Sangar (fortification)

Sangar from the Western Sahara conflict probably dating from the 1980s
Illustration from the Manual of Military Engineering (1905)

A sangar (or sanger) (Persian: سنگر) is a temporary fortified position with a breastwork originally constructed of stones,[1] and now built of sandbags, gabions or similar materials. Sangars are normally constructed in terrain where the digging of trenches would not be practicable. The term is still frequently used by the British Army, but has now been extended to cover a wider range of small fortified positions.

Etymology

The word was adopted from Hindi and Pashto and derives originally from the Persian word sang, "stone".[2] Its first appearance in English (as recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary) is in the form sunga, and dates from 1841.[3] The word has also occasionally been used as a verb, meaning "to fortify with a sangar": however, this usage appears to have been limited to the first decade of the 20th century.[3]

Traditional usage

The term was originally used by the British Indian Army to describe small temporary fortified positions on the North West Frontier and in Afghanistan. It was widely used by the British during the Italian Campaign of the Second World War.[4] The term is also used by the British Royal Air Force to describe fortified guard positions on airfields.

Modern usage

Supersangar at the British forward operating base, Price, Gereshk, Afghanistan (photograph taken in 2013 during the War in Afghanistan)

More recently, the use of the term has been extended to cover a wider range of small, semi-permanent fortified positions. The Independent Monitoring Commission stated immediately after The Troubles in Northern Ireland:[5]

The British Army use other terms to classify their sites covered by our definition [of towers and observation posts]. For the avoidance of any doubt we set out below the military terms we have deemed to be included in this part of the report.

Sangar: A sangar is a protected sentry post, normally located around the perimeter of a base. Its main function is to provide early warning of enemy/terrorist activity/attack in order to protect forces both within the base and those deployed within sight of the sangar.
Supersangar: A supersangar is an elevated sangar and may be indistinguishable from what is commonly termed a tower.

See also

References

  1. ^ 'Afridi Picket near to Jumrood', 1878
  2. ^ Garland Hampton Cannon, Alan S. Kaye. The Persian Contributions to the English Language: an historical dictionary, p. 126. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2001. ISBN 978-3-447-04503-2
  3. ^ a b "sangar, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  4. ^ Parker, Matthew (2004). Monte Cassino: The Hardest-Fought Battle of World War II. New York: Doubleday. pp. 133, 170, 184, 201, 237, 258, 277. ISBN 0-385-50985-5.
  5. ^ Second Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission p. 44. Presented under Article 5(2) of the International Agreement establishing the Independent Monitoring Commission, Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 20th July 2004
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