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Spectacled flying fox
	Male, female, and their young
Conservation status
	; Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
	; Endangered (EPBC Act)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Chiroptera
Family:	Pteropodidae
Genus:	Pteropus
Species:	P. conspicillatus
Binomial name
	Pteropus conspicillatus; Gould, 1850
	Distribution of the spectacled flying fox

The spectacled flying fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), also known as the spectacled fruit bat, is a megabat that lives in Australia's north-eastern regions of Queensland. It is also found in New Guinea and on the offshore islands including Woodlark Island, Alcester Island, Kiriwina, and Halmahera.

The spectacled flying fox was listed as a threatened species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. They were considered vulnerable due to a significant decline in numbers as a result of loss of their prime feeding habitat and secluded camp sites. It has also been reported that spectacled flying foxes skim over the surface of water to drink and are sometimes eaten by crocodiles.^[3] The species was classified as endangered by the IUCN in 2020.^[1]

In February 2019, the Australian government upgraded the threatened status from vulnerable to endangered, after almost a third of the bat population died in a severe heatwave in Queensland in late 2018.^[4]

Description

The head and body length is 22–25 cm, forearm 16–18 cm, weight 400–1000 g. A large spectacled flying fox has pale yellow or straw-colored fur around its eyes. The mantle is pale yellow and goes across the back, neck, and shoulders. Some have pale yellow fur on the face and top of the head.

Habitat

Spectacled flying foxes are forest dwellers and rainforests are their preferred habitat. They prefer to roost in the middle and upper canopy strata in the full sun. Colonies of the spectacled flying fox can be found in rain forests, mangroves, and paperbark and eucalypt forests.^[3] There is evidence of increasing urbanisation.^[5]

Diet

The spectacled flying fox's natural diet is rainforest fruits, riparian zone flowers, and flowers from Myrtaceae (primarily Eucalyptus and Syzygium species) and fruits from the Moraceae (figs) and Myrtaceae (primarily Syzygium).^[6]^[7]

Life cycle

Spectacled flying foxes have one pup annually. Females are capable of breeding at one year of age.^[8] Males probably do not breed until three to four years of age. They are polygamous (similar to the grey-headed flying fox, Pteropus poliocephalus). Female to male ratio may be as high as 2:1.^[8] Conception occurs April to May. Sexual activity is continuous from about January to June. Females give birth to one young per year in October to December. Juveniles are nursed for over five months, and on weaning, congregate in nursery trees in the colony. The juveniles fly out for increasing distances with the colony at night and are 'parked' in nursery trees, often kilometres distant from the colony, and are brought back to the colony in the morning.^[9]

Life expectancy

Spectacled flying foxes typically live to be around 12 to 15 years old, but in captivity can exceed 30 years of age. Natural causes of mortality include predation mainly by rufous owls, Freshwater crocodiles, and olive pythons, death by paralysis tick when bats climb low to the ground to feed, and the death of babies that are born too early when either something goes wrong in the fetus' development, or the mother suffers from prolonged stress. Flying foxes are also frequently killed in human-related incidents such as landing on power lines, and getting entangled in nets or barbed wire.^[10]^[11] Most wild flying foxes are assumed to live much shorter lives.^[8]

Conservancy

In 2012, the Queensland Government reintroduced the issuing of permits which allows farmers and fruit-growers (with permits)to kill limited numbers of flying foxes in order to protect crops.^[12]^[13] The shooting of bats had been banned by the previous Qld Labor government after advice from the Qld Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (AWAC) that the practice was inhumane.

In February 2019, the Australian Department of the Environment and Energy announced that the national status of the spectacled flying fox was going to be revised from vulnerable to endangered. This was in response to heat waves in the 2018-19 summer that resulted in mass die-offs of the species, resulting in the deaths of over 20,000 individuals. It is estimated that a third of its total population was lost during the extreme heat waves. Humane Society International had nominated the species for an endangered listing some years earlier.^[4]^[14]

Gallery

Spectacled Flying Foxes roosting during heat of the day
Spectacled flying fox coming in to land
Spectacled flying fox
Spectacled flying fox mother with baby
Spectacled flying fox baby
Spectacled flying fox at Cairns Library

References

^ ^a ^b Roberts, B.; Eby, P.; Westcott, D. (2020). "Pteropus conspicillatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18721A22080456. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18721A22080456.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ "Species Profile and Threats Database: Pteropus conspicillatus — Spectacled Flying-fox".
^ ^a ^b "Spectacled Flying-fox". Australian Museum. 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Cox, Lisa (19 February 2019). "Spectacled flying fox declared endangered after Queensland heatwave wipeout". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
^ Tait, Jessica; Perotto-Baldivieso, Humberto L.; McKeown, Adam; Westcott, David A. (2014). "Are Flying-Foxes Coming to Town? Urbanisation of the Spectacled Flying-Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) in Australia". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109810. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9810T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109810. PMC 4190360. PMID 25295724.
^ Australian Museum Business Services (2004). The Provision of Data for Draft National Fauna Survey Standards: Bats Draft Report to the Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage.
^ Richards, G.C. (1987). "Aspects of the Ecology of Spectacled Flying-foxes, Pteropus conspicillatus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Tropical Queensland". Australian Mammalogy. 10 (2): 87–88. doi:10.1071/AM87017. S2CID 254712384.
^ ^a ^b ^c Garnett, S.T.; Whybird, O.A.; Spencer, H.G. (1999). "Conservation status of the Spectacled Flying-fox Pteropus conspicillatus". Australian Zoologist. 31: 38–54. doi:10.7882/az.1999.006.
^ Richards, GC & Spencer, HJ (1998). "Spectacled Flying-fox, Pteropus conspicillatus (Gould, 1850)". In: Strahan, R, ed. The Mammals of Australia.
^ Hall, L.S. (1995). "Bare-backed Fruit-bat Dobsonia moluccensis", pp. 430–431 in Strahan, R, ed. The Mammals of Australia. Chatswood, NSW: Reed Books.
^ Flannery, T.F. (1995). The mammals of New Guinea. Revised and updated edition. Chatswood, N.S.W: Reed Books
^ Michael, Peter (16 December 2012). "Queensland farmers approved for lethal Damage Mitigation Permits to shoot and kill flying foxes". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
^ "Damage mitigation permits for crop protection". Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. Queensland Government. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
^ "23,000 dead: HSI calls for urgent spectacled flying-fox endangered listing". Humane Society International. 19 December 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2021.