Santa Cruz Formation

For other uses, see Santa Cruz Formation (disambiguation).
Santa Cruz Formation
Stratigraphic range: Burdigalian-Langhian
(Santacrucian-Friasian)
~18–15.2 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsEstancia La Costa Member, Estancia La Angelina Member (coastal section)
UnderliesCerro Boleadoras Formation
OverliesMonte Léon Formation
ThicknessOver 295 metres
Lithology
Primary
Location
CountryArgentina, Chile
ExtentAustral Basin
Type section
Named byFurque & Camacho
Locationnear Lago Argentino
Year defined1972

Santa Cruz Province in Argentina, where the majority of the formation of exposed

The Santa Cruz Formation is a geological formation in the Magallanes/Austral Basin in southern Patagonia in Argentina and adjacent areas of Chile. It dates to the late Early Miocene epoch, and is contemporaneous with the eponymous Santacrucian age of the SALMA (South American land mammal age) timescale.[1][2] The Santa Cruz Formation is known for its abundance of vertebrate fossils, including South American native ungulates (astrapotheres, litopterns, notoungulates),[3] as well as rodents, xenarthrans (armadillos, sloths, anteaters), and metatherians.

The formation extends from the Andes to the Atlantic coast. In its coastal section it is divided into two members, the lower, fossil rich Estancia La Costa Member, which consists predominately of tuffaceous deposits and fine grained mudrock, and the upper fossil-poor Estancia La Angelina Member, which consists of sedimentary rock, primarily mudrock, and sandstone. The environment of deposition was mostly fluvial, with the lowermost part of the Estancia La Costa Member being transitional between fluvial and marine conditions. The environment of the Estancia La Costa Member is thought to have been relatively warm and humid, but likely became somewhat cooler and drier towards the end of the sequence.[1]

Stratigraphy

The Santa Cruz Formation is exposed in isolated outcrops across the Magallanes/Austral Basin extending from the Atlantic coast to the Andes, especially along the Santa Cruz River, as well as along the southern coastline of Santa Cruz Province.[4] While primarily located in Argentina, small outcrops are also found in Chile.[5] The base of the formation is defined by a marine regression event transitioning from the marine environment of the underlying Monte Léon Formation, which formed when large areas of Patagonia were submerged as a part of the Patagoniense Transgression.

The main source of sediment input to the basin was from the Andean orogeny to the west. The formation reaches a maximum thickness of over 295 meters, though the total thickness of the formation is strongly controlled by subsequent erosion and the 295 meters likely does not represent a complete sequence. The formation primarily consists of floodplain deposits. The lower parts of the formation have an abundance of tuffs and tuffaceous sediments. These likely originated from distant eruptions that were transported into the basin by aerial fallout, wind and/or river transport. The formation likely spans an approximately 3 million year interval in the late Early Miocene around 18 to 15.2 million years ago, during the Burdigalian and Langhian stages.[4]

Paleoenvironment

The environment of the Santa Cruz Formation is thought to have been relatively warm and humid, including a mix of open savanna, gallery forests and semi-deciduous forests. Permanent bodies of water such as lakes, ponds and streams are likely to have been present.[6]

Paleoflora

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Nothofagus[7] Indeterminate Rincón del Buque, Punta Sur Leaves, wood
Araucaria[7] Indeterminate Punta Sur Twig Morphologically similar to A. marensii from the Eocene of Antarctica
Lauraceae[7] Indeterminate Punta Sur Wood Assigned to form genus Laurinoxylon
Myrceugenia[7] M. chubutense Punta Sur Wood A member of the family Myrtaceae
Eucryphiaceoxylon[7] E. eucryphioides Punta Sur Wood Wood probably belonging to the genus Eucryphia
Faboideae[7] Indeterminate Punta Sur Wood Possible affinities to Sophora (Fabaceae)
Doroteoxylon[7] D. vicenti-perezii Punta Sur Wood Wood with affinities to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae
Akanioxylon[8] A. santacrucensis Punta Sur Wood A member of the family Akaniaceae
Chloridoideae[7] Indeterminate Phytoliths Grass
Panicoideae[7]
Danthonioideae[7]
Pooideae[7]

Paleofauna

Invertebrates

Name Species Material Notes Image
Crassostrea[9] C. orbignyi Numerous individuals in large beds at the base of the formation A marine true oyster
Diplodon[10] D. cf. colhuapiensis A freshwater bivalve belonging to Hyriidae
Stephadiscus[11] Indeterminate A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Charopidae
Gastrocopta[12] G.patagonica A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Vertiginidae
?Scolodonta [12] Indeterminate A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Scolodontidae
Punctum[12] P. patagonicum A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Punctidae
Zilchogyra[12] Z. miocenica A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Charopidae
Patagocharopa[12] P. enigmatica A terrestrial gastropod of uncertain affinities, possibly a member of Charopidae
Porifera[7] Unspecified Spicules Freshwater sponge
Bacillariophyceae[7] Unspecified Frustules Freshwater diatoms
Chrysophyceae[7] Unspecified Freshwater algae

