Royal Steward inscription

Royal Steward inscription
Royal Steward inscription
MaterialLimestone
Size160 cm long, 52 cm high
WritingPhoenician or Paleo-Hebrew script
Created7th century BCE
Discovered1870
Present locationBritish Museum, London
Identification1871,1107.1, WA 125205

The Royal Steward Inscription, known as KAI 191, is an important Proto-Hebrew inscription found in the village of Silwan outside Jerusalem in 1870. After passing through various hands, the inscription was purchased by the British Museum in 1871.[1]

The inscription is broken at the point where the tomb's owner would have been named, but biblical scholars have conjectured a connection to Shebna, on the basis of a verse in the Bible mentioning a royal steward who was admonished for building a conspicuous tomb.

It was found by Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, about a decade prior to the Siloam inscription, making it the first ancient Hebrew inscription found in modern times.[2] Clermont-Ganneau wrote about three decades later: "I may observe, by the way, that the discovery of these two texts was made long before that of the inscription in the tunnel, and therefore, though people in general do not seem to recognise this fact, it was the first which enabled us to behold an authentic specimen of Hebrew monumental epigraphy of the period of the Kings of Judah."[3]

The text is considered to have a "remarkable" similarity to that of the Tabnit sarcophagus from Sidon.[4]

Discovery

The inscription was found on a house in the village of Silwan (see the "x" mark). This map is from the Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem, published just a few years prior to the inscription's discovery.

The inscribed lintel was found by French archaeologist, Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau in 1870 above the entrance to a home in Silwan, a village south of Jerusalem. Clermont-Ganneau first published the discovery in the Quarterly Statement of the Palestinian Exploration Fund, but with little detail:[5]

Hebrew inscription in Phoenician characters. This inscription, discovered by myself several months ago, is the only monumental text which goes back to the time of the kings of Judah. It belongs authentically, by the very position which it occupies, to the history of Jerusalem. I cannot yet publicly point out its origin, in order not to interfere with the steps taken for its preservation. I will confine myself to saying that it has probably a religious signification, as is proved by the words beit and Baal, which are very distinctly to be read.

Clermont-Ganneau arranged for the inscription to be purchased and removed by the British Museum one year after its discovery. Almost thirty years later, in 1899, he published a detailed description of the discovery.[2]

Inscription text

The limestone inscription was so severely damaged that it has not been possible to completely decipher the script. The writing is in Biblical Hebrew in the Phoenician or Paleo-Hebrew script – at the time of its discovery the script was referred to as "Phoenician letters"[3] – and can be dated to the 7th century BCE.

Script

𐤆𐤀𐤕 . . . . . . . 𐤉𐤄𐤅 𐤀𐤔𐤓 𐤏𐤋𐤄 𐤁𐤉𐤕. 𐤀𐤉[𐤍 𐤐𐤄] 𐤊𐤎𐤐. 𐤅[𐤆]𐤄𐤁
. 𐤀𐤌 . . . . . . . 𐤅𐤏𐤑𐤌𐤅[𐤕] 𐤀𐤌𐤕𐤄 𐤀[𐤕]𐤄. 𐤀𐤓𐤅𐤓 𐤄𐤀[𐤃𐤌] 𐤀𐤔𐤓
𐤉𐤐[𐤕𐤇] 𐤀[𐤕] 𐤆𐤀𐤕

Transliteration z't . . . . . . . yhw 'šr ‘lh byt. 'y[n ph] ksp w[z]hb
'm . . . . . . . w‘ṣmw[t] 'mth '[t]h. 'rwr h'[dm] 'šr
yp[tḥ] '[t] z't
Romanization Zōʾt . . . . . . . -yāhū ʾăšer ʿal habayīt. ʾēy[n pō] kesef wə[zā]hāḇ
. ʾīm . . . . . . . wəʿaṣm[ōt] ʿămā[t]ō ʿītō. ʿārūr hāʿā[dām] ʾăšer
yīp[taḥ] ʾe[t] zōʾt
Translation This . . . . . . . -iah, the royal steward. There i[s no] silver or [go]ld here
only . . . . . . . and the bone[s] of his maidservant with him. Cursed be the m[an]
who op[ens] this

The three words "אשר על הבית" gave rise to the English translation "royal steward", although this is not a literal translation – the three words literally mean simply "whom/which (is) over the house", i.e. the one who oversees the house. Using parallels to biblical passages it has been variously translated "upon the house", "steward of the house" or "governor of the house".

The "maidservant" is referred to by the Hebrew ‘amatah, equivalent to the term "handmaiden" used to refer to concubines at various points in the Torah.

