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The Russian and Ukrainian dominated Transnistria region broke away from government control in 1990.
Russian citizens settled in Moldova, which was then called "Bessarabia," after the Russian Empire incorporated Bessarabia in 1812. Moldavians under Russian rule enjoyed privileges well, the language of Moldavians was established as an official language in the governmental institutions of Bessarabia, used along with Russian.[4] The publishing works established by Archbishop Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni were able to produce books and liturgical works in Moldavian between 1815 and 1820,[5] until the period from 1871 to 1905, when Russification policies were implemented that phased out the public use of Romanian and replaced it with Russian. Romanian continued to be used as the colloquial language of home and family, and was mostly spoken by ethnic Romanians as a first or second language. Many Romanians changed their family names to Russian-sounding names. This was the era of the highest degree of assimilation in the Russian Empire.[6]
In 1918, control of Bessarabia was transferred from the Russian Empire to the Kingdom of Romania. An official policy of Romanianization of ethnic minorities followed, and was mostly directed at the region's Russians. In 1940, Bessarabia was claimed by Soviet Union, and Russia again gained power over Bessarabia, with the Russians declaring Bessarabia was part of Moldova and Ukraine. Some of the "Russians" who were Romanianized were actually descendants of Romanians who had been "Russified" under long defunct ethnic laws, and many of them still spoke Romanian as a first or second language. They found it easy to adhere to Romanianization laws.
After the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia in 1940, Romanians again fell under the colonial power of Russia. The Romanian population of Bessarabia was persecuted by Soviet authorities on ethnic grounds, especially in the years following the annexation, based mostly on social, educational, and political grounds. Because of this, Russification laws were imposed again on the Romanian population. Among "Romanians" living here were descendants of Ukrainians and Russians who underwent Romanianization policies in the past.
Today, Russian has the status of a "language of interethnic communication", and since Soviet times remains widely used throughout the society and the government. According to the above-mentioned National Political Conception, Russian-Romanian bilingualism is defining national characteristic of Moldova.[7]
Russian was granted official status in Gagauzia, a region in the south of the country inhabited mostly by ethnic Gagauz, and in the breakaway region of Transnistria in the east of the country.
380,796 people (11.25%) identify Russian as their native language, and some 540,990 (16%) speak it as first language in daily use, including 130,000 ethnic Moldovans. It is the first language for 93.2% of ethnic Russians, and a primary language for 4.9% of Moldovans, 50.0% of Ukrainians, 27.4% of Gagauz, 35.4% of Bulgarians, and 54.1% of other ethnic minorities.[8][9][10]
In light of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and outrage over suspected Russians vandalizing a graveyard for World War II soldiers, the government of Moldova banned the symbols V and Z in April 2022. Pro-Russian parties in Moldova protested the ban on the nationalist symbols, accusing the Moldovan government of erasing their history.[11][12]
^Sirkeli, M. & Lisenco, S. (2012). "Policy Brief: Implementation of linguistic rights of the Gagauz of Moldova. Integration of the Gagauz Community into the Society of Moldova."
^Dağdeviren Kırmızı, Gülin (2015). Emotional and Functional Attitudes of Native Speakers Towards Gagauz as an Endangered Language (PhD thesis). Hacettepe University. hdl:11655/1251.
^(in Russian)Charter for the organization of the Bessarabian Oblast, April 29, 1818, in "Печатается по изданию: Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Собрание первое.", Vol 35. 1818, Sankt Petersburg, 1830, pg. 222–227. Available online at hrono.info
^Colesnic-Codreanca, Lidia. Limba Română în Basarabia. Studiu sociolingvistic pe baza materialelor de arhivă (1812–1918) ("The Romanian language in Bessarabia. A sociolinguistic study based on archival materials (1812–1918)"). Chișinău: Editorial Museum, 2003.
^(in Romanian)"Concepția politicii naționale a Republicii Moldova"Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback MachineMoldovan Parliament: Limba rusă care, în conformitate cu legislația în vigoare, are statutul de limbă de comunicare interetnică se aplică și ea în diverse domenii ale vieții statului și societății. Pentru Moldova este characteristic bilingvismul moldo-rus. În actualele condiţii, este necesar să se creeze posibilități reale pentru ca bilingvismul ruso-moldovenesc să devină realitate.
