Rusavskia

Rusavskia
Rusavskia elegans
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Teloschistales
Family: Teloschistaceae
Genus: Rusavskia
S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2003)
Type species
Rusavskia elegans
(Link) S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt 2003

Rusavskia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 12 species.[1] It is a member of the subfamily Xanthorioideae.[2] The thallus of Rusavskia is characterized by its foliose (leaf-like) structure with distinct and typically narrow lobes that curve outwards.

Taxonomy

The genus Rusavskia was proposed by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt in 2003, with Rusavskia elegans assigned as the type species. The initial circumscription of the genus relied predominantly on an evaluation of morphological, anatomical and chemical characteristics, with a notable absence of molecular phylogenetic analysis.[3] For this reason, the reception of the Rusavskia by lichenologists was initially met with cautious appraisal. As several molecular studies in the subsequent years showed, the Rusavskia elegans-group occupies a separate monophyletic branch in the Teloschistaceae;[4][5][6] the growing body of molecular evidence led to the acceptance of the genus Rusavskia.[7]

Description

Rusavskia is characterized by its foliose (leaf-like) structure with distinct and typically narrow lobes that curve outwards. These lobes often feature pseudocyphellae – tiny, white porous areas on the lichen's surface. The lichen adheres to surfaces using short, root-like structures called hapters. Its reproductive structures, known as apothecia, are zeorine in form and display a noticeable orange hue. The ascospores produced are ellipsoid in shape, and polardiblastic, with a moderately divided central region (septa). Additionally, Rusavskia may possess pycnidia, which are embedded reproductive structures, and produce ellipsoid-shaped conidia (asexual spores).[7]

Rusavskia was distinguished from Xanthoria due to several unique characteristics. Unlike Xanthoria, Rusavskia has a mesodermate paraplectenchymatous cortex, which contrasts the earlier belief of it being scleroplectenchymatous. While it was believed to lack attachment organs, it was later found that species like R. elegans and R. sorediata have hapters, albeit short ones. The conidia (asexual spores) of Rusavskia are primarily ellipsoid, with only a minority being bacilliform, contrary to earlier descriptions.[7]

In terms of morphology, Rusavskia predominantly differs from Xanthoria by its narrower lobes. When compared to Dufourea, Rusavskia stands out due to its narrow lobes that adhere more closely to surfaces. Although some experts hesitated to accept the distinct classification of Rusavskia, genetic evidence firmly sets it apart from Xanthoria and other related groups.[7]

Species

As of September 2023, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 12 species of Rusavskia.[8]

Rusavskia sorediata

References

  1. ^ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [157]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378. S2CID 249054641.
  2. ^ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Popova, L.P.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Lőkös, L. (2022). "The first enumeration of members of the Teloschistaceae (lichen-forming Ascomycetes) status of which confirmed by three gene phylogeny" (PDF). Studia botanica hungarica. 53 (2): 137–234. doi:10.17110/studbot.2022.53.2.137. S2CID 256569290.
  3. ^ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Kärnefelt, I. (2003). "Revision of three natural groups of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota)". Ukrainskiy Botanichnyi Zhurnal. 60 (4): 427–437.
  4. ^ Fedorenko, Natalya M.; Stenroos, Soili; Thell, Arne; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Kondratyuk, Sergey Y. (2009). "A phylogenetic analysis of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) based on ITS and mtSSU sequences". In Thell, Arne; Seaward, Mark; Feuerer, Tassilo (eds.). Diversity of Lichenology – Anniversary Volume. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 100. J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 49–84. ISBN 978-3-443-58079-7.
  5. ^ Fedorenko, Natalya M.; Stenroos, Soili; Thell, Arne; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Elix, John A.; Hur, Jae-Seoun; Kondratyuk, Sergij Y. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota), with notes on their morphology". In Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Seaward, Mark R.D.; Thell, Arne (eds.). Systematics, biodiversity and ecology of lichens. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 108. pp. 45–64. ISBN 978-3-443-58087-2.
  6. ^ Gaya, Ester; Högnabba, Filip; Holguin, Ángela; Molnar, Katalin; Fernández-Brime, Samantha; Stenroos, Soili; Arup, Ulf; Søchting, Ulrik; Boom, Pieter Van den; Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Lutzoni, François (2012). "Implementing a cumulative supermatrix approach for a comprehensive phylogenetic study of the Teloschistales (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (2): 374–387. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.012. PMID 22306043.
  7. ^ a b c d Arup, Ulf; Søchting, Ulrik; Frödén, Patrik (2013). "A new taxonomy of the family Teloschistaceae". Nordic Journal of Botany. 31 (1): 16–83. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00062.x.
  8. ^ "Rusavskia". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  9. ^ Kondratyuk, S.; Yatsyna, A.P.; Lőkös, L.; Galanina, I.; Moniri, M.H.; Hur, J.-S. (2013). "Three new Xanthoria and Rusavskia species (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) from Europe". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 55 (3–4): 351–365. doi:10.1556/ABot.55.2013.3-4.10.
  10. ^ a b Kondratyuk, S. Y.; Upreti, D.K.; Mishra, G.K.; Nayaka, S.; Ingle, K.K.; Orlov, O.O.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Woo, J.-J.; Hur, J.-S. (2020). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 10" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 62 (1–2): 69–108. doi:10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.6. S2CID 229155510.
  11. ^ a b Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J.P.; Roux, C.; Upreti, D.K.; Schumm, F.; Mishra, G.K.; Nayaka, S.; Farkas, E.; Park, J.S.; Lee, B.G.; Liu, D.; Woo, J.-J.; Hur, J.-S. (2017). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 6" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 59 (1–2): 137–260. doi:10.1556/034.59.2017.1-2.7.