Originally the diocese was part of the ecclesiastical province of Milan, then it was suffragan to the Archbishop of Ravenna.[3] Because of the schism of the Antipope Clement III, Pope Paschal II released the dioceses of Emilia, including Reggio, from obedience to the church of Ravenna, and made them directly subject to the Holy See (Rome), but twelve years later Pope Gelasius II restored the previous status.[4] In 1582 the diocese of Bologna was raised to the status of a metropolitan archbishopric. Reggio was made a suffragan of the archdiocese of Bologna, by Pope Gregory XIII in the bull Universi orbis of 10 December 1582.[5]Modena was raised to the status of an archdiocese and its bishop to the status of a Metropolitan Archbishop by Pope Pius IX in his bull of 22 August 1855, entitled Vel ab antiquis. Reggio became one of its suffragans.[6]
History
A local legend makes the first bishop of Reggio Saint Protasius, a disciple of Saint Apollinaris, a first-century disciple of Saint Peter himself. Admitting his existence, also five or six historical bishops, predecessors of Faventius in 451,[7] it would seem that the episcopal see dates from the first half of the 4th century. Bishop Prosper was a successor of Faventius; he died between 461 and 467.
Bishop Teuzo (978–1030) was named a Missus of the Holy Roman Empire by the Empire by the Emperor Conrad II (1027–1039). This brought with it the title of Prince, and the bishops of Reggio continued to enjoy the privilege and title until the end of the 14th century.[8]
In the Capitulary of Quierzy, Reggio was included among the towns which Pepin had in mind for the Donation of Pepin, but it came into possession of the Papal States only later, and for a short time.[citation needed][9] After the death of Countess Matilda (1115) the popes claimed the town as a part of her inheritance, while the emperors claimed the same as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire.[citation needed]
On 21 April 1141, the metropolitan Archbishop of Ravenna, Gualterius, was obliged to hold a synod at Reggio, for the purpose of composing the differences which existed between the people and their leaders, as well as disputes among the leading clergy of the diocese. The synod was attended by Bishop Alberio of Reggio, as well as by four other bishops. The Archdeacon of Reggio had issues with the canons of the cathedral and with the brothers of S. Prospero as well, over various chapels and pieces of property.[10]
Bishop Nicolò Maltraversi
According to the Cronica of Fra Salimbene of Parma, Nicolò was named bishop in 1211, with the approval of both the Emperor Otto IV and Pope Innocent III. But on 8 April 1213, he is still called bishop-elect. Only on 25 September 1213 does he have the full title of Bishop of Reggio.[11] In Piacenza he attempted to broker a peace between the Ghibelline Sessi and the Guelph Roberti-Fogliani.[12] In 1221 he helped Cardinal Ugolino (later Pope Gregory IX) preach the crusade in northern Italy. In 1224, he was papal mediator in peace talks between Bologna and Mantua. In May and June 1230, Bishop Nicolò dei Maltraversi (1211–1243) accompanied an embassy of the Emperor Frederick II to Pope Gregory IX, in the hope of bringing peace between Empire and Church.[13] On 1 July 1230 he was present in the major church of San Germano to witness the papal reconciliation with the Emperor.[14] In 1233, he was granted the right to issue coinage by Frederick II.[15] In April 1242, the Emperor Frederick wrote a letter to Bishop Maltraversi, expressing his joy at the bishop's success in bringing his nephews and other relatives (consanguineos et nepotes tuos) back to the imperial side (the Ghibellines) and loyalty to the Emperor; he urged Nicolò to return to him as soon as possible, to assist in some difficult and useful matters.[16]
When Bishop Nicolò died in 1243, probably in August, the new pope, Innocent IV (Sinibaldo Fieschi of Genoa), immediately issued a decree on 24 August, reserving for himself the right to appoint (provisio) a new bishop of Reggio.[17] Nonetheless, on 2 September 1243, he wrote to the Bishop of Modena and to his own nephew, the Archdeacon of Parma, that they should lift the sentences of excommunication which had been pronounced against the Canons of Reggio, and order the Canons to elect a bishop within twenty days; otherwise, the Bishop of Modena should choose a suitable candidate as bishop.[18] When the Canons proceeded to an election, two candidates were produced: the Ghibellines supported the Provost of S. Prospero, Guicciolo Albriconi; the Guelphs supported Guglielmo Fogliano, a canon of the cathedral and a nephew of Pope Innocent. According to Fra Salimbene, there were extensive disturbances (magna discordia) in the city in September.[19] After an investigation of the canonical validity of the election,[20] the Pope pronounced his nephew to be the new bishop. Since the agents of the Emperor Frederick's son Enzo had possession of the episcopal palace, Bishop-elect Fogliano was forced into exile.[21] He did not gain possession of the diocese until 1252, and was still not consecrated bishop by 23 May 1255, when he received an extension on the time-limit.[22]
The election of 1301–1302
Bishop Guglielmo of Bobbio died at Bobbio on 3 September 1301. The Chapter of the cathedral of Reggio met, and at the request of Azzo d'Este, Lord of Reggio, they unanimously elected Fra Giovannino dei Melonelli, O.Min. The Minister General of the Franciscans, however, refused to sanction the election, and Pope Boniface VIII therefore quashed the election. The Pope then nominated Matteo Visconti, a Canon of the cathedral of Milan, who refused the election. Finally, on 3 April, in a public consistory, the Pope proposed the name of Enrico de Casalorci, who was a Canon of the cathedral of Cremona. His appointment was published at the Lateran on 30 April, and he was consecrated at Anagni by Cardinal Matteo di Aquasparta, Bishop of Porto, on 22 July 1302. His formal entry into his diocese took place on 17 August.[23]
Bishop Serafino Tavacci, O.Min. (1379–1387) was the first bishop of Reggio to enjoy the title Prince.[24]
Reggio accepted the vicars of Emperor Henry VII and Louis the Bavarian, and was subject to the pope under Cardinal Bertrand du Poyet (1322). Later (1331), John of Bohemia, who recognized the suzerainty of the pope over Reggio as well as over Parma and Modena, was made lord of the city, but sold it to the Fogliani, from whom it passed to the Gonzaga of Mantua (1335), who sold it to Galeazzo II Visconti of Milan. In 1409 it returned again to the House of Este of the line of Modena, until 1859. The popes, however, always claimed to be its suzerains. After the Ferrara War, Reggio spontaneously submitted to Pope Julius II (1512–15). By the Peace of Barcelona (1529), Emperor Charles V bound himself to give back Reggio to the popes, but he did not do so.
