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Schoenorchis
	Schoenorchis fragrans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Orchidaceae
Subfamily:	Epidendroideae
Tribe:	Vandeae
Subtribe:	Aeridinae
Genus:	Schoenorchis; Reinw. ex Blume
Type species
	Schoenorchis juncifolia Reinw. ex Blume;
Synonyms
	Xenikophyton Garay

Schoenorchis, commonly known as flea orchids,^[3] or 匙唇兰属 (chi chun lan shu) in Chinese,^[4] is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Plants in this genus are small epiphytes with thin roots, thin leafy stems with leaves in two ranks and tiny fragrant, almost tube-shaped flowers with a prominently spurred labellum. There are about twenty five species found from tropical and subtropical Asia to the Western Pacific.

Description

Orchids in the genus Schoenorchis are small epiphytic, monopodial herbs with thin roots, sometimes with branching stems and flat to almost cylindrical leaves with their bases sheathing the thin, fibrous stems. The flowers are small, fleshy, fragrant, often white or reddish purple and do not open widely. The sepals and petals overlap at the base so that the flowers often appear tube-shaped. The labellum is rigidly fixed to the column, usually longer than the petals and has three lobes with a spur at its base. The side lobes of the labellum are erect and the middle lobe is often spatula-shaped.^[3]^[4]^[2]^[5]

Etymology

The name Schoenorchis is derived from the Ancient Greek words schoinos meaning "sedge", "rush-rope" or "rope"^[6]^: 667 and orchis meaning "testicle" or "orchid".^[2]^[6]^: 788 This is thought to refer to the terete leaves of some of the species.^[7]

Taxonomy

The genus Schoenorchis was first formally described in 1825 by Carl Ludwig Blume from an unpublished description by Caspar Reinwardt and the description was published in Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië.^[1]^[8] The type species is Schoenorchis juncifolia Reinw. ex Blume.^[2]

Sections

The genus was divided into the sections Pumila, Schoenorchis, and Racemosae.^[9]^[10]

Schoenorchis fragrans (C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f.) Seidenf. & Smitinand, a member of Schoenorchis sect. Pumila Aver.^[10]
Schoenorchis micrantha Reinw. ex Blume, a member of Schoenorchis sect. Schoenorchis^[10]
Schoenorchis gemmata (Lindl.) J.J.Sm., a member of Schoenorchis sect. Racemosae Aver.^[10]

Species list

The following is a list of species accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as at January 2019:^[1]

Schoenorchis aurea (Ridl.) Garay - Sarawak
Schoenorchis brevirachis Seidenf. - Vietnam
Schoenorchis buddleiflora (Schltr. & J.J.Sm.) J.J.Sm. - Sumatra, Borneo
Schoenorchis endertii (J.J.Sm.) Christenson & J.J.Wood - Borneo
Schoenorchis fragrans (C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f.) Seidenf. & Smitinand - Yunnan, Assam, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
Schoenorchis gemmata (Lindl.) J.J.Sm. - Fujian, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Tibet, Yunnan, Bhutan, Cambodia, Assam, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam
Schoenorchis hangianae Aver. & Duy
Schoenorchis jerdoniana (Wight) Garay - southern India
Schoenorchis juncifolia Reinw. ex Blume - Borneo, Java, Malaysia, Sumatra
Schoenorchis manilaliana M.Kumar & Sequiera - Kerala
Schoenorchis micrantha Reinw. ex Blume - Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Queensland, Solomons, Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa, Vanuatu
Schoenorchis minutiflora (Ridl.) J.J.Sm. - Andaman Islands, Thailand, Malaysia
Schoenorchis nivea (Lindl.) Schltr. - Sri Lanka
Schoenorchis pachyacris (J.J.Sm.) J.J.Sm. - Java, Sumatra
Schoenorchis pachyglossa (Lindl.) Garay - Borneo
Schoenorchis paniculata Blume - Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Bali, Flores, Lombok, Timor
Schoenorchis phitamii Aver. - Vietnam
Schoenorchis sarcophylla Schltr. - Papua New Guinea, Queensland
Schoenorchis scolopendria Aver. - Vietnam
Schoenorchis secundiflora (Ridl.) J.J.Sm. - Borneo, Thailand, Malaysia
Schoenorchis seidenfadenii Pradhan - Thailand, Vietnam
Schoenorchis smeeana (Rchb.f.) Jalal, Jayanthi & Schuit.
Schoenorchis subulata (Schltr.) J.J.Sm. - Sulawesi
Schoenorchis sumatrana J.J.Sm. - Sumatra
Schoenorchis tortifolia (Jayaw.) Garay - Sri Lanka
Schoenorchis vanoverberghii Ames - Taiwan, Philippines

Newly described species

Schoenorchis mishmensis K.Gogoi, Mega & Chowlu - India^[11]^[12]

Distribution

Orchids in this genus occur in China, the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, Malesia, New Guinea, Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa, Vanuatu and northern Australia.^[1]

Ecology

Pollination

The small, entomophilous, colourful flowers of Schoenorchis gemmata produce nectar and fragrance during the daytime and they are believed to be pollinated by insects of the order Hymenoptera.^[13] More specifically, pollination by bees has been reported.^[2] Apart from insect pollination, autogamy has been also reported to occur, for instance in Schoenorchis paniculata,^[13] and possibly in Schoenorchis sarcophylla.^[2]

Conservation

Some species are very rare. Only 20 individuals of Schoenorchis mishmensis K.Gogoi, Mega & Chowlu are known to exist in the wild, and it is therefore thought to be critically endangered.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Schoenorchis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f D.L.Jones; T.Hopley; S.M.Duffy (2010). "Schoenorchis". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
^ ^a ^b Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. pp. 452–453. ISBN 1877069124.
^ ^a ^b Chen, Xinqi; Wood, Jeffrey J. "Schoenorchis". Flora of China. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ "Schoenorchis". Orchids of New Guinea. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ ^a ^b Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
^ Teoh, E. (2022). "Orchid Species from Himalaya and Southeast Asia Vol. 3 (R - Z)." p. 99. Springer International Publishing.
^ Blume, Carl Ludwig (1825). Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië (Part 7). Batavia. p. 361. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Schoenorchis. (2022, December 9). Wikispecies, . Retrieved 20:47, December 29, 2022 from https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schoenorchis&oldid=9039601.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Аверьянов, Л. В. (1994). "Определитель орхидных (Orchidaceae Juss.) Вьетнама." Мир и Семья.
^ GOGOI, K., MEGA, P., & CHOWLU, K. (2022). Schoenorchis mishmensis sp. nov.(Orchidaceae) from Mishmi Hills, Lower Dibang Valley District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Phytotaxa, 575(1), 97-103.
^ Schoenorchis mishmensis K.Gogoi, Mega & Chowlu. (n.d.). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved December 11, 2022, from https://www.ipni.org/n/77309696-1
^ ^a ^b Stpiczyńska, M., Davies, K. L., & Kamińska, M. (2011). "Comparative anatomy of the nectary spur in selected species of Aeridinae (Orchidaceae)." Annals of Botany, 107(3), 327-345.