Rogers Wireless

Rogers Wireless Inc.
FormerlyCantel
Cantel AT&T
Rogers Cantel AT&T
Rogers AT&T Wireless
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryMobile network operator
FoundedFebruary 4, 1983; 41 years ago (1983-02-04)[1]
FounderTed Rogers
David Margolese
Marc Belzberg
Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien
HeadquartersToronto, Ontario, Canada
Key people
Dirk Woessner, president
ServicesNR, LTE, UMTS (including HSPA), GSM (including SMS, GPRS, and EDGE)
Revenue $15.1 billion CAD (2018)[2]
$585 million CAD (2018)[3]
Number of employees
24,500 (2017)
ParentRogers Communications
Websiterogers.com/wireless

Rogers Wireless Inc. is a Canadian mobile network operator headquartered in Toronto, providing service nationally throughout Canada. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rogers Communications.[4] The company had revenues of just under $15.1 billion in 2018.[2] Rogers Wireless is the largest wireless carrier in Canada, with 13.7 million subscribers as of Q2 2023.[5]

The company was originally started by David Margolese as an expansion of his pager firm, Canadian Telecom, formed in 1978. With the 1983 introduction of AMPS, the first North American standard for cell phones, Margolese started plans to expand the company into this new market. This required large amounts of capital. A group of private investors consisting of Margolese, Ted Rogers, Marc Belzberg and Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien formed the newly renamed Cantel in 1984 and opening for service in July 1985.

Rogers purchased a controlling interest in the company in 1986, and bought out all of the shares of the other members by 1990. Starting in 1984, he also purchased an increasing share of CNCP Telecommunications, who operated a number of microwave relay networks suitable for carrying long distance calls. AT&T purchased a share of the new company, which also allowed Cantel to avoid using Bell Canada lines for access into the U.S. where possible. In 2003, the company was renamed Rogers Wireless, and in 2004 Rogers bought out AT&T's remaining shares. The same year, Rogers purchased Microcell Solutions, today known as Fido, Canada's first user of GSM systems as opposed to the more widespread (in North America) CDMA. The company then expanded GSM service throughout their network.

Rogers Wireless has remained Canada's leading wireless provider throughout its history. This was aided in its early Cantel years by the slow uptake of cellular service by Bell Canada and the limited capital of smaller players like BC Tel and Shaw Communications. The use of GSM proved to be a major boon when the iPhone was released in 2007 and only ran on GSM. This handed the company exclusive access to this product until 2009 when Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility agreed to share towers and switch/upgrade to UMTS/HSPA in time to capture the lucrative international market as part of the 2010 Winter Olympics.[6] Today, Rogers retains its preeminent position with widespread service, continued acquisitions, and the use of fighter brands like Fido and Chatr.

History

Rogers Wireless logo prior to 2015 redesign

Rogers Wireless was founded by Ted Rogers, David Margolese, Marc Belzberg and Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.[1]

In 1978, future Sirius XM Radio founder David Margolese dropped out of university and founded the paging company Canadian Telecom.[7] Foreseeing that cellular wireless technology would be used for more than simply voice calls,[1] Margolese proposed a plan to obtain a license for Canada’s cellular phone rights.[7] At the time, there were no such licenses or commercial cellular services in existence, as the wireless technology was still in the laboratory and experimental.[1]

Needing significant financing, he approached Rogers Communications, which was owned by Ted Rogers, to partner with him.[1][7] Rogers ultimately joined with Margolese, Marc Belzberg of First City Financial and Telemedia founder Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien to form Cantel,[1] which Margolese named after Canadian Telecom.[8] In 1984, the group was granted Canada’s national cellular license.[1] Cantel launched service on July 1, 1985.[9]

In 1986, Ted Rogers purchased a controlling stake in Cantel, which was at the time Canada's only national supplier of cellular telephone service.[10] Over the next four years, Rogers bought out his partners, becoming the sole owner of Cantel.[11] Cantel was later renamed Cantel AT&T, Rogers Cantel AT&T and Rogers AT&T Wireless; in December 2003, the company became known by its current name, Rogers Wireless,[1] which led to Rogers purchasing AT&T’s 34% stake in the company for $1.8 billion the following year.[12][13]