Shebna

The royal steward or court chamberlain was a powerful figure in Ancient Judah. According to the Book of Isaiah (Isaiah 22:15–16), the royal steward appointed by King Hezekiah was called Shebna and he was admonished for building himself too grandiose a tomb. Although the name of the royal steward is broken at the point where the official is named, it has been conjectured on the basis of the biblical verse that this monumental inscription originates from the tomb of Shebna.

Clermont-Ganneau speculated in 1899 that the tomb could be that of the Shebna mentioned in Isaiah, but described the idea as a "sanguine illusion".[6] In the early 1950s, the idea was suggested again by Yigael Yadin, the Israeli Army Chief of the General Staff, who was later to become an archaeologist. Nahman Avigad assessed the proposal, based upon the similarity of the text to that of the Siloam inscription and the fact that biblical story of Shebna took place during the reign of King Hezekiah (715–687 BCE),[7] describing it as a "highly conjectural suggestion".[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ British Museum Collection
  2. ^ a b Avigad 1953: "The inscription discussed here is, in the words of its discoverer, the first ‘authentic specimen of Hebrew monumental epigraphy of the period of the Kings of Judah', for it was discovered ten years before the Siloam tunnel inscription. Now, after its decipherment, we may add that it is (after the Moabite Stone and the Siloam tunnel inscription) the third longest monumental inscription in Hebrew and the first known text of a Hebrew sepulchral inscription from the pre-Exilic period."
  3. ^ a b Clermont-Ganneau, 1899, Archaeological Researches In Palestine 1873-1874, Vol 1, p.305
  4. ^ Christopher B. Hays (2010), Re-Excavating Shebna's Tomb: A New Reading of Isa 22, 15-19 in its Ancient Near Eastern Context, Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft; "The similarity of the inscription to that of Tabnit of Sidon (KAI1.13, COS2.56) is remarkable, extending even to the assertion that there are no precious metals within"
  5. ^ Clermont-Ganneau, Charles Simon (1871). "Notes on certain new discoveries at Jerusalem". Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement. Palestine exploration fund: 103. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  6. ^ Avigad 1953, p. 139: "I hardly venture to say that I have sometimes conceived that this might be the tomb of Shebnah, or of one of his colleagues, for I fancied that I could read in the larger inscription the complete title [ ]. But it is as well to be on one's guard against these too sanguine illusions'."
  7. ^ Avigad 1953, p. 151: "...the proposed reconstruction of the mutilated name [Seban]yahu on the inscription, together with the title that follows, reminds one of the prominent Biblical figure [ ] 'Shebna who is over the House', whose tomb is mentioned in a famous prediction by Isaiah (xxii, 15-16)... Šebnâ lived in the reign of Hezekiah, which corresponds to the date of our inscription as approximately fixed by palaeography."
  8. ^ Avigad 1953, p. 150: "The real clue to the date of the inscription lies in the name of the official, provided that he is known from the Bible. The restoration of a name ending with -yahu is, of course, a matter of guesswork, since we may assume that other officials whom the Bible does not mention also bore the title [ ] and also had names ending in -yahu. But one possible restoration, suggested by Maj.-Gen. Yadin, should be mentioned here, viz.: [ ] = [Šeban]yahû, which is the full form of the name [ ] = Šebnâ. It would be premature to draw any conclusion from a highly conjectural suggestion, but the associations evoked by this name are fascinating enough to merit a short excursus."

Bibliography

Read other articles:

A fantasy creature inspired by the architectural Gargoyle element A gargoyle monster as depicted in the tabletop RPG Dungeons & Dragons The gargoyle is a fantasy and horror monster inspired by the gargoyle architectural element. While they were believed in mythology to frighten away evil spirits, the idea of such statues physically coming to life is a more recent notion. Like golems, they are usually made of magically animated or transformed stone, but have animal or chimera traits and ar...

 

Konferensi KonstantinopelPara delegasi konferensiNama asli Tersane KonferansıTanggal23 Desember 1876 (1876-12-23) – 20 Januari 1877 (1877-01-20)TempatTersane Sarayı (Istana Galangan Kapal)LokasiKonstantinopel (kini Istanbul)JenisKonferensiTemaBosnia dan wilayah Utsmaniyah dengan populasi mayoritas BulgariaPenyebabPemberontakan Herzegovina pada 1875 dan Pemberontakan April Bulgaria pada 1876Peserta/Pihak terlibat  Austria-Hungaria Templat:Country data Republik...

 

PemberitahuanTemplat ini mendeteksi bahwa artikel bahasa ini masih belum dinilai kualitasnya oleh ProyekWiki Bahasa dan ProyekWiki terkait dengan subjek. Perhatian: untuk penilai, halaman pembicaraan artikel ini telah diisi sehingga penilaian akan berkonflik dengan isi sebelumnya. Harap salin kode dibawah ini sebelum menilai. {{PW Bahasa|importance=|class=}} Terjadi false positive? Silakan laporkan kesalahan ini. 14.25, Kamis, 21 Maret, 2024 (UTC) • hapus singgahan Sebanyak ...

