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	Duchess of York
History
United Kingdom
Name	Duchess of York
Namesake	Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, Duchess of York
Owner	Canadian Pacific Railway Co
Operator	Canadian Pacific Steamships Ltd
Port of registry	London
Route	Liverpool – Quebec – Montreal (Apr–Nov); Liverpool – St John (Nov–Apr);
Builder	John Brown & Company, Clydebank
Yard number	524
Launched	28 September 1928
Completed	March 1929
Maiden voyage	22 March 1929
Identification	UK official number 161202; Code letters LCVN (until 1933); ; Call sign GSYN (from 1934); ;
Fate	Damaged by German air attack 11 July 1943. Sunk the next day by the Royal Navy.
General characteristics
Type	1928–40: Ocean liner; 1940–43: Troop ship;
Tonnage	20,021 GRT; Tonnage under deck 11,063 (until 1934); Tonnage under deck 14,366 (from 1935); 11,816 NRT (until 1932); 11,822 NRT (1934–37); 11,722 NRT (from 1939);
Length	581.9 ft (177.4 m)
Beam	75.2 ft (22.9 m)
Draught	27 ft 6+3⁄4 in (8.4 m)
Depth	41.7 ft (12.7 m)
Decks	4
Installed power	3,557 NHP
Propulsion	Six steam turbines, twin propellers
Speed	18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph)
Capacity	As built; 580 first class; 480 tourist class; 510 third class;
Crew	510
Sensors and ; processing systems	Direction finding equipment; Submarine signalling equipment (removed by 1937); Echo sounding equipment (added by 1937);
Notes	Sister ships: Duchess of Atholl, Duchess of Bedford, Duchess of Richmond

SS Duchess of York was one of a class of four steam turbine ocean liners built in Glasgow in 1927–29 for Canadian Pacific Steamships Ltd's transatlantic service between Britain and Canada.

In the Second World War Duchess of York was converted into a troop ship. In 1943 an attack by enemy aircraft killed 27 people aboard her and left the ship burning and badly damaged. The Royal Navy sank her the next day.

Pre-war service

Duchess of York was ordered as a sister ship to Duchess of Atholl, Duchess of Bedford and Duchess of Richmond. The four were cabin liners built for Canadian Pacific's transatlantic service.^[2] Duchess of York was employed on the Liverpool to Quebec and Montreal route. During the winter months when the Saint Lawrence River was frozen (typically November to April), she sailed to Saint John, New Brunswick. The four ships were nicknamed the "Drunken Duchesses" for their "lively" motion in heavy seas.^[3]

The Duchess was built by John Brown & Company of Clydebank. She was to be named Duchess of Cornwall, but for £250, Red Funnel Line agreed to swap names with their 302 GRT paddle steamer Duchess of York, which had been launched in 1896. With that, the ocean liner Duchess of York was launched by her namesake, Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the Duchess of York, on September 28, 1928.^[4]^[5]

Her first captain between 1929 and 1934 was Ronald Niel Stuart, VC whose First World War service record entitled him to fly the Blue Ensign whilst he was aboard. Following his departure, the liner was employed briefly on the New York CIty to Bermuda route before returning to her original passage.

In 1939 it was proposed that Duchess of York or one of her sisters be modified for use on Canadian-Australasian Line's transpacific route between Sydney and Vancouver via Auckland, Suva and Honolulu. She would replace RMS Niagara, which was launched in 1913, as CP Chairman Sir Edward Beatty said that the cost of building new liners for the route was too high. Canadian Pacific and the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand jointly owned the Canadian-Australasian Line, which faced subsidised competition from the US Matson Line.^[6]^[7]

War service and loss

In 1940, Duchess of York left Greenock on 27 July 1940, bound for Halifax taking evacuated children under the Children's Overseas Reception Board. She returned to Scotland and made a second trip taking another batch of children from Liverpool on 10 August 1940, bound for Canada.^[8]

She was recommissioned by the British Admiralty as a troopship and used early in the war to transport Canadian soldiers to Britain, returning to Canada carrying RAF aircrew and German prisoners of war (among them legendary escapee Franz von Werra in early January 1941). On 9 July 1943, she sailed Greenock as part of the small, fast Convoy Faith, for Freetown, Sierra Leone, in company with California and the cargo ship Port Fairy.

Two days later, the convoy was about 300 miles west of Vigo, Spain when it was attacked by three Focke-Wulf Fw 200 aircraft of Kampfgeschwader 40^[9] based at Merignac near Bordeaux. The accurate high-altitude bombing set both Duchess of York and California ablaze.^[10] The convoy escorts HMCS Iroquois, HMS Douglas and HMS Moyola, together with Port Fairy, rescued all but 27 people from the ship. Fearing the flames from the ships would attract U-boats, the Royal Navy sank Duchess of York and California by torpedoes in position 41°15′N 15°24′W / 41.250°N 15.400°W / 41.250; -15.400^[11] in the early hours of 12 July.^[10]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c "1161202". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
^ Ships List: Canadian Pacific fleet, SS Duchess of York Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ Buchan, William (1982). John Buchan: a Memoir. Ashford: Buchan & Enright. p. 224. ISBN 978-0907675037.
^ Pigott, Peter (2010). Sailing Seven Seas: A History of the Canadian Pacific Line. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-55488-765-1.
^ Adams, RB (1986). Red Funnel and Before. Cullompton: Kingfisher Railway Productions. ISBN 978-0946184217.^{[page needed]}
^ "May replace Niagara". The Herald. 29 July 1939. p. 5. Retrieved 19 December 2020 – via Trove.
^ "Another liner". Auckland Star. 9 August 1939. p. 11. Retrieved 19 December 2020 – via Papers Past.
^ Pier 21 Halifax^{[clarification needed]}
^ "Mercantile Marine.com". Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Maritime Disasters of World War II". Retrieved 20 June 2008.
^ "Wrecksite.eu website – SS California". Retrieved 25 June 2008.