Spectrum Purchases

Through spectrum auctions, Rogers has made the following purchases of spectrum:

Spectrum purchased by Rogers
Auction Licenses Won Total Price Total Population Covered Registered As Ref
PCS - 2 GHz (2001) 23 $393,520,000 28,556,783 Rogers Wireless Inc. [14]
2300 & 3500 MHz (2004) 33 $5,912,965 16,221,004 Rogers Wireless Inc. [15]
2300 & 3500 MHz (residual, 2004-2005) 49 $4,906,765 6,654,716 Rogers Wireless Inc. [16]
AWS-1 (2008) 59 $999,367,000 30,007,094 Rogers [17]
700 MHz (2014) 22 $3,291,738,000 33,368,700 Rogers [18]
2500 MHz (2015) 41 $24,086,270 11,637,606 Rogers Communications Partnership [19][20]
600 MHz (2019) 52 $1,725,006,000 35,150,715 Rogers [21]
3500 MHz (2021) 325[22] $3,325,600,269 34,955,719 Rogers Communications Canada Inc. [23]
2500 & 3500 MHz (residual, 2023) 6 $2,669,510 487,007 Rogers Communications Canada Inc. [24]
3800 MHz (2023) 860 $474,766,132 35,063,601 Rogers Communications Canada Inc. [25]
3500/3800 MHz (residual, 2024) 1 $6,000 12,480 Rogers Communications Canada Inc. [26]

Networks

Rogers operates GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G NR networks in all of Canada's provinces and offers roaming in Canada's territories.[27]

AMPS

Rogers previously operated an AMPS/D-AMPS network in the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands in Canada.[28] The network was shut down on May 31, 2007.[29]

GSM

Since 2002, the company's 2G GSM network with EDGE has operated in Canada.[13][27] It provides compatibility for GSM-based devices, including those frequently used by international travelers. However, this technology is limited to speeds up to 236 kilobits per second, which is only about four times the speed of dial-up.

The 1900 MHz PCS network was shut down on June 7, 2021. 850 MHz was retired on December 31, 2021, for business class IoT devices.[30][31] Other devices can still connect to the 850MHz 2G GSM network in existing markets as of September 2023.[32][33]

UMTS

In 2006, Rogers became the first Canadian carrier to operate a 3G UMTS/HSPA network,[34] which was upgraded to HSPA+ in 2009.[35][36] Enhancements included download speeds of up to a theoretical 21 Mbit/s.[37] Further enhancements increased the download speeds up to a theoretical 42 Mbit/s.[38]

Rogers' UMTS network coverage is in all Canadian provinces and operating on 850 MHz but is in none of the territories.

It is impossible to travel between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts in Canada without encountering a gap in cellular coverage as there are areas lacking cellular coverage in both British Columbia and Ontario.[39]

The 1900 MHz PCS network was shut down on June 7, 2021[31] and the 850 MHz network will remain active until at least December 31, 2025.[40]

LTE

In July 2011, Rogers was the first Canadian telecom operator to launch a commercial long-term evolution (LTE) network.[41] In May 2013, Rogers deployed LTE service on its 2600 MHz spectrum in some markets, which the company began marketing as LTE Max. LTE Max is available in a fraction of Rogers' LTE coverage area.[27] On April 17, 2014, Rogers launched LTE service on its 700 MHz spectrum.[42]

Rogers has not announced its goals for expanding LTE coverage across Canada, but announced plans in June 2014 to have LTE coverage expanded to 98.3% of the population of British Columbia by the end of 2016.[43]

According to Rogers, as of December 31, 2016, its LTE coverage reached 95% of the Canadian population.[44]

On March 31, 2015, Rogers Wireless launched voice over LTE (VoLTE),[45] the first carrier in Canada to offer this service.

