The Archdiocese of Florence (Latin: Archidioecesis Florentina) is a Latin Churchmetropolitan see of the Catholic Church in Italy.[1][2] It was traditionally founded in the 1st century, according to the 14th century chronicler Giovanni Villani.[3] The diocese was directly subordinate to the Holy See (Papacy) until 1420.[4]
The seat of the Archbishop of Florence is Florence Cathedral, otherwise the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore. Since 24th June 2024 Archbishop Gherardo Gambelli has been the Archbishop of Florence.
History
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On 29 July 1322, Pope John XXII reserved to the pope the right to nominate as well as confirm the bishops of Florence.[6]
Due to heavy rains in the autumn and winter of 1346–1347, the crops were a failure, in wheat as well as in grapes and olives. By May 1347 the price of wheat in Florence had doubled. Arrangements were made to import grain from south Italy, Sicily and Africa, but the merchants of Siena and Genoa, who were contracted to transport the foodstuffs, kept half for their own cities. 94,000 inhabitants of Florence were dependent upon municipal charity, and some 4,000 were said to have died of starvation.[7]
Then, in April 1348, the pestilence known as the Black Death, struck Florence. By July nearly 100,000 people were dead. The historian Giovanni Villani estimated that nearly three out of every five persons in Florence and its neighborhood had been struck down. Ultimately he himself succumbed.[8] In his famous introduction to the Decameron, Giovanni Boccaccio repeats the number 100,000 and provides harrowing details of the breakdown of social connections and human feelings.[9]
Other episodes of pestilence in Florence occurred in 1325, 1340, 1344, 1363, 1509, 1522–1528, and 1630.[10]
Council of Florence
In 1438, the Council of Basel was moved to Ferrara, and, in doing so, split into two factions, one remaining at Basel and electing their own pope, the Antipope Felix V. The faction that settled at Ferrara had to leave soon, however, due to an appearance of the plague. They were reconstituted at Florence by Pope Eugenius IV, and became the Council of Florence, which was transferred to Rome in 1443.[11]
Chapter and cathedral
The current cathedral of Florence is dedicated to the Assumption of the Body of the Virgin Mary into Heaven. The cathedral was originally dedicated to S. John the Baptist, and occupied the former temple of Mars. When it became too small for the clergy and necessary rituals, a new cathedral, dedicated to S. Reparata, was built.[12]
In 816, the Emperor Louis the Pious held a council at Aix, at which it was ordered that Canons and Canonesses live together according to a set of rules (canons, regulae). In the Roman synod of Pope Eugene II of November 826, it was ordered that Canons live together in a cloister next to the church. In 876, the Council of Pavia decreed in Canon X that the bishops should enclose the Canons: uti episcopi in civitatibus suis proximum ecclesiae claustrum instituant, in quo ipsi cum clero secundum canonicam regulam Deo militent, et sacerdotes suos ad hoc constringant, ut ecclesiam non relinquant et alibi habitare praesumant.[13] The cathedral was administered by a Chapter, composed of five dignities and thirty-seven Canons. The dignities were: the Provost, the Archdeacon, the Archpriest, and the Dean.[14]
The diocese also had twelve collegiate churches, the most important of which is San Lorenzo.[15]
Diocesan synods
A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.[16]
^Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde Sismondi (1840). Histoire des républiques italiennes du moyen âge (in French). Vol. Tome IV (nouvelle ed.). Paris: Furne et ce. pp. 86–90. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
^Lupi, Mario (1784). Josephus Ronchetti (ed.). Codex diplomaticus civitatis, et ecclesiæ Bergomatis (in Latin). Vol. primum. Bergamo: Vincenzo Antoine. pp. 1064–1065. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2020. 'Bishops are to create a cloister next to their church, in which they serve God along with their clergy according to the rule of canons, and they should compel their priests not to leave the church and presume to live elsewhere.'
^Ughelli, p. 8. Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 217, note 1.
