Rytkuchi (Russian: Рыткучи; Chukchi: Ырыткучьын, Yrytkuč'yn, lit. shooter[12]) is a rural locality (a selo) in Chaunsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located southwest of Pevek on the southern shores of Chaunskaya Bay. Established in 1934, its population as at 2010: 517 (2010 Census);[5][6] The village is a national village with the local economy dominated by reindeer husbandry. Municipally Rytkuchi is subordinated to Chaunsky Municipal District and incorporated as Rytkuchi Rural Settlement.[8]
History
The village is named after the nearby eponymous river and is translated as shooter,[12] so called because the area was the site of a battle between Chukchi and strangers on horseback.[3] Initially the village was established as the Chaunsky Cultural Base (Russian: Чаунская культбаза)[3] at the mouth of the Chaun River, but it was transferred to the mouth of the Rytkuchi River in 1954.[3] A census was first conducted in Rytkuchi in 1939,[13] with the first kolkhoz in the village being established the following year.[13] A year later, cultural amenities in the village were enhanced with the arrival of a dedicated teacher and the establishment of a cultural centre and a clinic.[13] The first sovkhoz in the village was established in 1957 for the purpose of reindeer herding.[13] Two years later, the 1959 census revealed that most of the 80 inhabitants of the village were Russian.[13] The collective nature of the reindeer herding was reinforced by the establishment of twelve brigades in 1965,[13] supplied with motorised transport to improve their work. In 1980 an official industry for the production of Chukchi handicrafts was established in the village,[13] and a museum was opened in the village six years later.[13]
Geography
Rytkuchi is a maritime village on the southern shore of Chaunskaya Bay only 15 km from the Ust-Chaun wetland.[14] The wetland is a flat, alluvial plain, consisting of a large number of small lakes, generally less than 70 cm deep,[14] and is a delta area resulting from the confluence of the Chaun (Russian: Чаун), Palyavaam (Russian: Паляваам), Pucheveyem River (Russian: Пучувеем), Lelyuveyem (Russian: лелувеем) and Olvergyrgyvaam (Russian: Oлвеpгэргырваам) Rivers.[14] The flat nature of the delta causes high tides to travel deep into the delta, creating salt meadows up to 10 km upstream from Rytkuchi.[14]
Economy
The economy is centred on reindeer husbandry,[15] and Rytkuchi, along with Ayon, is the main location for reindeer husbandry in Chaunsky District.[16] The men of the village spend most of their time out on the tundra, with many of the women and children spending up to nine months a year in the village so that the children can get an education.[15] The village has both a high school and a pre-school.[17] The weapons used by the herders are often late nineteenth or early twentieth century Winchester rifles traded to them in pre-Soviet times by American traders in search of furs.[13],[15]
Demographics
The population of Rytkuchi has fluctuated slightly between the 1990s and the present day but has remained around 500. The population according to the 2010 census was 517,[5] of whom 284 were male and 233 female.[6] It was estimated at 494 in January 2009,[3] a slight increase on the figure of 482 estimated in 2005 according to an environmental impact report produced for the Kupol Gold Project,[18] a reduction from an estimate of 509 as of 2002,[2] (of which 323 were Chukchi)[13] but an overall increase from 493 estimated in 1993.[13]
Climate
Rytkuchi suffers from a severe Arctic climate,[14] with a mean annual temperature of −12.8 °C,[14] mean January temperatures of −31.4 °C[14] and mean July temperatures of just +9.5 °C.[14] Snow is a possibility throughout the year[14] and the mean winter wind speed is 5–7 m/s,[14] gusting to 20–40 m/s during strong snowstorms.[14] Mean annual precipitation is 251 mm,[14] and 30–40 cm of snow in places is not uncommon by the beginning of spring.[14]
Rytkuchi has a Tundra climate (ET)[19] because the warmest month has an average temperature between 0 °C (32 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F) according to the Köppen climate classification.
^ abcThe results of the 2010 Census are given for Rytkuchi Rural Settlement, a municipal formation of Chaunsky Municipal District. According to Law #148-OZ, Rytkuchi is the only inhabited locality on the territory of Rytkuchi Rural Settlement.
Дума Чукотского автономного округа. Закон №33-ОЗ от 30 июня 1998 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Чукотского автономного округа», в ред. Закона №55-ОЗ от 9 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Чукотского автономного округа "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Чукотского автономного округа"». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня его официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ведомости", №7 (28), 14 мая 1999 г. (Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Law #33-OZ of June 30, 1998 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Law #55-OZ of June 9, 2012 On Amending the Law of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug". Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
Дума Чукотского автономного округа. Закон №46-ОЗ от 29 ноября 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Чаунского района Чукотского автономного округа», в ред. Закона №125-ОЗ от 2 декабря 2011 г. «О внесении изменений в Приложение 2 к Закону Чукотского автономного округа "О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Чаунского района Чукотского автономного округа"». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ведомости", №31/1 (178/1), 10 декабря 2004 г. (Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Law #46-OZ of November 29, 2004 On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Chaunsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Law #125-OZ of December 2, 2011 On Amending Appendix 2 of the Law of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug "On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Chaunsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug". Effective as of the day which is ten days after the official publication date.).