Cat-6 LTE-Advanced has been available since January 2015, through carrier aggregation of band 4 and band 7, with a maximum download speed of 225 Mbit/s.[46]

5G NR

Rogers launched its 5G network in January 2020 and uses Block I from the 2500Mhz Frequency Block Plan. The company stated that rollout will expand to use its further reaching 600 MHz spectrum later in the year for improved 5G coverage.[47] As of December 16, 2020, Rogers offers both NSA mode and SA modes in select markets.[48] Rogers was the first Canadian carrier to offer 5G service.[49]

Rogers partnered with Swedish Telecom giant Ericsson to launch its 5G wireless technology.[50] Today, Rogers's 5G network is live in more than 160 communities across Canada, including Calgary, Toronto, Vancouver, Ottawa, and Montreal.[47]

Radio frequency summary

Further information: GSM frequency bands, UMTS frequency bands, LTE frequency bands, and 5G NR frequency bands

The following is a list of known frequencies that Rogers employs in Canada:

Frequencies used on the Rogers Network
Frequency range Band number Protocol Class Status Notes
850 MHz CLR 5 GSM/GPRS/EDGE 2G Active[32][33][51][52] Maintaining for international roaming and compatibility with older devices. Shut down planned, but date is yet to be announced.
UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+ 3G Network to remain active until at least December 31, 2025.[40]
600 MHz DD 71 LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro 4G Active / Being Deployed[53][33][51] Being used alongside NR via DSS.[53][33][51]
700 MHz Lower SMH A/B/C 12/17 Active[33][51][52] Additional LTE band for building penetration and rural coverage in select markets. Also being used to provide LTE Advanced coverage.[54]
850 MHz CLR 5 Used to provide LTE Advanced coverage in select markets.
1.7/2.1 GHz AWS 4/66 Main LTE band providing complete coverage. Also being used to provide LTE Advanced coverage.[54][33]
1.9 GHz PCS 2/25 Used to provide LTE Advanced coverage in select markets.
2.6 GHz IMT-E 7/38 Additional LTE band for more bandwidth in select markets. Also used to provide LTE Advanced coverage in select markets.
5.2 GHz U-NII 46 License assisted access (LAA). Additional capacity in select cities.[55]
600 MHz DD n71 NR 5G Active / Being Deployed[47][33][51] SA (standalone) mode since Dec. 2020; in use with Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS)[56]
1.7/2.1 GHz Extended AWS n66 SA (standalone) mode since Dec. 2020; in use with Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS)[56]
2.5 GHz BRS n41 SA (standalone) mode since Dec. 2020[33]
3.5 GHz C-Band n78 Spectrum acquired in 2021 auction.[57] Active since June 2022.[58]

Products

Rogers Wireless carries feature phones, and smartphones that support either Android OS or iOS.

On Demand Mobile

Customers with select smartphones, tablets, computers, LG Smart TVs, Xbox 360 and Xbox One gaming systems can use the Rogers On Demand mobile service, which was renamed Rogers Live before its current incarnation, Rogers Anyplace TV. Rogers Anyplace TV offers TV shows, movies and sports on demand.[59][60][61]

Subsidiaries

Fido

Main article: Fido Solutions

In 2004, Rogers bought Canada’s first and, at the time, only other GSM provider, Fido, along with Fido’s partner, Sprint Canada, for a total of $1.4 billion. At the time, Fido had nearly 1.3 million customers.[62] In 2008, Fido was rebranded as a discount mobile virtual network operator with a new logo and cheaper plans.[63]

Chatr

Main article: Chatr

Rogers launched the Chatr Mobile brand in mid-2010 in response to the emergence of new phone carriers Mobilicity, Public Mobile, and Freedom Mobile (previously Wind Mobile) to directly compete with the new carriers in their coverage areas. Chatr became a cheaper option than Fido, making Fido more of a mid-range offering.[64][65]

Retail presence

Rogers Retail shop in Yonge Street, Downtown Toronto
Fido and Rogers phones at Zellers

Rogers has its own corporate retail stores, known as Rogers Plus, and also allows third parties to become exclusive dealers. Best Buy and Walmart stores in Canada provide Fido products along with prepaid and postpaid services. Additionally, Loblaw Companies stores sell prepaid feature phones and top-up vouchers. Loblaw stores have a special booth, called The Mobile Shop, where the phones are displayed.

