Scientists offer two explanations for the effects of sleep loss on emotions. One explanation is that sleep loss causes disinhibition of emotional brain regions, leading to an overall increase in emotional intensity[5] (also referred to as Dysregulation Model). The other explanation describes how sleep loss causes an increase in fatigue and sleepiness, coupled with an overall decrease in energy and arousal, leading to an overall decrease in emotional intensity[6] (also referred to as Fatigue Model).
The dysregulation model
The dysregulation model is supported by neuroanatomical, physiological, and subjective self-report studies. Emotional brain regions (e.g. the amygdala) have shown 60% greater reactivity to emotionally negative photographs following one night of sleep deprivation, as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging.[5] Five days of sleep restriction (four hour sleep opportunity per night) caused a decrease in connectivity with cortical brain regions involved in the regulation of the amygdala.[7] Pupil diameter was shown to increase significantly in response to negative photographs following sleep deprivation.[8] When exposed to positive stimuli, sleep deprived participants showed amplified emotional reactivity throughout various midbrain, striatal, limbic, and visual processing brain regions.[9] One night of sleep deprivation caused participants to judge neutral images more negatively than non sleep deprived participants.[10] One night of sleep loss also caused increased impulsivity to negative stimuli.[11]
The fatigue model
The fatigue-model is supported by subjective self-report and physiological studies. Arousal, as measured by electroencephalograph (EEG), decreases as sleep loss increases,[6] leading to a decrease in the desire to perform and exert effort. Short-term sleep loss is associated with blunting in the recognition of negative and positive facial expressions.[12] Various forms of emotional expression, including facial and vocal expression, are adversely affected by sleep loss. Following one night of sleep deprivation, participants show decreased facial expressiveness in response to positive stimuli,[13] as well as decreased vocal expression of positive emotion.[14] Sleep deprivation slows the generation of facial reactions in response to emotional faces.[15] One to two nights of sleep loss in healthy adults is associated with a decrease in the generated intensity of positive moods (i.e. happiness and activation), as well as an increase in the generated intensity of negative moods (i.e. anger, depression, fear, and fatigue). Long-term chronic exposure to insufficient sleep is associated with a decline in optimism and sociability, and an increase in subjective experiences of sleepiness and fatigue.[16] Furthermore, sleep restricted to five hours a night over the course of a week causes significant increases in self-reports of subjective mood disturbance and sleepiness.[17]
Sleep, emotions, and psychiatric ailments
Deficient sleep patterns are prominent in many psychiatric ailments.[18]Insomnia increases the risk of a depressive episode, sleep deprivation influences the onset of hypomania, and sleep disturbance contributes to the maintenance of mood disorders.[19] Amongst manic bipolar patients, sleep loss may act as a trigger in the onset of a manic episode.[20]
Sleep patterns are affected by behavioral and emotional disorders, and aspects of emotional and cognitive well-being are influenced by sleep patterns.[21] Scientists have examined the effects of deficient sleep patterns on emotion regulation in individuals diagnosed with mental disorders ( e.g. depression and anxiety),[22]borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder,[19] and panic disorder.[23] Methods typically include observational, subjective, behavioral, and physiological measures of emotional functioning.[24]
Emotion regulation difficulties are associated with greater symptoms of depression, anxiety,[25] and borderline personality, that worsen with poor sleep patterns. Heart rate variability (HRV) is described as the time interval between heartbeats, and is linked to emotion regulation capacity,[26] with higher resting HRV is associated with greater emotion regulation capacity, and lower resting HRV is associated with low emotion regulation capacity.[27] Physiological data suggests that HRV is negatively affected by sleep loss,[24] as seen in panic disorder patients with poor sleep quality who display increased cognitive inhibition due to reduced HRV.[23] Emotion dysregulation has also been shown to play a role in the maintenance of generalized anxiety disorder,[28] panic disorder,[29]obsessive-compulsive disorder,[30] and posttraumatic stress disorder.[31] Overall deficient sleep plays a role in dampening emotions in clinical populations already susceptible to emotion dysregulation, as well as maintaining various psychiatric conditions through contributing to emotion dysfunction.[32]
Children and emotional Development
Several important emotional characteristics that develop in childhood have been linked to sleep quality and duration, for example approachability, adaptability and attachment.[33] Sleep disruption has been argued to play a role in crying frequency. Crying was interpreted as an early form of a behavioral dysregulation and has therefore been linked to emotion regulation.[34]
Dreaming as a Mood-Regulation System
It is hypothesized that dreaming might be a way of improving mood in non-clinical populations.[35] The evidence for this phenomenon has been collected from home dream reports in psychotherapy and from laboratory dreams collected after waking a participant in a REM sleep phase.[36] Adults often remember dreams which have a negative emotional component, whereby women recall more dreams than men and dream recall is associated with a higher level of anxiety and lighter sleep.[37]
Dreams after Stress
In a study [38] conducted with depressed and healthy adults and were able to show that in healthy subjects, dreaming was a way to positively influence mood and cope with stress at night. Dreams of depressed persons, however, might deteriorate their mood further. This study's interesting results are limited in generalizability due to the small sample and the lack of reported dreams by depressed patients.