^J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXVIArchived 12 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine (Venice: A. Zatta 1784), pp. 23-74.
^Diocesana Synodus Florentiæ celebrata tertio non Maias. MDLXIX (in Latin). Florentiae: apud Bartholomaeum Sermartellium. 1569. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2019. J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXXVIbis (Venice: A. Zatta 1784), p. 989.
^J. D. Mansi, Louis Petit, J. B. Martin (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXXVIter (Arnhem & Leipzig: H. Welter 1924), p. 133.
^J. D. Mansi, Louis Petit, J. B. Martin (ed.), Tomus XXXVIter, p. 149.
^J. D. Mansi, Louis Petit, J. B. Martin (ed.), Tomus XXXVIter, p. 221.
^Bishop Felix was present at the Roman council of Pope Miltiades on 7 October 313. J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus IIArchived 11 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Florence: A. Zatta 1759), p. 437. Richa, p. 167. Lanzoni, p. 578.
^The 'Life of S. Zenobius' by Bishop Laurentius of Amalfi (1040–1048) is printed by Ughelli, Italia sacra III, pp. 11-18. Lanzoni, pp. 579-580.
^Mauritius is said to have been killed by Atila the Hun and by Totila the Visigoth. Ughelli, pp. 19-20. Lanzoni, pp. 580-581: "In verità i cronisti italiani furono facili a far morire o tormentare i loro vescovi per opera del fiero Baduilla. Tuttavia non oso rigettare un vescovo Maurizio."
^Bishop Reparatus signed the synodical letter (Epistola III) of Pope Agatho sent to the Roman emperors Constantine, Heraclius, and Tiberius in Constantinople. Ughelli, p. 20. Cappelletti, p. 447. J.P. Migne, Patrologiae Latinae Tomus LXXXVII (Paris 1863), p. 1240.
^Bishop Thomas attended the Roman synod of 743 of Pope Zacharias. J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XIIArchived 17 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine (Florence: A. Zatta 1766), p. 384c. Ughelli, pp. 21-22.
^Aliprandus was present at the Roman synod of Pope Eugenius II. Ughelli, p. 25. J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XIVArchived 11 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Venice: A. Zatta 1761), p. 999.
^Rodingus (Radingo, Ardingus): Ughelli, pp. 25-26. Cappelletti, pp. 452-453.
^Gerardus: J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XV (Venice: A. Zatta 1770), p. 34.
^Bishop Petrus was present at the Roman synod of Pope Nicholas I on 18 November 861. Mansi (ed.), Tomus XV, p. 603.
^Andreas: Ughelli, pp. 26-27. Cappelletti, p. 460.
^Bishop Grasulphus was the recipient of a grant of territory from the Emperor Lambert in 898. He was present at the Roman synod, held in the Lateran Palace in 904 by Pope Benedict IV. J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XVIII (Venice: A. Zatta 1773), p. 241. Ughelli, pp. 27-28. Cappelletti, XVI, p. 460.
^Alibrando: Ughelli, pp. 45-50. Lami, p. 42-43 (document of 27 April 1013). Schwartz, p. 209.
^Lambertus had been Prior of S. Apollinare in classe in Ravenna. Ughelli, pp. 50-53. Lami, I, p. 46. Schwartz, p. 209.
^Acto, Hacto, Atho. Ughelli, pp. 53-62. Lami, I, p. 48. Schwartz, p. 209.
^Gerardus first appears in documents on 9 January 1045. On 6 December 1058, at an uncanonical election held in Siena Gerardus was elected Pope Nicholas II. There was already a canonically elected pope in Rome, Benedict X (Bishop John of Velletri). The schism which followed disturbed the church for forty years. Schwartz, pp. 209-210.
