Strain 121

Strain 121
Scientific classification
Domain:
Archaea
Phylum:
Thermoproteota
Class:
Thermoprotei
Order:
Desulfurococcales
Family:
Pyrodictiaceae
Genus:
Geogemma
Species:
Geogemma barossii

Strain 121 (Geogemma barossii) is a single-celled microbe of the domain Archaea. First discovered within a hydrothermal vent in the Northeast Pacific Ocean near the Endeavor segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Strain 121 is a hyperthermophile capable of reproducing at 121 °C (250 °F), hence its name.[1][2] Strain 121 is biostatic at 130 °C (266 °F), so while the archaeon is unable to reproduce until it has been transferred to a cooler medium, it remains viable at temperatures up to 131 °C (268 °F).[1] Strain 121 possess a coccoid shape with lophotrichous flagellation, reaching approximately 1.0 μm in diameter.[1] Strain 121 metabolizes by reducing iron oxide (Fe(III)), a molecule that is abundant within the sediment in hydrothermal vents.[1]

The maximum growth temperature of strain 121 is 8 °C higher than the previous record holder, Pyrolobus fumarii (Tmax = 113 °C).[3] At the time of its discovery, Strain 121 was the only known form of life that could tolerate such high temperatures, but in 2008 Methanopyrus kandleri was discovered to be able to reproduce at temperatures as high as 122 °C. Autoclaves, which are an important tool in sterilization, operate at temperatures of 121 °C (250 °F), marking Strain 121 a particularly notable discovery.[1] Prior to the 2003 discovery of Strain 121, a fifteen-minute exposure to autoclave temperatures was believed to kill all living organisms.[1] However, as Strain 121 is unable to reproduce at temperatures below 85 °C (185 °F), it is unlikely to be infectious to humans, who have an average body temperature 37 °C (99 °F).[1][4]

It appears highly improbable that Strain 121 marks the upper limit of viable growth temperature.[3] It may very well be the case that the true upper limit lies somewhere in the vicinity of 140 to 150 °C (284 to 302 °F), the temperature range where molecular repair and resynthesis becomes unsustainable.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Kashefi, Kazem; Lovley, Derek R. (August 15, 2003). "Extending the Upper Temperature Limit for Life". Science. 301 (5635): 934–934. doi:10.1126/science.1086823. ISSN 0036-8075.
  2. ^ Clarke, Andrew (April 2004). "The thermal limits to life on Earth". International Journal of Astrobiology. 13 (2): 141–154. doi:10.1017/S1473550413000438. ISSN 1473-5504.
  3. ^ a b c Cowan, D.A (February 2004). "The upper temperature for life – where do we draw the line?". Trends in Microbiology. 12 (2): 58–60. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2003.12.002.
  4. ^ "What Is a Normal Body Temperature?". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
  • Kashefi, Kazem; Lovley, Derek R. (2003). "Extending the upper temperature limit for life". Science. 301 (5635): 934. doi:10.1126/science.1086823. PMID 12920290. S2CID 21189391.
  • Cowan, D. (2004). “The Upper Temperature for Life – Where Do We Draw the Line?” Trends in Microbiology (Regular Ed.), vol. 12, no. 2, Elsevier Ltd, pp. 58–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2003.12.002.