Former retailers

While Shoppers Drug Mart carried only Rogers Wireless prepaid phones at one time, the stores temporarily partnered with Rogers. As a result, Shoppers stores added both prepaid and postpaid products and services for Rogers and its two other brands, Fido and Chatr. As of March 2011, however, Shoppers stores ended their partnership. They only sell prepaid top-up vouchers for these providers.

Criticism

Misdirected phone charges

In 2005, Rogers lost a court case against an Osgoode Hall Law School university professor, Susan Drummond, over a $12,000 charge for overseas calls that was placed on her bill after the phone was stolen, for which the company insisted she pay. Following the case becoming public knowledge, Ted Rogers issued a formal apology and cancelled the charges. Drummond filed a lawsuit, for which she was then also paid punitive and compensatory damages.[66] Drummond and her partner Harry Gefen published further on the case in an SSHRC funded research project, and for which she and her partner were cited by Time magazine as "heroes of the year" in 2007.[67] During her research, Drummond showed that the phones of Rogers executives had been cloned by members of Hezbollah and used to make thousands of overseas phone calls in 1997 and 1998.[68][69][70] It also turned up information that Rogers had been allowing phones that they were alerted had potentially fraudulent call patterns to continue to remain functional despite the warning.[71]

Text messaging charges

On July 7, 2009, Rogers Wireless began charging a nominal fee for incoming text messages to customers without a text messaging plan. The change was similar to policies of charging for incoming text message that were adopted in August 2008 by Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility.[72] Some users complained that Rogers had unilaterally changed the terms of their contracts. The company maintained that changes to services and fees are permitted in the "terms of service" document.[73]

Government Regulatory Recovery Fee

Main article: System access fee

Rogers has been criticized for its Government Regulatory Recovery Fee (GRRF), formerly known as the System Access Fee (SAF). The fee ranges between $1.93 to $3.35 per month. On July 4, 2012, Rogers announced it would no longer be charging a separate GRRF fee to new customers, instead raising the price of the Monthly Service Charge. The bills of existing customers would remain the same.[74] An $18 billion class action lawsuit against: Bell, Rogers, and Telus, originally filed in a Saskatchewan court in 2004 regarding these hidden fees, is still pending.[75]