Emotions are more apparent in stages of REM-sleep rather than other stages of sleep. [39] It was found that during REM-sleep negative emotions diminish.[39] After going through stages of REM-sleep, people with depression report feeling better, in a study done by Cartwright et al.[40] Conversely, a theory proposed by Revonsuo[41] states that when people experience negative emotions or negative events, when they sleep the REM-sleep replays such events, which is known as rehearsal.[39] During REM-sleep areas of the brain, the suborbital area, and the cortical area are responsible for emotion but also a suppression of arousing emotions are activated.[39] Scientists noticed a decrease in the hormone noradrenaline which is released into the body after a highly stimulating event.[39] People reported trouble falling asleep or sleeping consistently throughout the night when a stressful event was happening in their life, as observed by Åkerstedt.[42] REM-sleep aids people with negative emotion or high stress.[39]
Circadian Rhythm and Emotions
The circadian rhythm provides a person with a signal for when to sleep and when to wake up.[43] If circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle are misaligned, this might lead to negative affect and emotional instability.[44] It has been found that emotions vary depending on the circadian rhythm and the duration of how long one was awake.[45] Circadian sleep-rhythm disorders like shift-work disorder or Jetlag-disorder have been found to similarly contribute to the Dysregulation of affect, with symptoms like irritability, anxiety, apathy and dysphoria.[46]
References
^Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2014). The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,10(1), 679-708. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153716
^Dahl, R. E. (1996). The regulation of sleep and arousal: Development and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology,8(01), 3. doi:10.1017/s0954579400006945
^Gujar, N., Yoo, S., Hu, P., & Walker, M. P. (2011). Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences. Journal of Neuroscience,31(12), 4466-4474. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3220-10.2011
^Palmer, C. A., & Alfano, C. A. (2016). Sleep and emotion regulation: An organizing, integrative review. Sleep Medicine Reviews.
^ abYoo, S., Gujar, N., Hu, P., Jolesz, F. A., & Walker, M. P. (2007). The human emotional brain without sleep — a prefrontal amygdala disconnect. Current Biology,17(20).
^ abEngle-Friedman, M. (2014). The effects of sleep loss on capacity and effort. Sleep Science,7(4),213-224. doi:10.1016/j.slsci.2014.11.001
^Motomura, Y., Kitamura, S., Oba, K., Terasawa, Y., Enomoto, M., Katayose, Y., & Mishima, K. (2013). Sleep Debt Elicits Negative Emotional Reaction through Diminished Amygdala-Anterior Cingulate Functional Connectivity. PLOS ONE,8(2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056578
^Franzen, P. L., Buysse, D. J., Dahl, R. E., Thompson, W., & Siegle, G. J. (2009). Sleep deprivation alters pupillary reactivity to emotional stimuli in healthy young adults. Biological Psychology,80(3), 300-305. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.10.010
^Gujar, N., Yoo, S., Hu, P., & Walker, M. P. (2011). Sleep Deprivation Amplifies Reactivity of Brain Reward Networks, Biasing the Appraisal of Positive Emotional Experiences. Journal of Neuroscience,31(12), 4466-4474. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3220-10.2011
^Tempesta, D., Couyoumdjian, A., Curcio, G., Moroni, F., Marzano, C., & Ferrara, M. (2010). Lack of sleep affects the evaluation of emotional stimuli. Brain Research Bulletin,82(1-2), 104-108.
^Anderson, C., & Platten, C. R. (2011). Sleep deprivation lowers inhibition and enhances impulsivity to negative stimuli. Behavioural Brain Research,217(2), 463-466.