^A native of Pavia, Petrus was the son of the wealthy Teuzo Mezzabarba, who may have engaged in simony to get his son elected bishop of Florence. Petrus then angered Pope Alexander II by seeking confirmation from the Emperor rather than the Pope. On 13 February 1065, Bishop Petrus made a feudal grant: Lami II, p. 783 column 1. In 1067, complaints against Petrus were brought to Pope Alexander in the Roman synod of that year; Cardinal Peter Damiani was sent to Florence to deal with the complaints. When the full facts were known, however, Pope Alexander condemned Bishop Petrus as a simoniac, and had him deposed. Kehr, p. 8, nos.3-6. Ughelli, pp. 72-77. Cappelletti, pp. 489-498. Schwartz, p. 210.
^Rainerius died on 12 July 1113. Ughelli, pp. 77-89. Schwartz, p. 210.
^Goffredo was the son of Count Albert of Prato. He is first attested on 22 September 1114, and died after 12 November 1142. Lami, p. 74 column 1, prints a document of Gotefredus dated 1 April 1146. Ughelli, pp. 89-95. Lami, I, pp. 73-74. Schwartz, p. 210.
^Ambrosius was a Vallombrosian monk and abbot. On 2 November 1155, Bishop Ambrosius made a land grant: Lami II, p. 763 column 2. He died on 20 May 1158. Ughelli, pp. 95-97. Cappelletti, p. 517.
^Bishop Julius ratified a donation on 27 November 1158: Lami II, p. 854. On 8 August 1159, Cardinal Henricus, who had been delegated to hear a case between Julius of Florence and Tracia of Pistoria, sitting in Pisa, found in favor of the bishop of Pistoria. Bishop Julius received a gift on 6 January 1161: Lami I, p. 168. On 30 January 1178, Bishop Julius received the agreement of subjects to pay their dues: Lami II, p. 823 column 1. Kehr, p. 11 no. 22.
^In July 1183, Bishop Bernardus made a land grant: Lami II, p. 763 column 2. Ughelli, pp. 101-103. Cappelletti, p. 518.
^Paganus is omitted by Ughelli. Cappelletti, p. 518.
^Petrus: Ughelli, pp. 103-105. Cappelletti, p. 518. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 250, with note 1.
^Bishop Ardingus had a Vicar, Marsoppinus, who took possession of a property on 8 June 1241. Lami II, p. 721.
^An election took place by the Chapter of the cathedral of Florence, and pruduced a disputed result: some supported Sciatta degli Ubaldini of Bologna, the rest supported Lothario della Tosa. The matter was referred to Rome, where both parties resigned their claims to Pope Honorius IV. He selected Jacobus of Perugia, who had been Prior of the convent of Santa Sabina in Rome, who was appointed on 28 May 1286, and made his solemn entry into Florence on 29 June. He died on 16 August 1286. Ughelli, p. 127. Cappelletti, pp. 534-540. Eubel I, p. 250.
^Andrea, a Canon of the cathedral Chapter, was elected by the Chapter, and approved on 29 December 1286 by Pope Honorius IV. On 13 September 1295, Bishop Andrea was transferred to the diocese of Vicenza by Pope Boniface VIII. He died on 28 April 1296. Eubel I, pp. 250, 526.
^Francesco Monaldeschi: Lami I, p. 168 column 1 (27 June 1299).
^Franciscus died on 21 October 1341. Eubel I, p. 250.
^Accaiauoli had been Bishop of Aquila (1328–1342). He was appointed Bishop of Florence on 26 June 1342 by Pope Clement VI. On 18 March 1355 Acciaiuoli was appointed Bishop of Monte Cassino by Pope Innocent VI. He died on 4 October 1357. Eubel I, pp. 98, 169, 250.
^Francesco was named a cardinal on 23 December 1356 by Pope Innocent VI, and appointed Major Penitentiarius. He died of the plague in Avignon on 25 August or 4 September 1361. Cappelletti, pp. 557-558. Eubel I, pp. 19 no. 3; 250.
^Corsini was appointed Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso.