Amphibians

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Calyptocephalella[13][14] C. cf. canqueli Estancia La Costa, Rinconada de los López Skull and jaw fragments A calyptocephalellid frog
Neobatrachia[13] Indeterminate Estancia La Costa Skull fragments and presacral vertebrate A frog originally assigned to "Leptodactylidae", but requires further investigation

Birds

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Anisolornis[15] A. excavatus A bird of uncertain affinities, authors have varyingly suggested affinities to trumpeters or limpkins
Ankonetta[15] A. larriestrai Partial tarsometatarsus A basal member of Anatidae
Badiostes[15] B. patagonicus A member of the family Falconidae
Brontornis[15] B. burmeisteri Controversial taxonomic position, either considered a terror bird or an anserimorph
Dryornis[16][17] D. pampeanusD. hatcheri Two partial left humerus A New World vulture.
Eutelornis[15] E. patagonicus

E. australis

Limb fragments A member of Anseriformes, relationships of the species to each other or to other Ansiferiformes is uncertain
Liptornis[15] L. hesternus A member of Anhingidae
Macranhinga[15] Indeterminate A member of Anhingidae
Miocariama[15][18] M. santacrucensis Partial cranium and tibiotarsi fragments A seriema
Nothurinae[15] 2 Indeterminate species Tinamou
Opisthodactylus[15] O. patagonicus Limb, vertebra and skull fragments A member of Rheidae
Patagornis [15] P. marshi A terror bird
Phorusrhacos[19] P. longissimus Partial skulls A terror bird
Protibis[15] P. cnemialis distal end of tibiotarsus Potentially a spoonbill
Psilopterus[15] P. lemoinei

P. bachmanni

A terror bird
Thegornis[15] T. musculosus

T. debilis

A member of the family Falconidae
Archaeopsophia[20] A. aoni A member of the family Psophiidae (trumpeters)
Chehuenia[20] C. facongrandei A roller
Kaikenia[20] K. mourerchauvirea An anatid belonging to the subfamily Tadorninae
Peioa[20] P. australis A member of Anseriformes.

Reptiles

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Pristidactylus[21] Indeterminate La Cueva Fragmentary jaw bones Originally assigned to the dubious genus "Erichosaurus"
Pleurodonta[13][21]
Tupinambis[13] Monte León Fragmentary dentaries and maxilla A teiid lizard
Colubridae[13][21] Cerro Observatorio Partial trunk vertebrae A snake

Mammals

Meridiungulates

Astrapotheres
Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Astrapotherium[22][23][24][25][26][2][27] A. magnum

A. nanum

A. sp.

An astrapotheriid
Litopterns
Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Adianthus[28] A. bucatus An adianthid litoptern
Anisolophus[22][3][23][29][26][2] A. australis

A. floweri

A proterotheriid litoptern
Diadiaphorus[30][3][23][2][29][31][27] D. majusculus

D. sanctaecrucis

D. sp.

A proterotheriid litoptern
Tetramerorhinus[32][30][3][23][2][26][24][25][29][31][27] T. cingulatum

T. fleaglei

T. mixtum

T. lucarius

T. prosistens

T. sp.

Estancia La Costa Member A proterotheriid litoptern
Theosodon[33][30][3][23][34][2][26][24][25][29][31][27] T. fontanae

T. garretorum

T. gracilis

T. karaikensis

T. lydekkeri

T. patagonicum

Estancia La Costa Member A macraucheniid litoptern
Thoatherium[30] T. minisculum

T. sp.

Estancia La Costa Member A proterotheriid litoptern
Notoungulates
Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Adinotherium[3][23][35][26][24][27] A. ovinum

A. robustum

A. sp.

A toxodontid notoungulate
Cochilius[36] C. sp. An interatheriid notoungulate
Hegetotherium[22][3][23][2][26][24][25][37] H. mirabile

H. sp.

A hegetotheriid notoungulate
Homalodotherium[22][3][23][2][26][24][25][27] H. cunninghami A homalodotheriid notoungulate
Interatherium[38][22][3][23][35][2][26][24][25][27] I. anguliferum

I. brevifrons

I. dentatum

I. interruptum

I. robustum

I. rodens

I. supernum

An interatheriid notoungulate
Neoicochilus[36] N. undulatus An interatheriid notoungulate
Nesodon[22][3][23][35][2][26][24][25][27] N. imbricatus A toxodontid notoungulate
Notohippus[39] N. toxodontoides A notohippid notoungulate
Pachyrukhos[22][3][23][2][26][24][25][37] P. moyani A hegetotheriid notoungulate
Patriarchus[38][40] P. palmidens An interatheriid notoungulate
Protypotherium[33][38][22][3][23][2][26][24][25][40][27] P. attenuatum

P. australe

P. praerutilum

P. sp.

An interatheriid notoungulate

Xenarthrans

Pilosa
Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Analcimorphus[41][42] A. giganteus

A. inversus

Estancia La Costa Member A basal megatherioid sloth
Analcitherium[43][41][42] A. antarcticum Estancia La Costa Member A scelidotheriid sloth
Eucholoeops[44] E. fronto

