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*Siwa*
Location	Tigray, Ethiopia
Opened	Time of Axumite Kingdom
Annual production volume	Est. 400,000 hectolitres (340,000 US bbl)
Active beers
Name	Type
Siwa	faro (beer)
Meknen	strong beer
Gu’esh	almost non-alcoholic
Korofieh	afroalpine beer

Siwa (or Suwa) (Tigrinya: ሰዋ, romanized: säwa), Amharic: ጠላ, is a beer originating from Tigray. Traditionally home-brewed, siwa remains locally popular during social events, after (manual) work, and as an incentive for farmers and labourers. Thousands of traditional beer houses (Enda Siwa) straddle the Tigrayan urban and rural landscapes.

Siwa, the traditional beer of Tigray

In almost every rural household of Tigray, the woman knows how to prepare the local beer, siwa in Tigrinya language. Basic ingredients are water; a home-baked and toasted flatbread commonly made from barley in the highlands,^[1]^[2]^[3] and from sorghum, finger millet or maize in the lowlands;^[4] some yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae);^[5] and dried leaves of gesho (Rhamnus prinoides) that serve as a catalyst.^{[citation needed]}^[6] The brew is allowed to ferment for a few days, after which it is served, sometimes with the pieces of bread floating on it (the customer will gently blow them to one side of the beaker). The alcoholic content is 2% to 5%.^[7]^[5] Siwa has a smoky flavour (originating from the toasted bread) and a typical sourness, bitterness, and sweetness (pH between 4 and 5).^[5] Most of the coarser part of the brew, the atella, remains back and is used as cattle feed.

Variants

A stronger version of siwa is called meknen, locally also filter, lifter or tselim siwa, which may reach an alcoholic content of 6% and beyond^[5]
The softer version, often a secondary brew, is called gu'esh
In the highland parts of Tigray and Amhara (often above elevations of 3000 metres), a light version, with the consistency of injera dough is taken particularly as breakfast; it is called korofieh
In Amharic the siwa is called talla, and in Oromiffaa and Raya Tigrinya farso
Myes, or in Amharic tej, is a similar alcoholic brew based on honey and is the Ethiopian version of mead. Myes is produced and consumed in mead houses (inda myes or tej bet). The brew is typically served in long-necked glass bottles.

Siwa drinking style

Receptacles

The three traditional bowls in which siwa is served are: clay beakers (shekhla or wancha), hollowed gourds, and, less frequently, cattle horns. Recently, plastic or metal beakers and tins have become much used. Meknen is commonly served in one-litre glass bottles. The siwa itself is conserved in large clay vases, called etriro, which tend to get replaced with plastic drums. In the hotter lowlands, the etriro continues to be used because it has the particularity to keep the brew fresh.

In daily life

When farmers go to plough their land, and even more when threshing their crops, there will always be siwa for the whole crew of farmers. Typically, the construction owner will also serve siwa to the labourers at house construction sites.

Social events

Siwa is traditionally served at every social event (baptisms, marriages, graduations, etc.). Typically, the cups are filled up to the edge, and the party's organizer will ensure that they are refilled before the guest can empty their cup.

Inda Siwa, the traditional beer house

Almost every settlement in Tigray holds one or more Inda Siwa, which serve as local bars and which generate off-farm income.^[8] Low seats are foreseen around the walls of the room; people drink in group and chat while sipping their siwa. Commonly after some drinks, tongues get loose. If a newcomer joins the group of customers, all will politely welcome him and invite him to sit with them. The owner of the business, mostly a woman, tallies the number of consumptions per customer and may get help from the customers to do her accounting. Frequently, adolescent boys or girls drop in to sell kollo (roasted grains) or buqulti (germinated beans)^[9] seasoned with senafiche (home-made mustard). The consumption of these snacks will stimulate the customer to order additional siwa. Smaller inda siwa open only on fixed days of the week, but in any case, all inda siwa will be open on (the eve of) market days.

Many Inda Siwa are established in traditional houses, built in natural stone, with a heavy roof of stones and earth (hidmo), a central wooden column (amdi), and a wooden door.^[10]^[11] Visiting inda siwa is a unique occasion of admiring the traditional house building style of the Tigrayans.

Competition by industrial beers

As living standards increase, the wealthier farmers frequently prefer drinking lager beer. Industrial breweries have seen this emerging market and prepared specific brands targeted at farmers: Balageru (meaning: "the rural people") and Azmera beers (meaning: "good cropping season"). Yet, siwa remains popular; a 2014 music video clip, "Siwa Embeytey", documents the production process and the social function of siwa.^[12]