Anticompetitive tactics

See also: Chatr § Controversy

Rogers launched the Chatr brand with low-end feature phones and pricing plans similar to that of new entrants such as Wind Mobile, Mobilicity and Public Mobile. Chatr was criticized for being a fighter brand created by Rogers. The brand's "fewer dropped calls" claim was disputed by the Competition Bureau.[64] In 2013, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice ruled that Chatr's advertising of fewer dropped calls, in connection with its 2010 launch, was fair and accurate.[76]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Caroline Van Hasselt, High Wire Act: Ted Rogers and the Empire That Debt Built, Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons, 2008, chapter 12.
  2. ^ a b "Rogers Communications Reports Fourth Quarter 2018 Results" (PDF). www.rogers.com.
  3. ^ "Rogers added 112,000 net postpaid wireless subscribers in Q4 2018". www.mobilesyrup.com. 24 January 2019.
  4. ^ “Rogers Communications Inc. Company Profile”. Yahoo! Finance. Accessed May 21, 2013.
  5. ^ "Rogers Investors Relations" (PDF). Rogers Investor Relations.
  6. ^ "Bell and Telus bringing forward HSPA launch to November". commsupdate.com. 6 October 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  7. ^ a b c Bethany McLean, “Satellite Killed the Radio Star,” Fortune, January 22, 2001.
  8. ^ Van Hasselt, High Wire Act: Ted Rogers and the Empire That Debt Built, chapter 12, p. 223.
  9. ^ Iain Marlow, “A phone so big it came with its own luggage,” The Globe and Mail, July 2, 2010.
  10. ^ Brian Banks, “Cantel buy gets Rogers into telecommunications,” Ottawa Citizen, June 4, 1986.
  11. ^ “Rogers Communications Inc. History,” fundinguniverse.com. Accessed May 12, 2003.
  12. ^ “AT&T Wireless Moves to Sell Stake in Rogers Communications,” Wall Street Journal, September 7, 2004.
  13. ^ a b “A look at wireless milestones,” The Globe and Mail, July 2, 2010.
  14. ^ "License Winners, 2 GHz PCS Auction".
  15. ^ "License Winners, 2300 & 3500 MHz Auction (2004)".
  16. ^ "License Winners, 2300 & 3500 MHz Auction (residual, 2004-2005)".
  17. ^ "License Winners, AWS-1 Auction (2008)".
  18. ^ "License Winners, 700 MHz Auction (2014)". 7 October 2015.
  19. ^ "License Winners, 2500-2690 MHz Auction (2015)". 7 May 2015.
  20. ^ Government of Canada, Innovation (2015-06-25). "Auction of Spectrum Licences for Broadband Radio Service (BRS) — 2500 MHz Band - Spectrum management and telecommunications". www.ic.gc.ca. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  21. ^ "600 MHz Auction — Final Results". 10 April 2019.
  22. ^ Plus 509 transitioned licenses
  23. ^ "3500 MHz Auction — Final Results".
  24. ^ "Auction of Residual Spectrum Licences in the 600 MHz, 2500 MHz and 3500 MHz Bands — Final Results".
  25. ^ "3800 MHz Auction — Provisional Results".
  26. ^ "2024 Auction of Residual Spectrum Licences - Provisional Results".
  27. ^ a b c “Coverage to the max,” rogers.com. Accessed May 21, 2013.
  28. ^ "2003 Annual Report" (PDF). Rogers. p. 13. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  29. ^ "Majority of Rogers' Remaining TDMA and Analogue Subscribers Already Moved to GSM". Rogers. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  30. ^ "IoT Network Updates | Rogers for Business". www.rogers.com. Retrieved 2020-10-30.
  31. ^ a b "Will 9-1-1 work on impacted devices after June 7, 2021?". fido.ca. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  32. ^ a b "2G and 3G Shutdowns Continue". TeleGeography. 15 Feb 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h "Will my unlocked mobile device work with the Rogers network?". Rogers. Rogers for Business. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  34. ^ "Roger that: Rogers gets up to speed with HSDPA". TeleGeography. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  35. ^ Ian Hardy, “Rogers HSPA+ announcement: ‘Bell is not concerned’,” Mobile Syrup, August 3, 2009.
  36. ^ “Rogers expands HSPA coverage,” TeleGeography, October 17, 2007.
  37. ^ “Bell’s new cellphone network launches Wednesday,” CBC News, November 2, 2009.
  38. ^ "Rogers". IT World Canada News. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  39. ^ "Wireless Network Coverage - Keeping You Connected - Rogers". www.rogers.com.
  40. ^ a b "Important Notice Regarding Upcoming 2G/3G Changes on the Rogers Network". Bulwark. 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
  41. ^ Iain Marlow, “Rogers powers up LTE wireless network,” The Globe and Mail, July 7, 2011.
  42. ^ "Rogers flips the switch on 700 MHz spectrum to deliver the ultimate video experience to customers". Rogers. 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
  43. ^ Morton, Brian. "Rogers to expand wireless networks in northern B.C."
  44. ^ "Rogers Investors Relations" (PDF). Rogers Investor Relations.
  45. ^ "Rogers launches Voice Over LTE: What it is, and how it affects you - MobileSyrup". 31 March 2015.
  46. ^ "Rogers launches LTE-Advanced features with new carrier aggregation support - MobileSyrup". 24 October 2014.
  47. ^ a b c "Rogers Starts Rollout of Canada's First 5G Network and Joins Global 5G Forum". 15 January 2020.
  48. ^ "Rogers begins rolling out 5G standalone core network in four cities". MobileSyrup. 2020-12-16. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  49. ^ McLeod, James (15 January 2020). "Rogers officially activates Canada's first 5G network, but customers will have to wait to use it". Financial Post.
  50. ^ Jackson, Emily (16 April 2018). "Rogers, Ericsson to test 5G technology in Toronto, Ottawa". Financial Post.
  51. ^ a b c d e "Check compatibility". Rogers. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  52. ^ a b "What frequency does a device need to be compatible with your network?". Fido. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  53. ^ a b "Rogers launches 5G in 50 towns and cities across Canada". 3 September 2020.
  54. ^ a b "Rogers customers will be the first in Canada to experience LTE-Advanced". October 24, 2014.
  55. ^ Longwell, Ali. "Rogers and Ericsson Kickstart Plan to Spread 5G Across Canada". sdxcentral. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  56. ^ a b "Rogers doubles 5G cities/towns to 130; launches Dynamic Spectrum Sharing". 14 October 2020.
  57. ^ "Canada raises $7.2B in 3.5 GHz auction for 5G". FierceWireless. 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  58. ^ "Bell, Rogers Launch Fast Mid-Band 5G in Canada". PCMag. 15 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  59. ^ “Programming,” rogersondemand.com. Accessed May 21, 2013.
  60. ^ “Rogers Anyplace TV app enhances Smart TV entertainment experience,” CNW Group, April 19, 2013.
  61. ^ Ian Hardy, “Rogers to release a Rogers on Demand app for tablets,” Mobile Syrup, September 9, 2011.
  62. ^ John Shmuel, “The short history of telecom startups in Canada,” Financial Post, May 18, 2013.
  63. ^ Sean Cooper, “Fido’s rebrand complete, yellow figures prominently,” Engadget, November 4, 2008.
  64. ^ a b Jeff Gray, “Rogers violated false-advertising rules with ‘fewest dropped-call’ claims, court hears,” The Globe and Mail, May 13, 2013.
  65. ^ Ian Hardy, “Rogers re-branding all Chatr Wireless kiosks in Montreal to Fido,” Mobile Syrup, May 7, 2012.
  66. ^ "Mom gets cell firm's number - The Star". The Toronto Star. 24 February 2007.
  67. ^ Caroline Van Hasselt (2010). High Wire Act: Ted Rogers and the Empire that Debt Built. John Wiley & Sons. p. 607. ISBN 9780470739747.
  68. ^ Cheney, Peter (19 December 2005). "$12,000 bill forgiven, Rogers will come to tea". The Globe and Mail.
  69. ^ "Cellphone security fraud leaves customer with big bill - CBC News".
  70. ^ "Terror Phone Clone Scam". The Register. December 19, 2005.
  71. ^ Cheney, Peter (17 December 2005). "How a terror group cloned Ted Rogers' cellphone". The Globe and Mail.
  72. ^ “Rogers Wireless to charge for incoming text messages for user not in plans,” tmcnet.com, May 5, 2009.
  73. ^ Kathy Tomlinson, “Rogers charges for ‘free’ text messages,” CBC News, December 15, 2009.
  74. ^ Ian Hardy, “Rogers says new customers will not pay the GRRF, but charges will be rolled into the Monthly Service Fee,” Mobile Syrup, July 4, 2012.
  75. ^ Jamie Sturgeon, “Canada’s telecom giants face $18-billion class action suit over system access fees,” Financial Post, June 28, 2012.
  76. ^ "Ruling backing Rogers's dropped-call ads for Chatr questioned," CBC News, August 21, 2013.