Plague
Reggio Emilia was stricken particularly hard by the bubonic plague from 1630 to 1632, the result of German troop movements in the war between the French and the Empire.[25] The Church began its campaign against the plague on 18 April 1630, with a procession ordered by the bishop and magistrates, which featured the carrying of the right foot of Mary Magdalene, the head of Saint Maurizio, arms of S. Reparata and S. Catherine, and the remains of S. Apollonia, S. Abondonio, and S. Prospero.[26] An inscription at Guastalla states that 2,104 persons had died in one parish alone.[27] At Gualtieri, by 20 March 1631, 463 out of a population of 1380 had died.[28] Inside the city of Reggio, 3617 persons died of the plague, and outside the city an additional 2,130.[29]
Bishop Augusto Bellincini (1675–1700) was responsible for the introduction of the Priests of the Mission (C.M.) to the diocese of Reggio (1681). He also found quarters for the Discalced Carmelites (O.C.D.) in 1685, and introduced the Discalced Carmelite nuns to the diocese (1689). He also welcomed the Minims of S. Francesco di Paola in 1696.[30]
Cathedral and Chapter
On 13 June 1200, Pope Innocent III, in the bull Cum a nobis, at the request of the chapter of the cathedral, fixed the maximum number of Canons which the Chapter could have at sixteen. This was necessary, the bull states, because numbers of relatives and hangers-on who obtained canonries were appropriating the property belonging to the Chapter.[31]
Bishop Nicolò dei Maltraversi (1211–1243) suppressed the office of Provost of the Cathedral in 1212.[32]
In 1674, the Cathedral Chapter consisted of three dignities and fifteen Canons.[33] The dignities were: the Archpriest, the Archdeacon, and the Majuscola (Magister Scholae). In addition, in accordance with the decrees of the Council of Trent, one Canon was designated the Theologus, and another the Penitentiary. In 1857, there were those five, plus eight other Canons.[34]
Synods
Bishop Benedetto Manzoli held a diocesan synod in Reggio in 1581.[35] Synods were held by Bishop Claudio Rangoni (1592–1621) on 20 June 1595, and on 17 July 1597.[36]
Bishop Paolo Coccapani (1625–1650) held a diocesan synod on 26 April 1627.[37] Bishop Giovanni Agostino Marliani held a diocesan synod in Reggio on 15–17 June 1665.[38] He held a second synod on 17–19 April 1674.[39] Bishop Augusto Bellincini (1674–1700) presided over a diocesan synod on 20–22 May 1697.[40] This was the last synod held in the diocese of Reggio until the synod of 2–4 October 1894, held by Bishop Vincenzo Manicardi.[41]
Seminary
Bishop Giambattista Grossi (1549–1569) brought home the idea of a seminary for the diocese from the Council of Trent, which had decreed in its twenty-third Session that every diocese should have a seminary for the education of the clergy. He consulted with the Cathedral Chapter and with the clergy of the city as to the means to comply, and then, on 3 January 1567, he issued a decree calling for a tax on every benefice in the diocese to raise funds. He died two years later, however, without having advanced the plan any farther. His successor, Bishop Eustachio Locatelli, held another conference, in which it was decided to appoint a deputy to engage in planning and fund raising,[42] but he too died before advancing the plan significantly. In the Synod of 1581, Bishop Benedetto Manzoli (1578–1585) expressed his resolution to create the seminary immediately, but he too died before accomplishing anything. Bishop Claudio Rangone, too, had good intentions, which he expressed in his Synod of 1595, but his work as a diplomat for Pope Clement VIII took him away from the diocese. It was not until 21 December 1614 that he instituted the college of seminarians in the cathedral. Rooms were provided for the five students through the generosity of the Canons, who made some rooms belonging to them available, for a period of three years. Thereafter, the seminary was without a home, and dependent upon the creation of a benefice by the bishop to fund them. When Bishop Rangone died, the seminary closed.[43]
The next bishop, Cardinal Alessandro d'Este (1621–1624), however, took immediate steps to resurrect the seminary. In November 1622 he ordered the collection of the back taxes due on each of Reggio's benefices for the support of the seminary, and on 6 March 1623, he ordered the Chapter and clergy of the city to elect delegates to supervise the seminary; the bishop himself appointed his own delegates to each committee.[44] In 1625, there were six seminarians, living in the rooms rented from the Chapter. It was not intended that the number should exceed twelve.[45] In the synod of 1627, the Bishop conceded that the seminary was in difficulties, and in 1648 it was again closed, due to extreme financial difficulties.[46]
The next three bishops, Rinaldo d'Este (1650–1660), Girolamo Codebò (1661), Giovanni Agostino Marliani (1662–1674) worked with determination, though intermittently, to bring together sufficient property (some of it by the suppression of churches and transfer of assets) to provide operating capital for a new seminary, and even during the Sede vacante following the death of Bishop Marliani the Chapter demonstrated a will to reopen the seminary. In 1674, the seminary was opened on the top floor of the Episcopal Palace. When Augusto Bellincini was appointed bishop, he immediately began his own efforts to raise additional funds.[47] At the end of the seventeenth century, there were thirty seminarians.[48]
The increase in students, and the fact that the Episcopal Palace had no courtyard that could be used by the seminarians for recreation, meant that a new building was required, which was opened in 1723. In 1726 there were fifty-six seminarians.[49] The seminary was closed by the French occupying authorities in July 1798.[50] On 8 July 1805, however, the new King of Italy, the Emperor Bonaparte, issued an edict, allowing bishops to reopen their seminaries. That action was delayed in Reggio, however, due to a dispute between Bishop d'Este and the municipal authorities, who had taken ownership of the seminary building, the Palazzo Busetti, which had been turned into a public grammar school. The seminary finally reopened in December 1808, though in the Episcopal Palace again, and on 8 March 1809 had twenty-nine seminarians.[51] In October 1831, after negotiations involving the Pope and the Duke of Modena, the seminary moved to the Palazzo Busetti.[52]
A new seminary building was constructed in the 1950s, with space for c. 250 seminarians. The current number (2018), however, is only 15.[53] On 15 April 2015, the Diocese of Reggio announced that it was putting the Episcopal Seminary up for sale, due to a serious financial emergency.[54] On 28 April 2018, it was announced that the Episcopal Seminary would become one of the new seats for the University of Modena-Reggio (UNIMORE).[55] It would become the home of the Facoltà di Educazione e scienze umane.[56]
^Kehr, p. 299. Bishop Enrico de Casalorci attended the provincial synod of Ravenna in 1310–1311, and sent a procurator to the synod of 1314. Saccani, pp. 85-86.
