Soundview, Bronx

Soundview
Neighborhood of the Bronx
Apartment buildings in Soundview with the Midtown Manhattan skyline in the background
Apartment buildings in Soundview with the Midtown Manhattan skyline in the background
Map
Location in New York City
Coordinates: 40°48′58″N 73°52′05″W / 40.816°N 73.868°W / 40.816; -73.868
Country United States
State New York
City New York City
Borough The Bronx
Community DistrictBronx 9[1]
Area
[2]
 • Total
2.89 km2 (1.116 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Total
31,825
 • Density11,000/km2 (29,000/sq mi)
Economics
 • Median income$41,120
ZIP Codes
10472, 10473
Area code718, 347, 929, and 917
Websitewww.soundview.nyc

Soundview is a neighborhood on the Clason Point peninsula, on the southern section of the borough of the Bronx in New York City. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise, are the Cross-Bronx Expressway to the north, White Plains Road to the east, Lacombe Avenue to the south, and the Bronx River to the west. The Bruckner Expressway bisects the neighborhood horizontally along the center and the Bronx River Parkway runs north to south. Soundview Avenue is the primary thoroughfare through Soundview.

History

Bronx Quonset Huts
Before and after rehabilitation, Rose Court at 1106 Boynton Avenue

Most development initially concentrated near the IRT Pelham Line on Westchester Avenue and in close proximity to Soundview Avenue (once served by a streetcar). Prior to the late 20th century, large parcels across the neighborhood remained undeveloped. Some land in the neighborhood was used in 1947 for a temporary New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) housing project made up of 947 apartments in 473 Quonset huts. One remaining Quonset hut is still visible on the south side of Seward Avenue at Croes Avenue.[3][4] In 1941 Clason Point Gardens was the first development constructed by the NYCHA in the Bronx.[5] It was followed by many other NYCHA developments across the neighborhood from the 1950s until the 1970s, which boosted the population significantly. During the 1950s, two controlled-access highways, the Bronx River Parkway and Bruckner Expressway, were constructed. Later in the 1970s, large high-rise rental and co-op apartment complexes were constructed across the neighborhood following the establishment of the Mitchell Lama program.

Like neighboring Hunts Point, Soundview began to fall into rapid decay in the 1970s due to white flight, growing poverty rates, and a citywide fiscal crisis. Abandonment was a problem as the exodus picked up pace but much of the White non-Hispanic population was replaced by poor and working class Latin Americans and African Americans. As a result, abandonment was much less extensive than in neighborhoods to the west including Morrisania. The neighborhood was gravely affected by the crack epidemic throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, setting yearly murder totals among the highest in the city. During that time, the Weed and Seed program was put into place by the federal government to improve the situation in Soundview, nearby Mott Haven, and East New York, Brooklyn and later Operation Impact. Policing methods include NYPD monitored CCTV along known high drug trafficking areas, increased foot presence, and improved statistical mapping.

In 1999, an unarmed man, Amadou Diallo, was shot and killed by four plainclothes officers near the corner of Wheeler and Westchester Avenues.[6]

Starting in the 2000s, a citywide housing crisis spurred construction of modern multi-unit row houses and apartment buildings. Many are multi zoned for retail and have mixed-income qualifications. There are also plans to develop this type of housing on vacant land within the confines of NYCHA property along with significant renovations and improvements to existing grounds and buildings. Soundview Park, built on a former landfill and the largest in the South Bronx, has undergone a complete transformation including enhanced pedestrian access and completely renovated and redesigned recreational areas. Future plans in accordance with PlaNYC initiatives will create an urban oasis in this dense community; complete with recreation nodes, Greenway connections, bike/hike trails, designated fishing areas, a boat launch, and esplanades with skyline views. The neighborhood has become increasingly more diverse with a rise in varied Latin American and Asian immigration in recent years. Crime has also seen a significant decline as a result of a number of factors including enhanced policing techniques and changing economic demographics.

