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Rodrigues scops owl
	Fossils
Conservation status
	; Extinct (mid-18th century) (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Strigiformes
Family:	Strigidae
Genus:	Otus
Species:	†O. murivorus
Binomial name
	†Otus murivorus; (Milne-Edwards, 1873)
Synonyms
	Strix murivora Milne-Edwards, 1873; Carine murivora Günther & E. Newton, 1879; Bubo leguati (female) Rothschild, 1907; Athene murivora (male) Rothschild, 1907; Mascarenotus murivorus Milne-Edwards, 1873

The Rodrigues scops owl (Otus murivorus), also known as Rodrigues owl, Rodrigues lizard owl, Leguat's owl, or (somewhat misleadingly) Rodrigues little owl, was a small owl. It lived on the Mascarene island of Rodrigues, but it is nowadays extinct. It is part of the three Mascarene owls, formerly classified in the genus Mascarenotus, although they are now classified in the genus Otus.^[2] Like many of the Mascarene land-birds, the genus was a distinct relative to South-East Asian taxa, in this case apparently being a descendant of the direct ancestor of the Oriental scops owl.^[3] This insular scops owl had evolved gigantism, becoming twice as large and four times heavier than its continental ancestor.^[4]

Taxonomy

It is sometimes assumed that Leguat mentioned this bird in his 1708 memoir, but this seems to be in error; Julien Tafforet gave a good description in 1726, however. The Rodrigues bird, which Tafforet compared to the petit-duc, the Eurasian scops owl (and not, as often assumed to the little owl, the chouette chevêche), was more arboreal than its congeners and fed on small birds and "lizards" (small specimens of the Rodrigues day gecko and the Rodrigues giant day gecko). A monotonous call was given in good weather.

Considering the bird's likely relationships as evidenced by the subfossil bones discovered later, and the detailed description of the related Mauritius scops owl, the Rodriguez bird was as large as a good-sized Australian boobook, with females reaching the size of a long-eared owl, and had ear tufts like an Otus owl and nearly naked legs.

In the original description, Milne-Edwards referred the bones to a Strix owl, mistakenly assuming that Tafforet had described a species of the tuftless owl genera. One larger tibiotarsus was assigned by him to the same sort of bird, but not described further. Günther & E. Newton, in their discussion of additional bones, quite logically assigned this bone to a female of this species, given that the small size of the island seems to preclude two competing similar species of owl to coexist. Rothschild, however, described the larger bone as type of what he assumed was a miniature eagle owl, Bubo leguati. It is nowadays accepted that the assignment to sex by Günther & Newton was correct.

In 2018, a DNA study by Louchart and colleagues found that the Mascarenotus owls grouped among species of Otus (the scops owls), and therefore belonged to that genus. The cladogram below shows the placement of the Rodrigues owl:^[5]

	Otus mirus (Mindanao scops owl)

	Otus longicornis (Luzon scops owl)

Otus murivorus (Rodrigues scops owl)

Otus capnodes (Anjouan scops owl)

Otus moheliensis (Moheli scops owl)

Otus mayottensis (Mayotte scops owl)

	Otus insularis (Seychelles scops owl)

	Otus sunia (oriental scops owl)

Otus sauzieri (Mauritius scops owl)

Otus pauliani (Karthala scops owl)

	Otus rutilus madagascariensis (Torotoroka scops owl)

	Otus rutilus rutilus (Rainforest scops owl)

Description

Tafforet's description of the bird reads as follows:

A bird is seen which is very like the brown owl, and which eats the little birds and small lizards. They live almost always in the trees; and when they think the weather fine, they utter at night always the same cry. On the other hand, when they find the weather bad they are not heard.^[6]

Extinction

Regardless of whether Leguat mentioned owls, Tafforet's record is the last reference to this bird. It probably was unable to cope with the ecological alterations and the predation which resulted from the human settlement and the large rat population.

The bird became apparently extinct in the mid-18th century; as Rodrigues is quite a small island, it is likely that Pingré would have recorded them in 1761 if they had still been present.

References

^ BirdLife International (2012). "Mascarenotus murivorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
^ IOC World Bird List 11.1 (Report). doi:10.14344/ioc.ml.11.1.
^ "Ancient DNA reveals the origins, colonization histories and evolutionary pathways of two recently extinct species of giant scops owl from Mauritius and Rodrigues Islands (Mascarene Islands, southwestern Indian Ocean) | Request PDF". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
^ Duhamel, A. et al. (2020) Cranial evolution in the extinct Rodrigues Island owl Otus murivorus (Strigidae), associated with unexpected ecological adaptations. Scientific Reports, 10:14019.
^ Louchart, Antoine; Bastian, Fabiola; Baptista, Marilia; Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Hume, Julian P.; Jacot-des-Combes, Cécile; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile; Hänni, Catherine; Ollivier, Morgane (2018). "Ancient DNA reveals the origins, colonization histories, and evolutionary pathways of two recently extinct species of giant scops owl from Mauritius and Rodrigues Islands (Mascarene Islands, south-western Indian Ocean)". Journal of Biogeography. 45 (12): 2678–2689. doi:10.1111/jbi.13450. S2CID 91541852.
^ Le Guat, François; Oliver, Samuel Pasfield (1891). The voyage of François Leguat of Bresse, to Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java, and the Cape of Good Hope / transcribed from the first English edition ; edited and annotated by Captain Pasfield Oliver. Vol. 2. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.46034.

Milne-Edwards, Alphonse (1873): Recherches sur la faune ancienne des Îles Mascareignes. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris) 5(19), Article 3. [Article in French] Note: Usually, the year of publication is given as 1874. However, although the volume was nominally of that year, it was already released in 1873.