Read other articles:

Boangmanalu

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Manalu atau Malau. Ketiganya merupakan marga yang berbeda tanpa hubungan kekerabatan. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Manalu (disambiguasi).Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Boangmanalu – berita · surat kabar · buku · cen...

 

 

William Benjamin Carpenter

William Benjamin CarpenterLahir(1813-10-29)29 Oktober 1813Exeter, Devon, InggrisMeninggal19 November 1885(1885-11-19) (umur 72)London, InggrisSebab meninggalLuka bakar karena kecelakaan dari api pemanasan permandian uapMakamPemakaman Highgate51°34′01″N 0°08′49″E / 51.567°N 0.147°E / 51.567; 0.147KebangsaanBritaniaAlmamaterUniversity College LondonUniversitas EdinburghPekerjaanfisiolog, neurolog, naturalisTahun aktif1839–1879GelarMD Edin. (...

 

 

Victoria Road, Sydney

Road in Sydney, Australia Not to be confused with Victoria Street, East Sydney. Victoria RoadNew South WalesVictoria Road at West RydeWest endEast endCoordinates 33°48′29″S 151°00′06″E / 33.808185°S 151.001676°E / -33.808185; 151.001676 (West end) 33°52′08″S 151°10′35″E / 33.868909°S 151.176256°E / -33.868909; 151.176256 (East end) General informationTypeRoadLength20.1 km (12 mi)[1]GazettedAugust...