^The existence of Protasius and five other of the earliest bishops is not accepted by modern scholars. Gams, p. 760 column 2. Lanzoni, pp. 794-795. Kehr, p. 365: Reginensium rerum scriptores primum Reginae civitatis antistitem Protasium, b. Apollinaris discipulum, celebrant, sed Protasii ceterorumque qui ei successerunt episcoporum nomina fabulosa sunt.
^Compare the narrative in the Liber pontificum (a partisan papal statement), which makes no mention of Reggio, unless perhaps it is included in the 'entire duchy of Ferrara'. Augustin Theiner (1861). Codex diplomaticus dominii temporalis S. Sedis (in Latin) (Tome premier ed.). Rome: Imprimerie du Vatican. p. 1.
^J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXI (Venice: A. Zatta 1776), pp. 569-572. C. J. Hefele, Histoire des Conciles Tome VII (Paris: Adrien Le Clere 1872), p. 288. (in French)
^Cappelletti, p. 377, citing the words of Fra Salimbene in full.
^Panciroli, I, pp. 166-167; 170-171; 175-177; 181. Saccani, p. 79.
^Panciroli. p. 173. Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri (1894). La Zecca di reggio nell'Emilia (in Italian). Milano: Tip. L.F. Cogliati. pp. 10–13.
^J.L.A. Huillard-Bréholles (1860). Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi (in Latin). Vol. Tomus VI. Pars i. Paris: Plon fratres. p. 37. Panciroli, Storia della città di Reggio I, pp. 180-182.
^On 2 October, Innocent ordered the Archbishop of Ravenna to confirm one of the parties; on 20 October, Innocent wrote that the election was to be submitted to the Holy See, since Gucciolo was excommunicated and the election was canonically irregular; on 1 December, he ordered the Bishop of Modena to cite the two electi to appear at the Papal Court; on 6 February 1244, the Pope announced that the election had been quashed, and that a new election was forbidden. Eubel, I, p. 417, note 1.
^Constitutiones et decreta synodalia diversis temporibus ab illustriss et reverendiss. d.d. Co. Claudio Ragono, episcopo Regii et principe, condita, et in unum hac secunda editione congesta (Reggio: Flaminio et Flavio Bartholi 1614).
^Synodus dioecesana quam illustrissimus et reverendissimus d. Co. Pavlvs Coccapanvs, Dei et apostolicae sedis gratia episcopus Regij et princeps, prumum celebravit anno Domini MDCCXXVI die XXVI aprilis (Parma: Antonio Viothi 1627).
^Secundae synodi dioecesanae, quam fel. record. illustrissimus et reverendissimus d. d. Io. Augustinus Marlianus, Dei et sanctae sedis apostolicae gratia episcopus Regij et princeps, paucis ante obitum diebus habuit, anno Domini 1674, die 17, 18 et 19 aprilis. (Reggio: Typographia Propseri Vedroti 1675).
^Synodus dioecesana Regiensis, quam habuit illustrismus et reverendmus d. d. Augustus, comes Bellincinus, patririus Mutinensis, Dei et Sanctae sedis apostolicae gratia episcopus Regii et princeps, anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi MDCXCVII, die 20, 21 et 22 maii (Parma: Albertus Passonus et Paulus Montius 1698).
^J.-D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXXVIter edd. L. Petit and G.B. Martin (Arnhem and Leipzig: H. Welter 1924), pp. 671-672. Synodus dioecesana regiensis quam in maiori urbis templo habuit Ill. et Rev. Vincentius Manicardi episcopus et princeps diebus II, III et IV octobris MDCCCXCIV, Pontificatus SS. D. N. Leonis PP. XIII A. decimoseptimo. (Regii in Aemilia: Artigianelli 1895).
^The deputy pro ipsis et nomine totius Capituli presbyterorum Regicnsinm ad consentiendum institutioni seu errectioni noni seminarii instituendi in hac ciuitate Regiensi .... et ad conueniendum cum aliis ellectis et elligendis super huiusmodi negotium de loco et taxa, ac expensis faciendis.
