs, which are pale blue and measure around 36 by 28 mm.^[11]

An adult bird was once observed in a peculiar and mysterious behaviour: while on the nest, it would grab a stick in its bill and make a rapid back-and-forth motion with the head, like a sewing machine's needle. The significance of this behaviour is completely unknown: While such movements occur in many other nesting birds where they seem to compact the nest, move the eggs, or dislodge parasites, neither seems to have been the case in this particular striated heron.^[11]

Young birds will give a display when they feel threatened, by stretching out their necks and pointing the bill skywards. How far this would deter predators is not known.^[11]

Widespread and generally common, the striated heron is classified as a species of least concern by the IUCN; this holds true whether the lava heron is included in Butorides striata or not.^[8]

References

^ BirdLife International (2022). "Butorides striata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22728182A163804848. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
^ Biswas, Biswamoy (1959). "A note on the correct zoological name of the Indian little green heron (Aves, Ardeidae)" (PDF). Current Science. 28 (7): 288.
^ Wiles et al. (2000), VanderWerf et al. (2006)
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 144.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 220.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 367. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
^ ^a ^b BLI (2008)
^ Martínez-Vilalta, A.; Motis, A. (1992). "Family Ardeida (Herons)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Cornel. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 376–429 [417]. ISBN 84-87334-10-5.
^ Norris (1975), Boswall (1983), Walsh et al. (1985), Robinson (1994)
^ ^a ^b ^c Greeney & Merino M. (2006)

Sources

Boswall, J. (1983): Tool-using and related behavior in birds: more notes. Avicultural Magazine 89: 94–108.
Greeney, Harold F. & Merino M., Paúl A. (2006): Notes on breeding birds from the Cuyabeno Faunistic Reserve in northeastern Ecuador. Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología 16(2): 46–57. PDF fulltext
Norris, D. (1975): Green Heron (Butorides virescens) uses feather lure for fishing. American Birds 29: 652–654.
Robinson, S.K. (1994): Use of bait and lures by Green-backed Herons in Amazonian Peru. Wilson Bulletin 106(3): 569–571
Walsh, J.F.; Grunewald, J. & Grunewald, B. (1985): Green-backed Herons (Butorides striatus) possibly using a lure and using apparent bait. J. Ornithol. 126: 439–442.
Wiles, Gary J.; Worthington, David J.; Beck, Robert E. Jr.; Pratt, H. Douglas; Aguon, Celestino F. & Pyle, Robert L. (2000): Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, with a Summary of Raptor Sightings in the Mariana Islands, 1988–1999. Micronesica 32(2): 257–284. PDF fulltext
VanderWerf, Eric A.; Wiles, Gary J.; Marshall, Ann P. & Knecht, Melia (2006): Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit. Micronesica 39(1): 11–29. PDF fulltext