Holokaus di Negara Merdeka Kroasia

Lokasi kamp konsentrasi di Negara Merdeka Kroasia. Seorang tawanan Yahudi dipaksa melepas cincin di kamp konsentrasi Jasenovac. Ustaše mengeksekusi tahanan di sebelah kuburan massal di Jasenovac. Holokaus di Negara Merdeka Kroasia adalah istilah yang merujuk pada genosida orang Yahudi di Negara Merdeka Kroasia (bahasa Serbo-Kroasia: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH). Tetapi terkadang, istilah ini juga mengacu pada genosida Serbia dan Romani (Porajmos) di daerah yang dikontrol oleh NDH. Re...

 

 

Billy Costello (actor)

American actor Billy CostelloInscribed photograph of Billy Costello (1942)BornWilliam Arnold Costello(1898-02-02)February 2, 1898Rhode Island, U.S.DiedOctober 9, 1971(1971-10-09) (aged 73)San Jose, California, U.S.Resting placeMariposa District CemeteryMariposa, CaliforniaOccupationActorYears active1921–1937Known forVoice of Popeye the Sailor William Arnold Costello (February 2, 1898 – October 9, 1971), commonly known as Red Pepper Sam, was an American actor and the o...

 

 

2014 European Parliament election in Bulgaria

2014 European Parliament election in Bulgaria ← 2009 25 May 2014 2019 → All 17 Bulgarian seats to the European ParliamentTurnout35.84% [1]   First party Second party Third party   Leader Tomislav Donchev Sergei Stanishev Filiz Hyusmenova Party GERB BSP DPS Alliance EPP S&D ALDE Last election 5 seats, 24.36% 4 seats, 18.50% 3 seats, 14.14% Seats won 6 4 4 Seat change 1 1 Popular vote 680,838 424,037 386,725 Percentage 30.40% 18.9...

Nanchang J-12

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...

 

 

Seraya buaya hantu

Seraya buaya hantu Shorea rugosa Status konservasiRentanIUCN33433 TaksonomiDivisiTracheophytaSubdivisiSpermatophytesKladAngiospermaeKladmesangiospermsKladeudicotsKladcore eudicotsKladSuperrosidaeKladrosidsKladmalvidsOrdoMalvalesFamiliDipterocarpaceaeSubfamiliDipterocarpoideaeGenusShoreaSpesiesShorea rugosa lbs Shorea rugosa, disebut (bersama dengan beberapa spesies lain dalam genus Shorea ) seraya buaya hantu, atau meranti merah tua, [1] adalah spesies tanaman dalam keluarga Dipteroca...

 

 

Genetic disorder

Health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to genetics. For a list of genetic disorders, see List of genetic disorders. Medical conditionGenetic disorderA boy with Down syndrome, one of the most common genetic disordersSpecialtyMedical genetics Diagram featuring examples of a disease located on each chromosome A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome. It can be...

Northern Arizona University

Public university in Flagstaff, Arizona, US Northern Arizona UniversityFormer nameNorthern Arizona Normal School (1899–1925)Northern Arizona State Teachers College (1925–1929)Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff (1929–1945)Arizona State College at Flagstaff (1945–1958)Arizona State College (1958–1966)TypePublic research universityEstablishedSeptember 11, 1899; 124 years ago (September 11, 1899)[1]Parent institutionArizona Board of RegentsAccreditationHLCA...

 

 

August Friedrich Caemmerer

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: August Friedrich Caemmerer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · ...

 

 

American Airlines Flight 1 (1941)

Crash over Ontario with no survivors For other air crashes with the Flight number 1, see American Airlines Flight 1 (1962) and American Airlines Flight 1 (1936). American Airlines Flight 1NC25663, the aircraft involved in the accidentAccidentDateOctober 30, 1941 (1941-10-30)SummaryUndeterminedSiteLawrence Station, Elgin County, Ontario, Canada 42°45′45″N 81°24′20″W / 42.762516°N 81.405637°W / 42.762516; -81.405637AircraftAircraft typeDou...