Pengeboman BorodiankaBagian dari Serangan Kyiv dalam Invasi Rusia ke Ukraina 2022Gedung yang hancur oleh serangan udara RusiaLokasiBorodiankaTanggalMaret 2022Korban tewas>80[1]PelakuAngkatan Bersenjata Rusia Kota Borodianka, di distrik Bucha, Oblast Kyiv, dibombardir secara luas oleh Angkatan Bersenjata Rusia dalam invasi Rusia ke Ukraina tahun 2022. Satu minggu setelah terungkapnya peristiwa pembantaian Bucha, Kepala Negara Ukraina Volodymyr Zelenskyy menyampaikan laporan tentang ...

 

Amonium klorida Nama Nama IUPAC Ammonium chloride Nama lain Sal amoniak, Salmiac, Nushadir salt, Sal armagnac, Salt armoniack Penanda Nomor CAS 12125-02-9 Y Model 3D (JSmol) Gambar interaktif 3DMet {{{3DMet}}} ChEBI CHEBI:31206 Y ChemSpider 23807 Y Nomor EC KEGG D01139 Y Nomor RTECS {{{value}}} UNII 01Q9PC255D Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID0020078 InChI InChI=1S/ClH.H3N/h1H;1H3 YKey: NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/ClH.H3N/h1H;1H3Key: NLXLA...

 

Jalan Ir. H. Juanda, Depok adalah sebuah nama jalan nasional[1] di Kota Depok yang melintas di atas Sungai Ciliwung yang membentang sepanjang 4 km antara ruas Jalan Margonda Raya disisi barat dan Jalan Raya Bogor disisi timur. Suasana lalu lintas Jalan Ir. H. Juanda, Kota Depok. Nama jalan ini diambil dari nama Ir. H. Djoeanda Kartawidjaja salah seorang tokoh nasional sekaligus sebagai pahlawan nasional Indonesia. Ir. H. Djoeanda Kartawidjaja wafat di Jakarta pada 7 November 1963...

American artist, educator and author Artist Ria Brodell signing Butch Heroes box sets at Stoltze Design in Boston, MA for the Davis Museum at Wellesley College Ria Brodell is an American artist, educator and author based in Boston.[1] Early life and education Brodell was born in Buffalo, New York and raised in Boise, Idaho. Brodell attended the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and received a BFA from Cornish College of the Arts in Seattle, WA and an MFA from the School of the Mu...

 

Uncrewed cargo spacecraft developed by Orbital Sciences CygnusCygnus spacecraft approaching the International Space Station for the NG-12 missionManufacturerNorthrop GrummanCountry of originUnited StatesOperatorNorthrop GrummanApplicationsISS resupply SpecificationsSpacecraft typeUncrewed cargo vehicleLaunch mass6,600 kgDry mass3,400 kgPayload capacity3,000 kgVolume18.9 m3Power3.5 kWDesign life1 week to 2 years [1] DimensionsLength5.1 mDiameter3.07 m ProductionStatusIn serviceOn order...

 

This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (September 2019) Education in Luxembourg is multilingual and consists of fundamental education, secondary education and higher education. Most schools are run by the state and are free. Attending school is obligatory from the ages of 4 to 16. Education system in Luxembourg Fundamental education Fundam...

55th season of top-tier football league in Argentina Football league seasonPrimera DivisiónSan Lorenzo, championsSeason1946ChampionsSan Lorenzo (6th title)PromotedTigreRelegatedFerro Carril OesteTop goalscorer Mario Boyé (24 goals)← 1945 1947 → The 1946 Argentine Primera División was the 55th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season began on April 21 and ended on December 8. Tigre returned to Primera while Ferro Carril Oeste was relegated. San Lorenzo won its 6th league t...

 

Pierrafortschacomune Pierrafortscha – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Svizzera Cantone Friburgo DistrettoSarine AmministrazioneLingue ufficialifrancese e tedesco Data di istituzione1832 TerritorioCoordinate46°47′13″N 7°11′06″E / 46.786944°N 7.185°E46.786944; 7.185 (Pierrafortscha)Coordinate: 46°47′13″N 7°11′06″E / 46.786944°N 7.185°E46.786944; 7.185 (Pierrafortscha) Altitudine751 m s.l.m. Superficie5,06 km² Abitant...