References

^ Fetien Abay; Waters-Bayer, A.; Bjørnstad, Å. (2008). "Farmers' seed management and innovation in varietal selection: implications for barley breeding in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia". Ambio. 37 (4): 312–321. doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2008)37[312:FSMAII]2.0.CO;2. PMID 18686512. S2CID 19271989.
^ Ayimut Kiros-Meles; Abang, M. (2008). "Farmers' knowledge of crop diseases and control strategies in the Regional State of Tigrai, northern Ethiopia: implications for farmer–researcher collaboration in disease management". Agriculture and Human Values. 25 (3): 433–452. doi:10.1007/s10460-007-9109-6. S2CID 153946918.
^ Yemane Tsehaye; Bjørnstad, Å.; Fetien Abay (2012). "Phenotypic and genotypic variation in flowering time in Ethiopian barleys". Euphytica. 188 (3): 309–323. doi:10.1007/s10681-012-0764-3. S2CID 15197109.
^ Alemtsehay Tsegay; Berhanu Abrha; Getachew Hruy (2019). Major Crops and Cropping Systems in Dogu'a Tembien. GeoGuide. Springer. pp. 403–413. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_27. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. S2CID 199110067.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lee, M.; Meron Regu; Semeneh Seleshe (2015). "Uniqueness of Ethiopian traditional alcoholic beverage of plant origin, tella". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 2 (3): 110–114. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2015.08.002.
^ Abadi Berhane. "Gesho (Rhamnus prinoides) cultivation in Northern Ethiopia, Tigray". Retrieved 25 July 2019.
^ Lester, F.T. (1984). "The clinical pattern of diabetes mellitus in Ethiopians". Diabetes Care. 7 (1): 6–11. doi:10.2337/diacare.7.1.6. PMID 6705667. S2CID 9655482.
^ Frehiwot Tesfay (2010). Productive Safety Net, Shocks and Female Headed Households' Strategies: Case of Maizegzeg Watershed in Northern Ethiopia. Wageningen (NL): Wageningen University and Research Center.
^ Haregu Mohammedadem Ahmed (2011). Resilience of female headed farming households in times of drought: a case study of Enderta woreda. Wageningen (NL): Wageningen University and Research Center.
^ Lyons, D.E. (2007). "Building power in rural hinterlands: An ethnoarchaeological study of vernacular architecture in Tigray, Ethiopia". Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 14 (2): 179–207. doi:10.1007/s10816-007-9031-7. S2CID 145589237.
^ Alemayehu Waktola (2013). Renaissance for hidmo stone construction (PDF). Mekelle University, BSc thesis.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Aregay Gebremedhin. "Siwa Embeytey". YouTube.

[1] Fetien Abay; Waters-Bayer, A.; Bjørnstad, Å. (2008). "Farmers' seed management and innovation in varietal selection: implications for barley breeding in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia". Ambio. 37 (4): 312–321. doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2008)37[312:FSMAII]2.0.CO;2. PMID 18686512. S2CID 19271989.

[2] Ayimut Kiros-Meles; Abang, M. (2008). "Farmers' knowledge of crop diseases and control strategies in the Regional State of Tigrai, northern Ethiopia: implications for farmer–researcher collaboration in disease management". Agriculture and Human Values. 25 (3): 433–452. doi:10.1007/s10460-007-9109-6. S2CID 153946918.

[3] Yemane Tsehaye; Bjørnstad, Å.; Fetien Abay (2012). "Phenotypic and genotypic variation in flowering time in Ethiopian barleys". Euphytica. 188 (3): 309–323. doi:10.1007/s10681-012-0764-3. S2CID 15197109.

[4] Alemtsehay Tsegay; Berhanu Abrha; Getachew Hruy (2019). Major Crops and Cropping Systems in Dogu'a Tembien. GeoGuide. Springer. pp. 403–413. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_27. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. S2CID 199110067.

[lee-5] Lee, M.; Meron Regu; Semeneh Seleshe (2015). "Uniqueness of Ethiopian traditional alcoholic beverage of plant origin, tella". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 2 (3): 110–114. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2015.08.002.

[6] Abadi Berhane. "Gesho (Rhamnus prinoides) cultivation in Northern Ethiopia, Tigray". Retrieved 25 July 2019.

[7] Lester, F.T. (1984). "The clinical pattern of diabetes mellitus in Ethiopians". Diabetes Care. 7 (1): 6–11. doi:10.2337/diacare.7.1.6. PMID 6705667. S2CID 9655482.

[8] Frehiwot Tesfay (2010). Productive Safety Net, Shocks and Female Headed Households' Strategies: Case of Maizegzeg Watershed in Northern Ethiopia. Wageningen (NL): Wageningen University and Research Center.

[9] Haregu Mohammedadem Ahmed (2011). Resilience of female headed farming households in times of drought: a case study of Enderta woreda. Wageningen (NL): Wageningen University and Research Center.

[10] Lyons, D.E. (2007). "Building power in rural hinterlands: An ethnoarchaeological study of vernacular architecture in Tigray, Ethiopia". Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 14 (2): 179–207. doi:10.1007/s10816-007-9031-7. S2CID 145589237.

[11] Alemayehu Waktola (2013). Renaissance for hidmo stone construction (PDF). Mekelle University, BSc thesis.^{[dead link‍]}

[12] Aregay Gebremedhin. "Siwa Embeytey". YouTube.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Siwa (beer)

Siwa, the traditional beer of Tigray

Variants

Siwa drinking style

Receptacles

In daily life

Social events

Inda Siwa, the traditional beer house

Competition by industrial beers

References

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