Demographics

Tenements

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the combined population of the Soundview/Clason Point/Castle Hill/Harding Park tabulation area (which includes the southern half of the Soundview neighborhood) was 53,686. This figure represented an increase of 2,933 (5.8%) from the 50,753 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1,198.36 acres (484.96 ha), this tabulation area had a population density of 44.8 inhabitants per acre (28,700/sq mi; 11,100/km2).[7] The racial makeup of this tabulation area was 2% (1,067) White, 37% (19,876) African American, 0.3% (161) Native American, 1.3% (709) Asian, 0% (22) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (239) from other races, and 1.1% (586) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 57.8% (31,026) of the population.[8]

The combined population of the Soundview/Bruckner tabulation area (which includes the northern half of the Soundview neighborhood) was 35,634 in 2010. This figure represented an increase of 497 (1.4%) from the 35,137 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 371.44 acres (150.32 ha), this tabulation area had a population density of 95.9 inhabitants per acre (61,400/sq mi; 23,700/km2).[7]

Soundview's total land area is roughly 1.3 square miles. The neighborhood predominantly consists of Latin Americans (mainly Puerto Ricans) and African Americans.

The entirety of Community District 9, which comprises Soundview and Parkchester, had 184,105 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 79.7 years.[9]: 2, 20  This is about two years shorter than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[10]: 53 (PDF p. 84) [11] Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 25% are between the ages of between 0–17, 29% between 25 and 44, and 24% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 12% respectively.[9]: 2 

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 9 was $40,005.[12] In 2018, an estimated 26% of Soundview and Parkchester residents lived in poverty, compared to 25% in all of the Bronx and 20% in all of New York City. One in eight residents (13%) were unemployed, compared to 13% in the Bronx and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 55% in Soundview and Parkchester, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 58% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 Soundview and Parkchester are considered low-income relative to the rest of the city, and are not undergoing gentrification.[9]: 7 

Land use and terrain

Semi-detached multi-unit rowhouses

The land area contains a mix of uses but is primarily residential. Most of the population resides inside large residential complexes of various types. The neighborhood contains one of the highest concentrations of NYCHA projects in New York City. There is a mixture of pre-war architecture, mid-century, and modern buildings. Row-houses, semi-detached homes, detached homes, and apartment buildings are found throughout; the overwhelming majority containing multiple units.

The neighborhood's primary commercial corridors are White Plains Road, Soundview Avenue, and Westchester Avenue.

The central western border of the neighborhood, adjacent to the Bronx River, is primarily used for storage, warehousing, and automotive repair and modification.

York Studios' Michelangelo Campus motion picture and television production facilities, is located at 1421 Story Avenue.[13][14]

The studios for News 12 The Bronx are located at 930 Soundview Avenue.

The total land area is roughly 1.8 square miles. The terrain is mostly low lying and flat.

The Shops at Bruckner Commons

The Shops at Bruckner Commons, which was greatly expanded throughout the 1990s and was mostly renovated in 2018, divides Soundview from neighboring Castle Hill and contains some national chains like The Gap and Old Navy. Other primary thoroughfares contain amenities like supermarkets, pharmacies, barbershops, hair salons, fast food, bodegas, and cheap shops.

Parks and recreation

Soundview Park

Soundview Park occupies 205 acres (83 ha) in the southwestern section of the neighborhood, with ballfields and playgrounds and a pedestrian/bike greenway along the left bank of the Bronx River estuary from Lafayette to Leland Avenue.[15] It was built on filled land[16] starting in 1939.[17] The first 93 acres (38 ha) of the park were acquired by the City of New York in 1937,[18] and 66 acres (27 ha) more were acquired along the water's edge in December 1939.[19]

"Parque de los Ninos", a playground at the corner of Morrison and Watson Avenues, opened in 1956 and was renamed in 1995 to honor six neighborhood children who were killed in the late 1980s. It was granted $1.6 million for renovations in 2016.[20]

Low-income public housing complex

There are nine NYCHA developments located in Soundview.[21]

  1. 1471 Watson Avenue; one 6-story building.
  2. Boynton Avenue Rehab; three rehabilitated apartment buildings, two 4 stories tall another 6 stories tall.
  3. Sotomayor Houses (formerly Bronxdale Houses); twenty-eight 7-story buildings.
  4. Bronx River Houses; nine 14-story buildings.
  5. Bronx River Addition; two buildings, one 6 stories tall another 14 stories tall.
  6. Clason Point Gardens; forty-five buildings, all 2 stories tall.
  7. Monroe Houses; twelve buildings, either 8, 14, or 15 stories tall.
  8. Sack Wern Houses; seven buildings, each 6 stories tall.
  9. Soundview Houses; thirteen 7-story buildings.

Police and crime

Soundview is one of several neighborhoods in the Southeast Bronx patrolled by the 43rd Precinct of the NYPD, located at 900 Fteley Avenue.[22] The current 43rd Precinct was constructed in Soundview in 1978, and the overall coverage area was reduced significantly with the introduction of the 49th Precinct north of Amtrak's Northeast Corridor right-of-way in the East Bronx.