^Ricasoli had previously been Bishop of Aversa. He was transferred to the diocese of Florence by Pope Urban V on 19 June 1370. He was transferred to the diocese of Faenza on 9 February 1383. He was transferred to Arezzo in 1391. Eubel I, pp. 246, 250.
^Acciaioli was appointed Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso by Urban VI on 17 December 1384. He died at Pisa on 31 May 1408. Eubel I, pp. 24 no. 36; 250.
^Adimari was named Bishop of Florence on 13 December 1400 by Pope Boniface XI. On 16 November 1401 Adimari was appointed Archbishop of Taranto. Eubel I, p. 250.
^A native of Teramo, Palladini had been Bishop of Monopoli (1391–1401). He was transferred from the archbishopric of Taranto (where he had been appointed on 24 March 1401) on 16 November 1401 by Pope Boniface IX (Roman Obedience). He was transferred to the diocese of Spoleto on 18 July 1410 by John XXIII. He died in 1417. Eubel I, pp. 251, 347, 461, 473.
^Zabarella had been Archpriest of the cathedral of Padua. He was appointed Bishop of Florence by John XXIII on 18 July 1410. He was named a cardinal on 6 June 1411, and allowed to keep the diocese of Florence as Administrator. He resigned the administratorship on 17 June 1411. He died at the Council of Constance on 26 September 1417. Eubel I, pp. 33 no. 15; 251.
^Corsini had been Archdeacon of Curavada in the Church of Bayeux. He was named Bishop of Florence on 16 July 1411 by John XXIII. He died on 18 March 1434. Eubel I, p. 251 with note 12.
^Vitelleschi already held the title of Patriarch of Alexandria when he was appointed Bishop of Florence on 12 October 1435 by Pope Eugenius IV. He was named a cardinal on 9 August 1437. He was appointed Administrator of Trogir (Traù), exchanging sees with Ludovico Scarampi. He died on 2 April 1440. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, pp. 7 no. 3; 154, 253.
^On 6 August 1437 he exchanged the see of Traù (Traguriensis) with Bishop Vitelleschi for the diocese of Florence. On 18 December 1439 he was appointed Patriarch of Aquileia by Pope Eugenius IV. He died on 22 March 1465. Eubel II, pp. 92, 154, 253.
^Zabarella held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure, and was a Protonotary Apostolic. He had been Archpriest of the cathedral of Padua, and then Archbishop of Spalato (Split) in Dalmatia (1428–1439). He was transferred to the diocese of Florence by Pope Eugenius IV on 18 December 1439. He died on 21 December 1445. Eubel I, p. 460; II, pp. 154.
^On 1 April 1605 Medici was elected Pope, taking the throne name Leo XI. Eubel III, p. 197.
^Marzi, who held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure, had been Bishop of Fiesole (1596–1605). He was transferred to the diocese of Florence by Pope Paul V on 27 June 1605. He died on 13 August 1630. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, pp. 187, 188.
^Incontri: Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 217 with note 2.
^Martini: Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 217 with note 3.
^Antonelli had been Bishop of Gubbio (1982–88), Archbishop of Perugia-Città della Pieve (1988–95), and then Secretary General of the Italian Episcopal Conference (1995-2001). He was named Archbishop of Florence on 21 March 2001. On 7 June 2008 Cardinal Antonelli was appointed President of the Pontifical Council for the Family; he retired on 26 June 2012.
Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. Tomus VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 6 July 2016. (in Latin)
Faini, Enrico (2013), "I vescovi dimenticati. Memoria e oblio dei vescovi fiorentini e fiesolani dell'età pre-gregoriana," in: Annali di Storia di Firenze VIII (2013), pp. 11–49. (in Italian)
Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1908). Italia pontificia (in Latin). Vol. Tomus Tertius: Etruria. Berlin: Weidmann. pp. 7–72.
Ristori, G. B. (1896). "Alcune notizie sul palazzo del vescovo Fiorentino" in: Archivio storico italiano (in Italian). Vol. XVIII. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki. 1896. pp. 58–65.
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