Sibusiso Mandlenkosi Emmanuel Bengu (8 May 1934 – 30 December 2024) was a South African academic and politician. He was the first post-apartheid Minister of Education between May 1994 and June 1999. Before that, he was the vice-chancellor of the University of Fort Hare from 1991 to 1994. A former secretary-general of Inkatha, he represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the government.
Between 1952 and 1978, Bengu was a teacher in his home province, Natal, where he founded the Dlangezwa High School in 1969 and became the inaugural secretary-general of Inkatha in 1975. After falling out with Inkatha leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi, he went into self-imposed exile between 1978 and 1991, working in Geneva for the Lutheran World Federation.
Bengu began his career as a teacher in 1952.[1] Between 1969 and 1976, he was the inaugural principal of the Dlangezwa High School near Empangeni, which he founded.[1] He left the school in 1977 to become director of student affairs at the University of Zululand.[1]
During this period, in 1975, Mangosuthu Buthelezi founded Inkatha, the political movement that dominated KwaZulu for the next two decades, and Bengu became the organisation's secretary-general.[1] However, due to clashes with Buthelezi, Bengu left his job and party in 1978 and went into self-imposed exile in Geneva.[1] He was secretary for research and social action at the Lutheran World Federation until 1991, when he returned to South Africa during the negotiations to end apartheid.[1]
Bengu was elected to the National Assembly of South Africa in the 1994 election, and newly elected President Nelson Mandela appointed him to the cabinet as Minister of Education.[7] He suffered a stroke soon after his appointment,[8][9] and public concerns about his health continued to linger as late as 1996.[10] Throughout his tenure he was consistently criticised for a perceived lack of vigor,[11][12][13] a perception which the Mail & Guardian suggested was compounded by his lack of personal charisma and media profile.[8] The same newspaper later described him as having provoked an "escalating hum of frustration at his hands-off, 'it's not my problem' approach to every new crisis which drifted his way".[14]
Policy platforms
Inheriting an education system distorted by the apartheid programme of Bantu Education, Bengu pursued a number of major reforms in the Department of Education and its education policy. During his first year in office the department undertook amendments to the history curriculum,[15] and in 1997 Bengu announced a wholesale revision of the national curriculum under the new Curriculum 2005, an outcome-based education system.[16] According to the consensus assessment of the new curriculum, "Its essential problem was that no one could understand it."[17] Bengu also announced a new school language policy in 1997.[18]
Perhaps most controversially, from 1995 onwards, the education ministry pursued a new centralised policy in teacher employment, known as the redeployment process (initially right-sizing and redeployment; later rationalisation and redeployment). Under the new policy, provincial education departments were empowered to "redeploy" teachers to achieve redistributive policy aims – primarily moving experienced teachers to poor black-majority school districts, where school budgets were systematically augmented – but teachers retained the option to escape redeployment by accepting a voluntary severance package.[19] By January 1997, some 18,000 teachers had applied for voluntary severance, and Bengu, acquiescing in a common criticism of the policy, admitted that the primary effect of voluntary severance had been to retrench experienced teachers – few of whom accepted redeployment – while costing the department millions of rands.[20] Later in 1997, the Grove Primary School in Cape Town mounted a successful legal challenge to the policy in the Cape High Court,[21] but the policy survived after Bengu's department entrenched it in an Education Laws Amendment Bill, passed later in 1997.[22]
Bengu served only one parliamentary term in government, declining to seek re-election to the National Assembly in the June 1999 general election.[25] After the election, Kader Asmal was appointed to replace him as Minister of Education. One of Asmal's first major acts as minister was to call for an urgent review of Curriculum 2005,[26] leading in subsequent years to a major revision of the policy.[27][28] Asmal also reversed the teacher redeployment process in 2001, saying that it had achieved its objectives with the redeployment of over 25,000 teachers.[29]
He was married to Funeka Bengu and had four daughters and a son.[33] He died in his sleep on 30 December 2024, aged 90, at his home in Mtunzini, KwaZulu-Natal.[31][34]