The 43rd Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 63.1% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported 6 murders, 48 rapes, 747 robberies, 806 felony assaults, 302 burglaries, 1,039 grand larcenies, and 561 grand larcenies auto in 2022.[23] The 43rd Precinct's rate of violent crimes per capita is more than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate is higher than that of the city as a whole.

Fire safety

Soundview contains a New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire station, Engine Company 96/Ladder Company 54, at 1689 Story Avenue.[24][25]

Health

As of 2018, preterm births and births to teenage mothers are more common in Bronx Community District 9 including Soundview than in other places citywide. There were 106 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 26.4 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).[9]: 11  The area has a relatively average population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 16%, higher than the citywide rate of 14%.[9]: 14 

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Bronx Community District 9 is 0.0076 milligrams per cubic metre (7.6×10−9 oz/cu ft), more than the city average.[9]: 9  Eighteen percent of residents are smokers, which is higher than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.[9]: 13  32% of residents are obese, 16% are diabetic, and 34% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.[9]: 16  In addition, 25% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.[9]: 12 

Eighty-three percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is less than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 72% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", lower than the city's average of 78%.[9]: 13  For every supermarket in Bronx Community District 9, there are 13 bodegas.[9]: 10 

The nearest hospital campuses are Montefiore Medical Center's Westchester Square and West Farms campuses, as well as Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center's Longwood campus. The nearest large hospital is NYC Health + Hospitals/Jacobi in Morris Park.[26]

Post offices and ZIP Codes

Soundview is located within two ZIP Codes. The area north of Bruckner Expressway/Interstate 278 is in 10472, while the area south of Bruckner Expressway/I-278 is in 10473.[27] The United States Postal Service operates three post offices nearby:

  • Clason Point Station – 829 Soundview Avenue[28]
  • Cornell Station – 1950 Lafayette Avenue[29]
  • Soundview Station – 1687 Gleason Avenue[30]

Education

A high school built inside a once abandoned warehouse

Bronx Community District 9 including Soundview generally has a similar rate of college-educated residents to the rest of the Bronx as of 2018. While 23% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 30% have less than a high school education and 47% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 26% of Bronx residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.[9]: 6  The percentage of students excelling in math rose from 23% in 2000 to 44% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 27% to 30% during the same time period.[31]

The rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. 28% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, more than the citywide average of 20%.[10]: 24 (PDF p. 55) [9]: 6  Additionally, 69% of high school students graduate on time, lower than the citywide average of 75%.[9]: 6 

Schools

The following public schools are located in Soundview:[32]

Public:

  • P.S. 47 John Randolph (1794 E 172nd St)
  • P.S. 93 Albert G Oliver (1535 Story Ave)
  • P.S. 69 Journey Prep School (560 Theriot Ave)
  • P.S. 100 Isaac Clason (800 Taylor Ave)
  • P.S. 107 (1695 Seward Ave) Boys Prep Elementary Charter School
  • Bronx Arena High School (1440 Story Ave)
  • Felisa Rincon De Gautier Institute For Law And Pub High School (1440 Story Ave)
  • Bronx Public School 152 (1007 Evergreen Ave)
  • Junior High School 123 James M Kiernan (1025 Morrison Ave)
  • Junior High School 131 Albert Einstein (885 Bolton Ave)
  • Soundview Academy For Culture And Scholarship (885 Bolton Ave)
  • Metropolitan Lighthouse Charter School

There is also one parochial school:

Libraries

The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates three branches near Soundview.

  • The Clason's Point branch is located at 1215 Morrison Avenue. The branch opened in 1952 and moved to its current location in 1971.[33]
  • The Parkchester branch is located at 1985 Westchester Avenue. The branch opened in 1942 within the Parkchester development and moved to its current two-story structure in 1985.[34]
  • The Soundview branch is located at 660 Soundview Avenue. The branch opened at this location in 1973.[35]

Transportation

Aerial view of communities between the Bronx River and Westchester Creek which include Soundview.