^Reggionline, "L’Università al Seminario, ecco il progetto da 9,5 milioni di euro", 26 giugno 2018; retrieved: 2 December 2018. (in Italian)
^The bishops before Prosper are only names in episcopal lists. They are otherwise unattested. Their real existence is doubted. Angelo Mercati, quoted by Lanzoni, stated, per quanto spetta a Reggio, i cataloghi dei vescovi nella parte antica non meritino alcuna fede. Gams, p. 760 column 2. Lanzoni, pp. 794-795. Kehr, p. 365: Reginensium rerum scriptores primum Reginae civitatis antistitem Protasium, b. Apollinaris discipulum, celebrant, sed Protasii ceterorumque qui ei successerunt episcoporum nomina fabulosa sunt.
^Bishop Faventius was present at the synod of Milan of 451. The episcopal catalogues call him Laurentius or Faustus. Lanzoni, pp. 801-802.
^Local hagiographical tradition insists that Prosper was Prosper of Aquitaine. But this identification belongs to the Life, composed in the 8th century (La citata Vita è molto sospetta.). There are items in the story which lead back to Africa and to Spain, neither of which places was ever seen by Prosper of Aquitaine. A bishop Prosper is said to have been consecrated in Rome by the pope, but in the 5th century, bishops of Reggio were elected by the clergy and people and consecrated by the Archbishop of Milan. Lanzoni distinguishes three separate Prospers. Germain Morin, "Saint Prosper de Reggio. Consultation historique et liturgique," in: Revue bénédictine (in French). Vol. 12. Belgique: Abbaye de Maredsous. 1895. pp. 241–257. Lanzoni, pp. 795-797.
^A confusion, based on the fact that the 8th century Bishop Tommaso transferred the remains of Prospero, and was later buried next to him. The 5th century Tommaso is a figment. Lanzoni, p. 801.
^Bishop Mauritius was present at the Roman synod of 680. Lanzoni, p. 802, no. 3.
^The Bishop Giovanni of 714 was likely the Bishop of Reggio Calabria, who went to the Council of Constantinople, not Bishop Giovanni of Reggio Emilia. Saccani, pp. 32-33.
^Bishop Norperto (Nodoberto) was ambassador of Louis the Pious at Constantinople (817). He signed a land grant in 822. In 824 he witnessed a grant to the Abbey of Nonantola. He attended the council of Mantua in 827. On 3 June 835, he witnessed the foundation grant to the monastery of S. Alessandro in Parma by Queen Cunegonda (apparently spelling his name Nordbertus). Saccani, pp. 38-39.
^Bishop Vitale certified a land transfer in 838, and was the recipient of a privilege of the Emperor Lothair II, variously dated 838, 840, 841, or 842. Saccani, pp. 39-40.
^Bishop Sigifredus was present in Rome for the coronation of Louis II of Italy as Emperor on 15 June 844. He was present at the Roman synod of 13 June 853. In 857, he endowed the canonicate building (canonica) of S. Maria in Reggio that he had founded. Saccani, pp. 40-41. Kehr, p. 371.
^Bishop Paul was summoned by a letter of Pope John VIII of 24 November 878 to a synod to be held at Pavia on 2 December 878. Kehr, p. 366, no. 1.
^While the Emperor Charles the Fat was in Ravenna to confer with Pope John VIII, Bishop Arrone obtained from him a confirmation of all of his church's privileges, in a document dated 13 February 882. A bishop of Reggio, probably Aronne, attended the Roman synod of Pope Adrian III in April 885. Saccani, p. 43.
^Azzo was killed during the Hungarian invasion in 899. Gams, p. 760 column 1 (who makes the date 900). Saccani, pp. 43-45 (who makes the date 899).
^Petrus (Pietro) is named in a document of 31 October 900, in which he is granted privileges by King Louis III. He acquired property in a document of 22 June 915. Saccani, pp. 45-46.
^A grant of privileges to Bishop Aribardus by Kings Ugo and Lothair is dated 10 August 942. The bishop spells his name Heribaldus in a grant of 22 May 943. On 17 March 944 he defended the rights of his Church before King Ugo. His successor was in place by 1 January 945. Saccani, pp. 48-49.
^Teuzo (Teuzone): Documents begin in 980. Bishop Teuzo founded a monastery of Benedictines where the church of S. Prospero had once been in the year 1000. In 1027, Conrad II gave Teuzo and his successors full regalian rights in Reggio and around the city to a distance of 4 miles. They year 1027 was the 49th year of his episcopacy, implying the beginning of his episcopacy in 979. His latest known document is dated 30 December 1029. Ughelli, II, p. 272. Saccani, pp. 51-54. Kehr, p. 378. Schwartz, p. 196.
^A document of August 1038 states that Bishop Sigifredus was in his 7th year, and a document of October 1042 states that he was in his 11th year; implying a beginning of his episcopacy after October 1031. His latest known document was dated 25 October 1046. Saccani, pp. 54-55. Schwartz, p. 196.
^Condelardo is a doublet of Conone. His existence, given the attested dates of Sigifredus' documents, is impossible. Saccani, p. 55. Schwartz, p. 196.
^Sifredus is a doublet of Sigifredus. His existence, given the attested dates of Sigifredus' documents, is impossible. Saccani, p. 55. Schwartz, p. 196.
^Ughelli, p. 280, states that Adalbertus came to the episcopal throne in 1049, and ruled until 1061, which is impossible. This Adalberto is a doublet for "Adalberio or Alberio", who followed Conon.
^Conon is known from a single document, a donation to the convent of S. Tommaso, dated 9 September 1050, in the first year of Bishop Conon's episcopacy. "Bishop Condelardo" is a duplicate of Conon. Seccani, pp. 55-56. Schwartz, p. 196.
^Adalbero's latest known document is dated 18 March 1059, in the sixth year of his pontificate, making his first year 1053. Since he is recorded as dying on 16 January, that would have to be 1060, 1061, or 1062. Seccani, pp. 56-57. Schwartz, p. 197, who discusses the correct form of the name in note 1.