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2016. SDN Kebon Pala 13 PagiSekolah Dasar Negeri Kebon Pala 13 PagiInformasiJenisNegeriNomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional20104124Jumlah siswa170 2010StatusAktifAlamatLokasiJl. Inpres Rt 014/04, Jakarta Timur, DKI Jakarta, IndonesiaSitus webLaman di Kemente...

G8N Renzan Jenis Pesawat pengebom berat Pembuat Nakajima Aircraft Company Penerbangan perdana 23 Oktober 1944 Diperkenalkan awal 1945 Dipensiunkan Agustus 1945 Pengguna utama Pasukan Udara Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang Dibuat 4 Nakajima G8N Renzan (連山, Pegunungan) adalah sebuat pesawat pembom jarak jauh bermesin empat yang digunakan oleh Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang. Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang menyebutnya sebagai Pesawat serbu berbasis darat Tipe 18 (十八試陸上攻撃�...

 

Scottish oil and gas company Harbour Energy plcCompany typePublicTraded asLSE: HBRFTSE 250 componentIndustryOilFounded2014HeadquartersEdinburgh, Scotland, UKKey peopleR. Blair Thomas (chairman)[1]Linda Cook (CEO)[2]Revenue $3,715 million (2023)[3]Operating income $913 million (2023)[3]Net income $32 million (2023)[3]Number of employees1,800 (2024)[4]Websitewww.harbourenergy.com Harbour Energy plc is an oil and gas company based in Edinburgh...

 

New Zealand DJ and radio presenter For the Australian radio and television presenter, see Zan Rowe. Zane LoweLowe at RockNess 2012BornAlexander Zane Reed Lowe (1973-08-07) 7 August 1973 (age 50)Auckland, New ZealandSpouse Kara Walters ​(m. 1999)​Children2CareerShowThe Zane Lowe ShowStations BBC Radio 1 (2003–2015) MTV Two Apple Music 1 Style DJ record producer television presenter Alexander Zane Reed Lowe (born 7 August 1973) is a New Zealand radio DJ, live...

Bob SinclarInformasi latar belakangNama lahirChristophe Le FriantNama lainThe Mighty Bop, Bob From Paris, Chris The French KissLahir10 Mei 1969 (umur 55)AsalPrancisGenreHousePekerjaanProduser rekaman, DJInstrumenFonografTahun aktif1986-sekarangLabelYellow ProductionsArtis terkaitAfricanism All Stars, Reminiscence Quartet, Yellow ProductionsSitus webwww.bobsinclar.com Bob Sinclar (lahir 10 Mei 1969) adalah seorang DJ berkebangsaan Prancis yang memenangkan nominasi Grammy Award. Dia berkar...

 

Rumah di pinggir kali di Jakarta. (2004) Kemiskinan, kemelaratan, kefakiran[1], kepapaan[2], kekedanaan, kerudinan[3], kegembelan[4], kebansatan[5], atau prasejahtera adalah keadaan saat ketidakmampuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dasar seperti makanan, pakaian, tempat berlindung, pendidikan, dan kesehatan. Kemiskinan dapat disebabkan oleh kelangkaan alat pemenuh kebutuhan dasar, ataupun sulitnya akses terhadap pendidikan dan pekerjaan. Kemiskinan merupakan...

 

Men's cycling individual pursuitat the Games of the XIX OlympiadVenueOlympic Velodrome, Mexico CityDate17 to 18 October 1968Competitors28 from 28 nationsMedalists Daniel Rébillard  France Mogens Frey  Denmark Xaver Kurmann  Switzerland← 19641972 → Cycling at the1968 Summer OlympicsRoad cyclingRoad racemenTeam time trialmenTrack cyclingTrack time trialmenIndividual pursuitmenTeam pursuitmenSprintmenTandemmenvte These are the official results of ...

2019 film Lux ÆternaTheatrical release posterDirected byGaspar NoéWritten byGaspar NoéProduced by Anthony Vaccarello Gary Farkas Lucile Hadzihalilovic Clément Lepoutre Olivier Muller Gaspar Noé Starring Charlotte Gainsbourg Béatrice Dalle CinematographyBenoît DebieEdited byJérôme PesnelProductioncompanies Yves Saint Laurent Vixens Les films de la zone Distributed by UFO Distribution Potemkine Films Release dates 18 May 2019 (2019-05-18) (Cannes) 23 September&#...

 

中国紅十字会各種表記繁体字: 中國紅十字會簡体字: 中国红十字会拼音: Zhōngguó Hóngshízìhuì英文: Red Cross Society of Chinaテンプレートを表示 中国紅十字会(ちゅうごくこうじゅうじかい、Zhōngguó Hóngshízìhuì、簡体字:中国红十字会、英語: Red Cross Society of China)は、中華人民共和国及び中国における赤十字組織である。2015年5月現在、国家副主席李源潮を名誉会長�...