The IRT Pelham Line, an elevated New York City Subway line serving the 6 and <6>​ trains, traverses southwest to northeast through the neighborhood, along Westchester Avenue.[36]

The following MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes serve Soundview:[37]

NYC Ferry's Soundview route started serving Soundview on August 15, 2018.[38][39]

Notable residents

See also

References

  1. ^ "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Soundview neighborhood in New York". Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  3. ^ "2,000 HOUSES GIVEN TO THE CITY BY U.S. FOR EMERGENCY USE". The New York Times. January 17, 1946. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  4. ^ "TAXI DRIVER SAVES 7 FROM GAS POISON; Quonset Hut Resident Finds His Family and Neighbors in Bronx Unconscious". The New York Times. January 20, 1952. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  5. ^ Newman, Maria (August 6, 1992). "CLASON POINT GARDENS JOURNAL; For 50 Years a Home, a Real Home". The New York Times. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  6. ^ Cooper, Michael (February 5, 1999). "Officers in Bronx Fire 41 Shots, And an Unarmed Man Is Killed". The New York Times. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  7. ^ a b Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
  8. ^ Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Parkchester and Soundview (Including Bronx River, Castle Hill, Clason Point, Parkchester, Soundview, Soundview-Bruckner and Unionport)" (PDF). nyc.gov. NYC Health. 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  10. ^ a b "2016-2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  11. ^ Short, Aaron (June 4, 2017). "New Yorkers are living longer, happier and healthier lives". New York Post. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  12. ^ "NYC-Bronx Community District 9--Castle Hill, Clason Point & Parkchester PUMA, NY". Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  13. ^ Conde, Ed García (December 20, 2019). "The Bronx is Filming: 2nd Major Film & TV Studio Set to Open Next Month". Welcome2TheBronx™. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  14. ^ "MICHAELANGELO CAMPUS". York Studios. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  15. ^ NYC Parks Soundview Park
  16. ^ Larson, Marit; Paul Mankiewicz (2006). "Restoring Soundview Park HEP Priority Restoration Site LI10". Harbor Estuary News. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
  17. ^ "Funds Are Voted to Start New Park; Development Plan and Site of Proposed Park in Bronx". The New York Times. March 3, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  18. ^ "BRONX AREA BENEFITED; New Park Will Stimulate Home Building, States Broker". The New York Times. June 6, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  19. ^ "EXTENSION OF PARK IN BRONX APPROVED; Estimate Board Authorizes the Acquisition of 66 More Acres at Sound View". The New York Times. December 15, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  20. ^ Cusano, Arthur (September 2–8, 2016). "'Groundbreaking' fix up for Parque de los Ninos". Bronx Times Reporter. p. 18.
  21. ^ NYCHA Archived May 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "NYPD – 43rd Precinct". www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  23. ^ "43rd Precinct CompStat Report" (PDF). www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  24. ^ "Engine Company 96/Ladder Company 54". FDNYtrucks.com. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  25. ^ "FDNY Firehouse Listing – Location of Firehouses and companies". NYC Open Data; Socrata. New York City Fire Department. September 10, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  26. ^ "Best 30 Hospitals in Bronx, NY with Reviews". Yellow Pages. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  27. ^ "Riverdale, New York City-Bronx, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY)". United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA). Retrieved March 16, 2019.
  28. ^ "Location Details: Clason Point". USPS.com. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  29. ^ "Location Details: Cornell". USPS.com. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  30. ^ "Location Details: Soundview". USPS.com. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  31. ^ "Parkchester / Soundview – BX 09" (PDF). Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy. 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  32. ^ "Soundview New York School Ratings and Reviews". Zillow. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
  33. ^ "About the Clason's Point Library". The New York Public Library. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  34. ^ "About the Parkchester Library". The New York Public Library. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  35. ^ "About the Soundview Library". The New York Public Library. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  36. ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  37. ^ "Bronx Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  38. ^ "Routes and Schedules: Soundview". NYC Ferry.
  39. ^ Rosenberg, Zoe (August 1, 2018). "NYC Ferry's Soundview, Lower East Side routes will launch this month". Curbed NY. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  40. ^ Givens, Roy. "Jar Wars: Fame & Blame", New York Daily News, June 3, 1999. Accessed July 15, 2022. "Best himself was born at Roosevelt Hospital and grew up in the Soundview neighborhood in the Bronx. Best's family moved to Maplewood, N.J."
  41. ^ Backing into Forward: A Memoir, p. 51
  42. ^ Artist, Soldier, Philanthropist, MarcusJansen.com. Accessed July 15, 2022. "Born in 1968 in New York City, Jansen spent his formative years in the Soundview section of the Bronx with his mother and grandparents from Jamaica, later attending school in Laurelton, Queens, where he painted a male lion in art class that was selected for exhibition at the Lever House, in Manhattan, and served as the 6-year-old Jansen's first public exposure."
  43. ^ "KRS-ONE: A Biography from Boogie Down Productions", Mount Holyoke College. Accessed July 15, 2022. "Later, in 1984, at the Lacomb Avenue group home on Soundview Avenue in the Bronx, Lawrence met a Graffiti artist named 'Zore.' Zore would teach Lawrence the fundamentals of Graffiti Art."
  44. ^ Samuels, Tanyanika. "Soundview gymnast John Orozco in training for 2012 Olympics", New York Daily News, February 17, 2011. Accessed July 15, 2022. "John Orozco has spent the last seven of his 18 years in pursuit of a single objective — making it to the 2012 Olympics. The gymnast from Soundview has qualified to train at the Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, where he will practice his routines in a grueling, six-days-a-week schedule for the next year."
  45. ^ Gonzalez, David. "For Sotomayor, Bronx School’s Closing Prompts Heartache — and Memories", The New York Times, January 25, 2013. Accessed July 15, 2022. "The planned closing of Blessed Sacrament School in the Bronx – a haven amid the housing projects in the Soundview neighborhood – has left many parents and graduates upset. That includes the valedictorian of the Class of 1968, who grew up in the projects that now bear her name: Sonia Sotomayor, associate justice of the United States Supreme Court."
  46. ^ Wyman, Bill. "No One Was Safe from Phil Spector The producer made countless contributions to music, but his ego overshadowed them all.", Vulture, January 19, 2021. "There were seven words that were used, ironically and once in a while sincerely, about Phil Spector from the start of his career: "To know him is to love him." They were the title of his first precocious hit."
  47. ^ Deb, Sopan. "Kemba Walker Is Smiling as He Reads This; Many N.B.A. stars are loud, flashy and quick to air grievances. What to make of one who shies away from all of that?", The New York Times, September 1, 2020, updated May 4, 2021. Accessed July 15, 2022. "When Walker was a high school student living in the Soundview section of the Bronx, he would travel to his basketball games with his cousin."
  48. ^ "JAZZY JAY INTERVIEW". Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  49. ^ "David Berkowitz "Son of Sam"" (PDF). Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  50. ^ Chang, Jeff; D.J. Kool Herc (2005). Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. New York: Picador. p. 48. ISBN 0-312-42579-1. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
  51. ^ Louie, Elaine (August 13, 1998). "Harlem Renaissance Meets Martha Stewart". The New York Times. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
  52. ^ Pinckney, Ed; Gordon, Robert (2004). Ed Pinckney's Tales from the Villanova Hardwood. Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing LLC. p. 4. ISBN 1-58261-809-7. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
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Coppa Mitropa 1991 Competizione Coppa Mitropa Sport Calcio Edizione 49ª Date dal 1 giugno 1991al 4 giugno 1991 Luogo Europa (solo  Italia) Partecipanti 6 Nazioni 5 Risultati Vincitore  Torino(1º titolo) Secondo  Pisa Statistiche Miglior marcatore Boris Kočí David Fiorentini (2) Incontri disputati 7 Gol segnati 20 (2,86 per incontro) I granata festeggiano la vittoria Cronologia della competizione 1990 1992 Manuale La Coppa Mitropa 1991 fu la 49ª edizione ...