^Wolmar was already in office before 1 June 1063. His latest known document is dated 1 June 1065, in his third year. Seccani, p. 57. Schwartz, p. 197. The document is quoted in its entirety by Ughelli, pp. 280-281.
^Gandulfus took office after 1 July 1065; an act of his is dated 1 July 1073, in his eighth year. He was present at the Roman synod of on 11 February 1079, and was required to sign an oath of loyalty to Gregory VII: Ego Gandulphus regiensem episcopatum contra interdictum vestrum aut vestri Legati octo diebus non tenebo, neque aliquo inveniam studio, quo vestrae legationi resistatur. In 1082, Pope Gregory deposed him and entrusted the administration of his diocese to Bishop Anselm of Lucca, papal Vicar in Lombardy. On 2 July 1084, he fought on the imperial side in the Battle of Sorbaria. He died in 1085. Kehr, p. 367 no. 5. Seccani, pp. 57-59. Schwartz, pp. 197-198.
^Anselm died in Modena on 18 March 1086. Saccani, p. 59.
^Heribertus or Aribertus or Eriberto. 59-61. Schwartz, p. 198.
^A single document of Bishop Lodoicus survives, dated 1092; it is printed by Ughelli, pp. 285-286, with note 1. Saccani, p. 61. Schwartz, p. 198.
^Bonus senior was present at a provincial council in Milan on 5 April 1098. On 24 July 1115, he was present at the deathbed of Countess Matilda of Canossa. On 20 September 1117, he consecrated the church of S. Andrea in Carpineto. He died on 10 May 1118. Saccani, pp. 61-64. Schwartz, pp. 198-199.
^While still Bishop-elect, Adelmus was present at Speyer on 10 February 1123, when his name is mentioned in a charter of the Emperor Henry V. Saccani, pp. 64-66. Schwartz, p. 199.
^Alberio was consecrated a bishop by Archbishop Gualterio of Ravenna on 15 March 1140. He died on 5 April 1163. Saccani, pp. 66-69.
^Alberico had been Provost of the Cathedral Chapter from 1160 to 1163. Bishop Alberico died on 28 August 1187. Saccani, pp. 70-72.
^Pietro was already Bishop-elect when Pope Urban III wrote to him on 10 September 1187. He died at the end of November 1210. Saccani, pp. 73-
^Maltraversi was a native of Padua (or Vicenza), and a Canon in the cathedral of Padua. He made his formal entry into Reggio on 1 June 1211. He was also Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Vicenza from 1212 to 1219. He was much praised by the Franciscan chronicler Salimbene de Adam of Parma, and several times served as ambassador to Emperor Frederick II, in 1231, 1232, and 1237. He died at Melfi in Apulia, at the Court of Frederick II. He was dead by 24 August 1243, when Pope Innocent IV ordered an inventory of his goods. Gams, p. 760, column 2. Saccani, pp. 74-79. Eubel, I, p. 417, note 1. I Compagni di Francesco e la prima generazione minoritica: atti del XIX convegno internazionale, Assisi, 17-19 ottobre 1991 (in Italian). Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi sull' Alto Medioevo. 1992. p. 186.
^On the death of Bishop Nicolò, on 24 August 1243 Pope Innocent IV reserved to himself the right to appoint the next bishop. On 2 September he invited the Chapter to conduct an election, which was contested and litigated. Guglielmo, Pope Innocent's nephew, was installed on 25 October 1252. He died on 27 August 1283. Saccani, pp. 79-83. Eubel, I, p. 417
^The two warring factions, Guelphs and Ghibellines, each elected a Vicar Capitular, Canon Francesco Fogliano of Reggio and Canon Teobaldo Fieschi of Lodi. Both competitors were dead when Pope Nicholas IV finally named a new bishop on 22 June 1290. Saccani, pp. 83-84. Gams, p. 760, column 2.
^Casalorci was a native of Cremona and was a Doctor of Canon Law and Canon of the Cathedral Chapter of Cremona. He was appointed by Pope Boniface VIII on 3 April 1302. He died on 29 April 1312. Saccani, pp. 85-87. Eubel, I, p. 417.
^Guido de Baisio's homonymous uncle had been Archdeacon of Reggio during the long Sede vacante. Guido the younger was a Doctor of Canon Law. He was appointed bishop of Reggio by Pope Clement V on 19 December 1312. He was consecrated a bishop at Brescello by the Archbishop of Ravenna in February 1314. On 11 October 1329, Baisio was named bishop of Rimini. He was then transferred to the diocese of Ferrara on 23 February 1332. He died there in 1349. Saccani, pp. 87-89. Eubel, I, pp. 107, 248, 417.
^Bartolomeo had been a Canon of the Collegiate Church of San Secondo in Asti, and, in 1337, Archdeacon of the Cathedral of Reggio. He was named Bishop of Reggio by Pope Benedict XII on 6 October 1339, and on 13 December he received a papal command to depart Avignon for his diocese. He was enthroned as bishop at Pentecost 1340. In 1355 he made an ad limina visit to the pope in Avignon by proxy. He died in 1362. Saccani, pp. 93-95. Eubel, I, p. 418.
^Pinotti was a native of Reggio, and was a jurist and lecturer in law. He held a benefice in the Cathedral, and was Vicar General of Bishop Bartolomeo for a number of years. He was appointed Bishop of Reggio by Pope Urban V on 6 March 1363 (it was still 1362 in the Calendar of the Incarnation, which changes years on 25 March). He held synods in 1366 and 1368 to reform the clergy. In 1371, when Reggio was betrayed to the Visconti, Pinotti fled to Corregio. He died after 19 July 1379, the date of his latest known act. Saccani, pp. 95-97. Eubel, I, p. 418.