Peuple cavalier

Cosaque avec son cheval à Alexandropol : photo de Dimitri Ermakov. L'expression peuple cavalier désigne des peuples, en général nomades et vivant sous la tente ou la yourte, qui entretiennent ou ont entretenu un fort lien historique et culturel avec les chevaux. Cet animal est ou fut au centre de leur existence, assurant leurs déplacements comme leurs campagnes guerrières. Spécificités Une des caractéristiques communes des peuples cavaliers, est l'apprentissage de l'équitation ...

 

 

Metropolitan bishop

Ecclesiastical office Petro Mohyla, Moldavian noble, Eastern Orthodox theologian, and Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' In Christian churches with episcopal polity, the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan (alternative obsolete form: metropolite[1]), pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop of a metropolis. Originally, the term referred to the bishop of the chief city of a historical Roman province, whose authority in relation to the other bishops of the p...

 

 

Adam Kszczot

Questa voce sull'argomento atleti polacchi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Adam KszczotAdam Kszczot nel 2013Nazionalità Polonia Altezza178 cm Peso68 kg Atletica leggera Specialità800 metri piani Termine carriera2022 Record 400 m 4651 (2011) 600 m 1'1455 (2009) 600 m 1'1526 (indoor - 2012) 800 m 1'4330 (2011) 800 m 1'4457 (indoor - 2012) 1000 m 2'1572 (2014) 1500 m 3'3831 (2017) C...

Neoshamanism

New forms of shamanism Power Animal redirects here. For an episode of the animated series Adventure Time, see Power Animal (episode). Neoshamanism refers to new forms of shamanism. It usually means shamanism practiced by Western people as a type of New Age spirituality, without a connection to traditional shamanic societies.[1] It is sometimes also used for modern shamanic rituals and practices which, although they have some connection to the traditional societies in which they origin...

 

 

Herbert Fröhlich

British physicist Herbert FröhlichHerbert Fröhlich (1905–1991)Born(1905-12-09)9 December 1905Rexingen, Württemberg, German EmpireDied23 January 1991(1991-01-23) (aged 86)Liverpool, England, UKNationalityBritishAlma materLudwig-Maximilians UniversityKnown for Bioelectrodynamics Fröhlich coherence Fröhlich model Fröhlich polaron Fröhlich Hamiltonian Fröhlich total energy[3][4] Fröhlich entropy[3][4][5] Fröhlich free energy[3...

 

 

Serri (penyanyi)

Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Park. SerriSerri pada November 2016Nama asal박미연LahirPark Mi-yeon16 September 1990 (umur 34)Korea SelatanNama lainSerriPendidikanUniversitas Putri DongdukPekerjaanPenyanyiPenulis laguKarier musikGenreK-popInstrumenVokalTahun aktif2011–sekarangLabelHappy Face Entertainment (2011–2017)Artis terkaitDal Shabet Nama KoreaHangul박미연 Hanja朴美妍 Alih AksaraBak Mi-yeonMcCune–ReischauerPak MiyŏnNama panggungHangul세리 Hanja世...

Mathematical induction

Form of mathematical proof Not to be confused with inductive reasoning. Mathematical induction can be informally illustrated by reference to the sequential effect of falling dominoes.[1][2] Mathematical induction is a method for proving that a statement P ( n ) {\displaystyle P(n)} is true for every natural number n {\displaystyle n} , that is, that the infinitely many cases P ( 0 ) , P ( 1 ) , P ( 2 ) , P ( 3 ) , … {\displaystyle P(0),P(1),P(2),P(3),\dots }   all...

 

 

History of the Albanian Americans in Metro Detroit

Part of a series onEthnicity in Metro Detroit African Americans Albanians Appalachian Belgians Chinese Germans Greeks Hmong Hungarians Indians (Asian) Italians Irish Japanese Jews Mexicans Middle Easterners Native Americans Poles vte The organization Global Detroit stated that the largest group of ethnic Albanians not in Europe is in Metro Detroit. As of 2014, 4,800 ethnic Albanians live in Macomb County, making up the fourth-largest ethnic group in that county, and the highest concentration...