^Van der Helm, E., Gujar, N., & Walker, M. (2010). Sleep Deprivation Impairs the Accurate Recognition of Human Emotions. Sleep,33(3). doi:10.1093/sleep/33.3.335
^Minkel, J., Htaik, O., Banks, S., & Dinges, D. (2011). Emotional expressiveness in sleep-deprived healthy adults. Behavioral Sleep Medicine,9(1), 5-14.
^McGlinchey, E., Talbot, L., Chang, K., Kaplan, K., Dahl, R., & Harvey, A. (2011). The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Vocal Expression of Emotion in Adolescents and Adults. Sleep,35(9). doi:10.5665/sleep.1246
^Schwarz, J. F., Popp, R., Haas, J., Zulley, J., Geisler, P., Alpers, G. W., & Eisenbarth, H. (2013). Shortened night sleep impairs facial responsiveness to emotional stimuli. Biological Psychology,93(1), 41-44. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.01.008
^Haack, M., & Mullington, J. M. (2005). Sustained sleep restriction reduces emotional and physical well-being. Pain,119(1-3), 56-64.
^ abHarvey, A. G. (2011). Sleep and Circadian Functioning: Critical Mechanisms in the Mood Disorders? Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,7(1), 297-319.
^Barbini, B., Bertelli, S., Colombo, C., & Smeraldi, E. (1996). Sleep loss, a possible factor in augmenting manic episode. Psychiatry Research,65(2), 121-125. doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(96)02909-5
^Dahl, R. E., & Lewin, D. S. (2002). Pathways to adolescent health sleep regulation and behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health,31(6), 175-184. doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00506-2
^Markarian, S. A., Pickett, S. M., Deveson, D. F., & Kanona, B. B. (2013). A model of BIS/BAS sensitivity, emotion regulation difficulties, and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in relation to sleep quality. Psychiatry Research,210, 281-286. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.004
^ abHovland, A., Pallesen, S., Hammar, Å, Hansen, A. L., Thayer, J. F., Sivertsen, B., . . . Nordhus, I. H. (2013). Subjective sleep quality in relation to inhibition and heart rate variability in patients with panic disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders,150(1), 152-155. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.12.017
^ abGruber, R., & Cassoff, J. (2014). The interplay between sleep and emotion regulation: conceptual framework empirical evidence and future directions. Current Psychiatry Reports,16(11).
^Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review,30(2), 217-237.
^Thayer, J. F., & Brosschot, J. F. (2005). Psychosomatics and psychopathology: looking up and down from the brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology,30(10), 1050-1058. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.014
^Appelhans, B. M., & Luecken, L. J. (2006). Heart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding. Review of General Psychology,10(3), 229-240.
^Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy,43(10), 1281-1310. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.008
^Levitt, J. T., Brown, T. A., Orsillo, S. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2004). The effects of acceptance versus suppression of emotion on subjective and psychophysiological response to carbon dioxide challenge in patients with panic disorder. Behavior Therapy,35(4), 747-766. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80018-2
^Cougle, J. R., Timpano, K. R., & Goetz, A. R. (2012). Exploring the unique and interactive roles of distress tolerance and negative urgency in obsessions. Personality and Individual Differences,52(4), 515-520. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.017
^Tull, M. T., Barrett, H. M., Mcmillan, E. S., & Roemer, L. (2007). A Preliminary Investigation of the Relationship Between Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. Behavior Therapy,38(3), 303-313. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.10.001
^Fairholme, C. P., Nosen, E. L., Nillni, Y. I., Schumacher, J. A., Tull, M. T., & Coffey, S. F. (2013). Sleep disturbance and emotion dysregulation as transdiagnostic processes in a comorbid sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy,51(9), 540-546. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.05.014
^Simard, Valerie; Bélanger, Marie-Ève; Bernier, Annie; Carrier, Julie; Paquet, Jean (September 2011). "M-A-013 Overestimation of Children's Sleep Quality by Mothers of Insecure-Avoidant Children". Sleep Medicine. 12: S26. doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(11)70091-0. ISSN1389-9457.
^DeLeon, Cheryl W.; Karraker, Katherine Hildebrandt (2007-12-01). "Intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with night waking in 9-month-old infants". Infant Behavior and Development. 30 (4): 596–605. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.03.009. ISSN0163-6383. PMID17416420.