^Tavacci (Tavani, Tavari) is variously said to have been from Trino, Trio, Tridino, or Trento. He was elected bishop sometime after 19 July 1379, when Bishop Lorenzo was still alive. He was enthroned on 1 January 1380. In 1387 he transferred remains of Saint Prospero from the Basilica of S. Prospero to the Cathedral. He was the first Prince Bishop of Reggio. He was named bishop of Santa Giusta in Sicily by Pope Urban VI on 16 December 1387. Saccani, pp. 97-100. Eubel, I, pp. 288, 418.
^A member of a noble family of Reggio, Ugolino was appointed Bishop of Reggio by Pope Urban VI, who was residing in Lucca, on 24 July 1387. He was consecrated a bishop on 1 September in Reggio. He held a diocesan synod on 27 February 1392. His latest known document is dated 10 October 1394. Saccani, pp. 101-102. Eubel, I, p. 418 (who states that Ugolino died in 1395).
^Tebaldo had been Prior of the church of S. Matteo in Reggio. He was appointed bishop of Reggio by Pope Boniface IX on 13 December 1394. He was consecrated a bishop and took possession of his diocese on the same day in June 1395. He held a diocesan synod on 16 January 1411. he died on 6 January 1439. Saccani, pp. 102-103. Eubel, II, p. 222.
^Jacobus Antonius della Torre (Jacopo-Antonio della Torre) was a native of Padua, of the family of the Massolini della Torre. He was elected bishop of Reggio by the Chapter of the cathedral on 17 January 1439, and took possession on 26 May. On 19 October 1444, della Torre was transferred to the diocese of Modena. In 1463 he was transferred to Parma, and in 1483 to Cremona, where he died in 1486 (The date of death in Eubel is a typographical error). Ughelli, pp. 310-311. Saccani, pp. 104-105. Eubel, II, pp. 139, 197, 213, 222.
^Pallavicini was a member of the parmesan aristocracy with the title of Marchese, and had been Archdeacon of the Cathedral of Turin. He was appointed Bishop of Reggio by Pope Eugene IV on 19 October 1444, and took possession of his diocese on 19 January 1445. He made formal visitations of his diocese in 1456 and 1462. He died on 12 May 1466. Saccani, pp. 105-108. Eubel, II, p. 222.
^Beltrando, called Tubicina, was a native of Ferrara. He was the ambassador of Duke Borso of Ferrara at the Papal Court. A few days after the death of Bishop Pallavicino, the Canons of the cathedral Chapter met, and elected one of their number, Bishop Bartolomeo Coccapani of Carpi, as their new bishop. Pope Paul II, however, quashed the election, and appointed Antonio Beltrando on 28 May 1466. He died in Ferrara on 5 May 1476, and was buried there in the cathedral. Saccani, pp. 108-109. Eubel, II, p. 222.
^Arlotti was born in Reggio in 1422. His father Ventura was a Master of Rhetoric, and his brother Aliprando was a Doctor in utroque iure. Bonfrancesco m too, held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure from the University of Bologna, and was a doctor of Arts, Medicine, and theology. He was a Canon, and then Archdeacon of the Cathedral of Reggio, and was also Archpriest of the Cathedral of Ferrara. He had been ambassador of the Duke of Modena at the Papal Court. He was appointed Bishop of Reggio on 9 July 1477, by Pope Sixtus IV. He took possession of the diocese on 1 November 1477. On 8 March 1503 he was assigned a Coadjutor, (Gian)Luca Castellini de Pontremoli. He died on 7 January 1588, at the age of eighty-six. Ughelli, p. 313. Saccani, pp. 109-114. Eubel, II, p. 222 with note 3; III, p. 284.
^Castellini was a native of Pontremoli, and held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure from the University of Bologna (1478). He became a councilor of the Duke of Ferrara. He was named Coadjutor of Bishop Arlotti on 8 March 1503; he succeeded to the diocese on the bishop's death and took formal possession on 23 April 1508. He refurbished the episcopal palace. He died in exile and in poverty at the papal court of Julius II in Bologna on 10 October 1510, having fled from Reggio, which resisted Julius II and had been laid under the Interdict. Saccani, pp. 114-115. Eubel, III, p. 284 with note 3.
^Rangone was appointed bishop on 18 October 1510. During the 1530s, Rangoni was not based in Reggio: he was private secretary of Clement VII, nuncio to Germany in 1533, nuncio of Pope Paul III to the Emperor Charles V, and from 1535 Vice-Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church and Governor of Rome. He died in Modena on 25 August 1540, and his body was transported to Reggio for burial. Ughelli, pp. 314-315. Saccani, pp. 115-117. Eubel, III, p. 284 (who gives the day of death as 28 August; Cappelletti, p. 392, indicates that Rangoni was buried on 28 August).
^Cervini was named bishop of Reggio on 24 September 1540. He was transferred to the diocese of Gubbio on 29 February 1544. He was appointed a cardinal by Pope Paul III on 20 December 1539. and was elected Pope Marcellus II on 9 April 1555. Cervini was actually (in his own words) Perpetuus Administrator of the diocese of Reggio, and he governed through a Vicar General, Antonio Lorencino, who carried out the pastoral visitation of the diocese in 1543. Saccani, pp. 117-120. Eubel, III, pp. 26 no. 33; 33; 193; 222.
^A native of Mantua, Andreasi was a cleric of Mantua and Senator of Milan, and ambassador of Milan (the Emperor Charles V as Duke of Milan) to the Holy See. He was appointed Bishop of Chiusi on 20 March 1538 by Pope Paul III. He was then named papal Legate to Venice on 22 February 1540, from which post he was recalled on 18 April 1542. He was named Bishop of Reggio on 2 April 1544. He conducted official diocesan visitations in 1545 and 1548. He took part in the Council of Trent in 1547 in Bologna. Andreasi fell ill on 22 January 1549, and died on 22 January at the age of eighty-one; a public viewing was held for two days, and then the body was transported to Mantua. Saccani, pp. 121-122. Eubel, III, pp. 171 with note 8; 284.