E. ingens

E. litoralis

E. titans

Estancia La Costa Member A megalonychid ground sloth
Hapalops[26] H. longiceps

H. elongatus

H. indifferens

H. angustipalatus

H. platycephalus

H. ponderosus

H. rectangularis

A ground sloth belonging to Megatherioidea
Hyperleptus[45] Indeterminate A megatherioid ground sloth of uncertain affinities
Megalonychotherium M. atavus A megalonychid ground sloth
Mylodontidae[45] Indeterminate
Nematherium[45] N. angulatum A ground sloth belonging to Mylodontoidea
Pelecyodon[45] P. cristatus A ground sloth
Planops[45] P. magnus A megatheriid ground sloth
Protamandua[45] P. rothi An anteater
Prepotherium[45] P. potens

P. filholi

A ground sloth
Megalonychidae Indeterminate A ground sloth
Schismotherium[46][47] S. fractum A ground sloth
Xyophorus[47] X. atlanticus

X. latirostris

A nothrotheriid ground sloth
Cingulata
Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Anantiosodon[48] A. rarus An armadillo
cf. Asterostemma[48] cf. A. depressa A glyptodont
Cochlops[48] C. muricatus A glyptodont
Eucinepeltus[48] E. petesatus A glyptodont
Metopotoxus[48] M. laevatus A glyptodont
Parutaetus[48] P. sp. An armadillo
Peltephilus[48] P. ferox

P. giganteus

P. nanus

P. pumilus

P. strepens

A horned armadillo
Proeutatus[48][26] P. carinatus

P. deleo

P. lagena

P. oenophorus

P. robustus

An armadillo
Propalaehoplophorus[48] P. australis

P. incisivus P. minus

A glyptodont
Prozaedyus [48][26] P. exilis

P. proximus

An armadillo
Stenotatus[26] S. patagonicus An armadillo
Stegotherium[48] S. tauberi

S. tessellatum

An armadillo
Vetelia[48][49] V. puncta An armadillo

Metatherians

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Abderites[50] A. meridionalis A member of Abderitidae (Paucituberculata)
Acdestis[50] A. owenii A. lemairei A member of Palaeothentidae (Paucituberculata)
Acrocyon[51] A. sectorius A borhyaenid sparassodont
Acyon[51] A. tricuspidatus A hathliacynid sparassodont
Arctodictis[51] A. munizi A borhyaenid sparassodont
Borhyaena[51] B. tuberata A borhyaenid sparassodont
Cladosictis[51] C. patagonia A sparassodont
Lycopsis[51] L. torresi A sparassodont
Microbiotherium [50] M. acicula

M. patagonicum

M. gallegosense

M. tehuelchum

A member of Microbiotheriidae (Microbiotheria)
Palaeothentes[50] P. aratae

P. minutus

P. intermedius

P. lemoinei

P. pascuali

A member of Palaeothentidae (Paucituberculata)
Perathereutes [51] P. pungens A hathliacynid sparassodont
Phonocdromus[50] P. gracilis A member of Pichipilidae (Paucituberculata)
Prothylacinus[51] P. patagonicus A sparassodont
Pseudonotictis[51] P. pusillus A hathliacynid sparassodont
Sipalocyon[51] S. gracilis

S. obusta

A hathliacynid sparassodont
Stilotherium[50] S. dissimile A member of Caenolestidae (Paucituberculata)

Rodents

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Acarechimys[47] A. minutus

A. minutissmus

A. constans

A. gracilis

A member of Octodontoidea
Acaremys[52][26] A. murinus

A. messor

A member of Acaremyidae (Octodontoidea)
Adelphomys[52] A. candidus A member of Octodontoidea
Dudumus[52] Indeterminate, potentially new species A member of Octodontoidea
Eocardia[52] E. montana

"E". excavata

"E". fissa

A member of Cavioidea
Neoreomys[52] N. australis A member of Cavioidea
Perimys[52] P. erutus

P. onustus

P. incavatus

A member of Chinchilloidea
Phanomys[52] P. mixtus

P. vetulus

A member of Cavioidea
Pliolagostomus[52] P. notatus A member of Chinchilloidea
Prolagostomus[52] P. pusilllus A member of Chinchilloidea
Prospaniomys[52] Indeterminate, potentially new species A member of Octodontoidea
Pseudoacaremys[52] P. kramarzi A member of the family Acaremyidae (Octodontoidea)
Schistomys[52] S. erro A member of Cavioidea
Sciamys[52] S. principalis

S. varians

S. latidens

A member of the family Acaremyidae (Octodontoidea)
Scleromys[52] S. angustus A member of Chinchilloidea
Spaniomys[52] S. riparius

S. regularis

A member of Octodontoidea
Steiromys[52] S. dentatus

S. duplicatus

A member of Erethizontoidea

Primates

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Homunculus[53][54][55] H. patagonicus, H. vizcainoi A New World monkey
Killikaike[56] K. blakei A New World monkey, some authors regard the taxon as a synonym of Homunculus patagonicus, while others regard them as distinct.

Meridiolestida

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Necrolestes[57] N. patagonicus Skull and postcranial remains A mole-like meridiolestidan, youngest known member of the group

References

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