^Cartwright, Rosalind D. (1992). ""Masochism" in dreaming and its relation to depression". Dreaming. 2 (2): 79–84. doi:10.1037/h0094349. ISSN1573-3351.
^Crowther, Thomas (2018-06-21). "Experience, Dreaming, and the Phenomenology of Wakeful Consciousness". Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199666416.003.0011.
^Binder, Marc D.; Hirokawa, Nobutaka; Windhorst, Uwe, eds. (2009), "Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation", Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 4146, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_6166, ISBN9783540296782
Swaraj (Svarāja) sva mandiri, raj pemerintahan) dalam pengertian umum bisa diartikan sebagai pemerintahan mandiri, pemerintahan sendiri. Merupakan konsep dari Mahatma Gandhi untuk kemerdekaan India dari penjajahan bangsa asing. Kunci dari strategi ini sebagaimana digambarkan oleh Gandhi, jiwa dari gerakan swaraj ini adalah swadeshi (mengupayakan kebutuhan bangsa sendiri, sehingga mengurangi ketergantungan dengan bangsa asing). lbsGerakan kemerdekaan IndiaSejarah Kolonisasi · Benggala B...
Shinkansen seri 0Shinkansen seri 0 berjalan melintasi Stasiun Fukuyama di jalur Sanyo Shinkansen, JR West pada 18 Oktober 2008Beroperasi1 Oktober 1964; 59 tahun lalu (1964-10-01) – 14 Desember 2008; 15 tahun lalu (2008-12-14)PembuatHitachi, Kawasaki Sharyo, Kinki Sharyo, Kisha Seizo, Nippon Sharyo, Tokyu Car CorporationTahun pembuatan1963–1986Tahun rehabilitasi1990–1998Tahun diafkirkan2000–2008[butuh rujukan]Jumlah sudah diproduksi3,216 kereta[butuh k...
Danish politician Otto LiebeLiebe circa 1915–19206th Prime Minister of DenmarkIn office30 March 1920 – 5 April 1920MonarchChristian XPreceded byCarl Theodor ZahleSucceeded byMichael Pedersen FriisMinister of JusticeIn office30 March 1920 – 2 April 1920Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byCarl Theodor ZahleSucceeded byKristian Sindballe Personal detailsBorn(1860-05-24)24 May 1860Copenhagen, DenmarkDied21 March 1929(1929-03-21) (aged 68)Copenhagen, DenmarkPolitical p...
DC Studios Tipo FilialIndustria CineTelevisiónAnimaciónGénero SuperhéroesFundación 17 de mayo de 2016 (7 años, 11 meses y 24 días) (como DC Films) 1 de noviembre de 2022 (1 año, 6 meses y 9 días) (como DC Studios)Fundador Geoff JohnsJon BergNombres anteriores DC Films (2016-2022)Sede central 4000 Warner Boulevard, Burbank, California, Estados UnidosÁrea de operación MundialPersonas clave James Gunn (copresidente y codirector ejecutivo)Peter Safran (cop...
Condensadores electrolíticos de diferentes tamaños. Condensador electrolítico Axial (arriba) y radial (abajo). Un condensador electrolítico es un tipo de condensador que usa un líquido iónico conductor como una de sus placas. Típicamente con más capacidad por unidad de volumen que otros tipos de condensadores, son valiosos en circuitos eléctricos con relativa alta corriente y baja frecuencia. Este es especialmente el caso en los filtros de alimentadores de corriente, donde se usan pa...
كارلتون لاندينغ الإحداثيات 35°12′36″N 95°32′29″W / 35.21°N 95.54138889°W / 35.21; -95.54138889 تاريخ التأسيس 2013 تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة بيتسبيرغ عدد السكان عدد السكان 94 (1 أبريل 2020)[1] عدد الأسر 1 (31 ديسمبر 2020)[2]...
Untuk orang lain dengan nama yang sama, lihat Henry Thomas. Henry ThomasHenry Thomas, July 2007Templat:PufcLahirHenry Jackson Thomas, Jr.9 September 1971 (umur 52)San Antonio, Texas, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanAktor, musisiTahun aktif1981–sekarangSuami/istriKelly Hill (2000–2002)Marie Zielcke (2004–2007) Henry Jackson Thomas, Jr. (lahir 9 September 1971) adalah aktor dan musisi asal Amerika Serikat. Ia telah tampil lebih dari 40 film dan ia dikenal karena perannya sebagai Elliott...