^Grossi was a native of Mantua, and Archpriest of the Cathedral. He was the nephew of his predecessor, Bishop Andreasi. He was made Andreasi's coadjutor by Pope Paul III in the consistory of 14 December 1545, though he was not consecrated a bishop until he succeeded to the episcopal throne on 22 January 1549. He attended the Council of Trent in 1562 and 1563. Saccani, pp. 122-124. Eubel, III, p. 284.
^Locatelli was a native of Bologna. At the Dominican convent in Bologna he was successively theologian, Prior, and Regent. He became Procurator of his Order at the Roman Curia, and then Vicar General of the Order. He had been the confessor of Pope Pius V. He was appointed Bishop of Reggio in the consistory of 15 April 1569, by Pope Pius IV. In 1574, he conducted a diocesan synod. He died, according to his tombstone, on 14 October 1575 at the age of fifty-seven. Ughelli, pp. 316-317. Saccani, pp. 124-125. Eubel, III, p. 284.
^Born c. 1508, Martelli was a native of Reggio, where, as a young man, he became a protégé of Bishop Ugo Rangoni, who appointed him a Vicar General and his Auditor. He followed Rangoni on his assignments in the 1530s to Germany and Spain, and worked for him when he was Governor of Rome (1535–1538). He was also a Vicar General of Bishops Andreasi (whom he accompanied to Venice from 1540 to 1542) and Grossi. He served as Apostolic Administrator of Ferrara, and was ambassador of Duke Alfonso II to the Holy See. On 25 April 1569, Pope Pius V named Martelli Archpriest of Carpi. He was appointed Bishop of Reggio on 19 October 1575. He died, according to his tomb inscription, on 9 March 1578, at the age of seventy, after a reign of twenty-nine months. Ughelli, p. 317. Saccani, pp. 125-126. Eubel, III, p. 284.
^Ughelli, pp. 317-318. Saccani, pp. 126-129. Eubel, III, p. 284.
^Rangoni was the son of Count Alessandro Rangoni of Modena. He had been a Privy Chamberlain of Pope Gregory XIII. He was appointed bishop of Reggio in the consistory of 16 December 1592, and took possession of the diocese on 9 January 1593. On 20 October 1598 he was named papal Nuncio to Poland, a post he held until 16 September 1606. He held diocesan synods in 1595, 1597, and 1613. He died on 2 September 1621. Girolamo Tiraboschi (1783). Biblioteca modenese (in Italian). Vol. Tomo IV. Panciroli-Sadoleto. Modena: Società tipografica. p. 281. Saccani, pp. 129-132. Eubel, III, p. 284. Gauchat, p. 294 with note 2.
^Coccopani was born of a noble family of Carpi in Ferrara in 1584. He studied at Bologna, and in April 1617 he was named Archpriest of Carpi by Duke Cesare. On 7 April (not 17 March, the old belief before documents were found) 1625 he was appointed Bishop of Reggio by Pope Urban VIII, and he took possession on 12 April. He held diocesan synods in 1627 and 1647. Coccapani died on 26 June 1650. The Vicar Capitular was elected on 30 June. Saccani, pp. 133-135. Gauchat, IV. p. 294 with note 4.
^Rinaldo d'Este was the son of Duke Alfonso III of Modena and brother of Duke Francesco I. He was appointed a cardinal in 1641 by Pope Urban VIII. He was appointed Bishop of Reggio in the consistory of 5 December 1650 by Pope Innocent X. He was consecrated a bishop on 28 October 1651 by the Bishop of Modena, Roberto Fontana. He resigned the diocese on 23 April 1660. He attended the Conclave of 1670. D'Este died at Modena after a prolonged illness on 30 September 1672. Saccani, pp. 135-136. Gauchat, IV. p. 294 with note 5.
^Born in Modena in 1594, Codebò obtained a doctorate in law from the University of Bologna, and became a member of Cardinal Alessandro d'Este's entourage when he was ambassador of the Duke of Modena to the Papal Court. Codebò became a Referendary of the Tribunal of the Two Signatures, and governor successively of Tivoli, Terni, Rieti, Rimini, Benevento, Ascoli, Spoleto, and Camerino. In 1624 he was named Archpriest of Carpi. He refused several offers of employment, including the bishopric of Caserta, but finally accepted the bishopric of Montalto (in the Marches) on 6 February 1645. He was transferred to the diocese of Reggio on 24 January 1661 by Pope Alexander VII. He died on 3 October 1661, after only eight months in office. Saccani, pp. 136-137. Gauchat, IV. pp. 246 with note 5; 294 with note 6.
^Marliani belonged to a patrician family of Genoa. He had previously been Vicar General of the Archbishop of Genoa; he was appointed by Pope Innocent X to the diocese of Mariana and Accia in Corsica in 1645. On 27 February 1662 he was transferred to the diocese of Reggio. He conducted two visitations of his diocese, and held two synods, in 1665 and 1674. He died on 4 June 1674, at the age of seventy-eight. Saccani, pp. 137-139. Gauchat, IV, pp. 232 with note 4; 294 with note 7.
^Bellincini was born in Modena in 1631, and held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure from the University of Bologna. He was a Canon of the Cathedral of Modena (Saccani says Mantua), Theologus of the Cathedral of Modena, and Archpriest of the territory of Carpi (diocese of Ravenna) (1669–1674). He was nominated Bishop of Reggio in November 1674, and appointed by Pope Clement X on 28 January 1675. He was consecrated a bishop in Rome on 3 February 1675, and took possession of his diocese (by proxy) six days later. He held a diocesan synod on 20–22 May 1697. He died on 20 July 1700, after a long illness. Saccani, pp. 139-141. Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 331 with note 2.