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Enteogen

Den här artikeln behöver källhänvisningar för att kunna verifieras. (2014-05) Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (gärna som fotnoter). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan ifrågasättas och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på diskussionssidan. Blommande San Pedro, en enteogenisk kaktus som har använts i över 3 000 år.[1] Idag extraheras majoriteten av meskalin från kolonnkaktusar, inte sårbar peyote[2] Strukturen av meskalin. Enteogener är tradition...

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La minorité nationale (nemzeti kisebbség) est un terme juridique hongrois qui désigne les groupes ethno-culturels ayant une présence historique en Hongrie et rattachés par leurs langues et leurs origines à des nations extérieures à la nation hongroise. Il existe 12 minorités nationales reconnues officiellement par la loi en Hongrie : les Bulgares, les Grecs, les Croates, les Polonais, les Allemands, les Arméniens, les Roumains, les Ruthènes, les Serbes, les Slovaques, les Slov...

 

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Opening of the introduction Playⓘ Prophetiae Sibyllarum (Sibylline Prophecies or Sibylline Oracles) are a series of twelve motets by the Franco-Flemish composer Orlando di Lasso. The works are known for their extremely chromatic idiom. History This cycle of motets is said to have been given as a personal gift to Albrecht V. of Bavaria, Lasso's employer, after his arrival in Munich. By the time he had begun work in Germany, Lasso had already enjoyed great success in Italy as a composer for C...

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