Local civic body in Chandernagore, West Bengal, India Chandernagore Municipal Corporation চন্দননগর পৌরনিগমSeal of the Chandernagore Municipal CorporationTypeTypeMunicipal Corporation HistoryFounded1994; 30 years ago (1994)LeadershipMayorRam Chakraborty, TMC since 2022 Deputy MayorMunna Agarwal, TMC since 2022 StructureSeats33Political groups Government (31) TMC: 31 Opposition (2) CPI(M): 2ElectionsLast election202...
King of Scotland (1566–1625), King of England and Ireland (1603–1625) James VI and IPortrait attributed to John de Critz, c. 1605King of England and Ireland (more...) Reign24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625Coronation25 July 1603PredecessorElizabeth ISuccessorCharles IKing of Scotland (more...) Reign24 July 1567 – 27 March 1625Coronation29 July 1567PredecessorMarySuccessorCharles IRegents See list James Stewart, Earl of Moray (1567–1570) Matthew Stewart, Earl of Le...
För liknande namn, se Björn Holmgren. Björn Frithiofsson Holmgren Född28 juni 1872[1][2]Västra Ny församling[1][2], SverigeDöd10 februari 1946[2] (73 år)Karlskrona amiralitetsförsamling[2], SverigeMedborgare iSverigeSysselsättningMilitär[3][2], politiker[3][2], botanikerBefattningAndrakammarledamot, Blekinge läns valkrets (1921–1944)[3][2]Politiskt partiLantmanna- och borgarepartiet inom andrakammaren (1921–1934)[3][2]Högerpartiet (1935–1944)[2]Fö...
Sanremo Music Festival 2008La parola alla musicaDatesSemi-final 125 February 2008Semi-final 226 February 2008Semi-final 327 February 2008Semi-final 428 February 2008Final1 March 2008HostVenueTeatro AristonSanremo, Liguria, ItalyPresenter(s)Pippo Baudoand Piero Chiambretti, Bianca Guaccero, Andrea OsvártMusical directorPippo CarusoArtistic directorPippo BaudoHost broadcasterRai 1VoteVoting systemMixed (popular jury, quality jury and televotes)Big Artists sectionNumber of entries20WinnerGiò D...
Dark-colored, fine-grained, non-granitic igneous rock For other uses, see Traprock (disambiguation). The East Rock trap rock ridge overlooking New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. Trap rock forming a characteristic pavement, Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland Trap rock cliff overlooking the Hudson River from an overlook on the Hudson Palisades in Bergen County, New Jersey, U.S. Trap rock forming a characteristic stockade wall, Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland Trap rock, also known as either trapp o...
Collection of colleges in the iron range of northern Minnesota, United States Minnesota North CollegeTypePublic community collegeEstablished2022-05-23[1]Parent institutionMinnesota State Colleges and Universities systemPresidentMichael RaichLocationEly, Eveleth, Grand Rapids, Hibbing, International Falls, Virginia, Minnesota, United StatesWebsiteminnesotanorth.edu Minnesota North College is a public community college composed of six campuses in northeast Minnesota: Hibbing campus, It...
Для термина «Кобринский» см. также другие значения. 171-й пехотный Кобринский полк Годы существования 17 января 1811 — 1918 Страна Российская империя Входит в 43-я пехотная дивизия (2-й армейский корпус) Тип пехота Дислокация Гродно Участие в Первая мировая война 171-й пехот�...
Batu Cavesபத்து மலPintu masuk ke Gua Batu, sebuah kuil Hindu dan daya tarik wisata dekat Kuala Lumpur, dengan patung Murugan.AgamaAfiliasiHinduDistrikGombakLokasiLokasi13 km utara Kuala LumpurNegara bagianSelangorNegaraMalaysiaArsitekturTipeArsitektur DravidaDibuat olehK. Thamboosamy Pillai Batu Caves (Tamil: பத்து மலை; Indonesia: Gua Batu), adalah sebuah bukit kapur, yang memiliki serangkaian gua dan kuil gua, terletak di distrik Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia.[...
نيكولاس جياكوبون معلومات شخصية الميلاد سنة 1975 (العمر 48–49 سنة)[1] بوينس آيرس[1] مواطنة الأرجنتين عضو في نقابة الكتاب الأمريكية الغربية الحياة العملية المهنة كاتب سيناريو، وكاتب الجوائز جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل سيناريو أصلي (عن عمل:الرجل الط�...