^Born of a noble family of Cremona in 1661, Piccinardi (Picenardi) was a doctor of theology (Pavia); according to Saccani he also studied law at Bologna. He was the Canon Theologus in the Cathedral of Cremona, and had served as Vicar Capitular. He was a synodal examiner of the diocese. He was appointed Bishop of Reggio by Pope Clement XI on 14 March 1701. He took possession on 31 March, and was consecrated a bishop on 3 April. In 1701 he began the construction of a new seminary building. He died on 13 December 1722. Saccani, p. 142-144. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 331 with note 3.
^After twenty-seven years as Bishop of Reggio, and having passed the age of eighty-five, Forni freely resigned the diocese, in favor of Giovanni Castelvetri. He died a nonagenarian on 3 June 1755. Saccani, p. 145. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 331 with note 4.
^Castelvetri was a native of Modena, the son of Marchese Lodovico Castelvetri, and held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure from the University of Modena (1732). He had been Archpriest of the Cathedral and Vicar General of Bishop Sabbatini of Modena. He was appointed Bishop of Reggio by Pope Benedict XIV on 7 December 1750, and was consecrated a bishop in Rome by Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico on 13 December 1750. He took possession of the diocese on 20 December by proxy, and made his solemn entry on 4 February 1751. He united the public and religious schools of the diocese, and introduced in the seminary a section for young nobles and a collegio a fianco, but both were suppressed in 1798 during the French occupation. When the seminary reopened in 1808, they were not revived. He died on 4 April 1785, at the age of seventy-four. Saccani, pp. 145-147. Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 355 with note 2.
^Este was born in Venice in 1743, a member of the ruling house of Modena. He studied for six years with the Jesuits at Prati, and then attended the Roman Seminary. He obtained the degree of Doctor in utroque iure from the University of Rome, La Sapienza (1774), and became a Referendary (judge) of the Tribunal of Both Signatures in the Papal Curia, and was a participating Protonotary Apostolic. He had been Abbot of Nonantola and titular bishop of Anastasiopolis (province of Rhodope in Greece) (1781–1785). He patronized Tiraboschi in the writing and publishing (1787) of his work on the Badia of Nonantola. He was presented by Duke Ercole III to the diocese of Reggio, and transferred on 26 September 1785 by Pope Pius VI. He died on 17 May 1821, at the age of seventy-six. Saccani, pp. 148-149. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, pp. 82 with note 355 with note 3.
^Ficarelli was born in Reggio in 1780. He studied locally, and on ordination became a high school teacher of the Liberal Arts. He was named a Canon of the Cathedral Chapter in 1819, and Vicar General in 1820. At the death of Bishop d'Este, he was elected Vicar Capitular, to govern the diocese during the sede vacante. He was presented to the diocese of Reggio by Duke Francesco IV, and preconised (approved) by Pope Pius VII on 19 April 1822. He was consecrated in Rome by Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca on 21 April. He was installed in the cathedral on 19 May. He died on 5 June 1825, at the age of only forty-five. Enrico Manzini (1878). Memorie storiche dei reggiani più illustri nelle scienze, nelle lettere e nelle arti (in Italian). Reggio: Degani e Gasparini. pp. 172–177. Saccani, pp. 149-150. Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, p. 320.
^Cattani had previously been the Canon Theologus of the Chapter of the cathedral of Carpi, and then Bishop of Carpi (1822–1826). He was appointed Bishop of Reggio by Pope Leo XII on 4 July 1826. He died on 7 January 1849 at the age of eighty-one. Saccani, pp. 151-152. Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 135, 320.
^Born in Fosciandora nella Carfagnana (in the Archdeaconate of Modena) in 1791, Raffaelli had been professor of dogmatic theology at the University of Modena. He was transferred from the diocese of Carpi, where he had been bishop from 1839 to 1849, by Pope Pius IX at a consistory held in exile in Gaeta on 20 April 1849. He died on 23 July 1866. Gaetano Moroni, ed. (1852). Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica (in Italian). Vol. LVII (57). Venice: Tipografia Emiliana. p. 47. Annuario Pontifico (Roma: Cracas 1864), p. 200. Gams, pp. 759 column 1; 761 column 1.
^Manicardi was born in Rubiera (diocese of Reggio) in 1825. He had been Rector and teacher of logic, metaphysics, and ethics at the Seminario di Finale. He was censor of books in the diocese of Modena. He was then Bishop of Borgo San Donnino (Faenza) (19 September 1879), and was transferred to the diocese of Reggio by Pope Leo XIII on 7 June 1886. La gerarchia cattolica e la famiglia pontificia per l'anno 1897 (in Italian). Roma: Tipografia Vaticana. 1896. p. 294.
Ughelli, Ferdinando; Coleti, Niccolo (1717). Italia sacra sive de Episcopis Italiae (in Latin). Vol. Tomus secundus (II) (secunda ed.). Venice: Apud Sebastianum Coleti. pp. 238–320.
Gunung Putih, sebuah lingkungan alpin yang berada pada ketinggian 4.300 meter (14.000 ft) di California Iklim alpin adalah cuaca (iklim) rata-rata untuk wilayah-wilayah di atas garis pohon. Iklim tersebut juga disebut sebagai iklim gunung atau iklim dataran tinggi. Dalam klasifikasi iklim Köppen, iklim alpin adalah bagian dari Grup E, bersama dengan iklim kutub, di mana tidak ada bulan yang memiliki ukuran suhu lebih tinggi dari 10 °C (50 °F).[1] Iklim-iklim dataran ...
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