Robert Moses State Park

This article is about the Atlantic Ocean park. For the Saint Lawrence River park, see Robert Moses State Park – Thousand Islands.

Robert Moses State Park
A lifeboat on the beach at
Robert Moses State Park
Robert Moses State Park is located in New York
Robert Moses State Park
Location of Robert Moses State Park
within New York State
TypeState park
LocationFire Island, New York
Nearest cityBabylon, New York
Coordinates40°37′23″N 73°16′48″W / 40.623°N 73.28°W / 40.623; -73.28
Area875 acres (3.54 km2)[1]
Created1908 (1908)
Operated byNew York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
Visitors3,477,086 (in 2014)[2]
OpenAll year
WebsiteRobert Moses State Park

Robert Moses State Park - Long Island is a 875-acre (3.54 km2) state park in southern Suffolk County, New York.[3] The park lies on the western end of Fire Island, one of the central barrier islands off the southern coast of Long Island, and is known for its five-mile (8.0 km) stretch of beaches on the Atlantic Ocean. The park is accessible from Long Island by the Robert Moses Causeway across Great South Bay.

Established as Fire Island State Park in 1908, the park is the oldest state park on Long Island.[4] Its current name was given to honor Robert Moses, the influential mid-20th century urban planner and former president of the Long Island State Park Commission.[5] Recently, lawmakers have suggested the park should revert to its previous name or to something that better reflects its location.[6][7]

Park description

A path through the trees at Robert Moses State Park.

Robert Moses State Park includes five miles (8.0 km) of beach, which visitors can use for swimming, surfing, or fishing. Anglers may fish from either the beach or the piers. A day use boat basin that can accommodate up to 40 boats is also available.[8] Guests can also use the four bathhouses on the property. The park also contains four concession stands (one at each field), volleyball courts, first aid stations, picnic areas, and a playground at Field 5.[citation needed]

On the west end of the park is an 18-hole pitch and putt golf course. The secluded course is set among native trees and beach vegetation.[9] It is typically open April through November and equipment rental is available.

The Fire Island Lighthouse at the adjacent Fire Island National Seashore

Robert Moses State Park also facilitates access to the Fire Island National Seashore, immediately east of the park. Since there is no parking at the Seashore itself, many visitors park at Field 5 in order to walk to Lighthouse Beach, the Fire Island Lighthouse and Museum,[10] or the nearby community of Kismet. In 2010, New York State officials estimated about 30% of the users of Field 5 park there to access Lighthouse Beach and the Lighthouse itself.[11] Lighthouse Beach was historically a clothing optional beach;[12] however, the National Park Service has enforced a ban on public nudity at Lighthouse Beach since 2013, citing concerns over increases in lewd behavior prior to the ban. Violators face a maximum penalty of a $5,000 fine and six months in prison.[13][14]

Access and hours

The park is accessible by automobile from the Robert Moses Causeway, which connects Fire Island with mainland Long Island. Parking is available in four separate fields. Parking fields 2, 4 and 5 have a capacity of roughly 1,000 vehicles while the capacity at Field 3 is 500. Suffolk Transit's S47 route also serves the beach seasonally connecting it with the Babylon Long Island Rail Road station on the Babylon Branch.

The park is open year-round from sunrise to sunset, although hours for activities such as swimming and golfing vary by season. Portions of the park are open 24 hours a day to fishermen with the appropriate permit.[15] There are many other permits you can buy, such as nighttime photography,[16] stargazing,[16] 4x4 beach permits,[16] scuba diving,[16] and many more.

Starting in early April, visitors are charged a fee for parking at the park. As of 2024, vehicle fees are $8 from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. on weekends from early-April until Memorial Day, after which a $10 fee is charged from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. on weekends and holidays, and a $10 fee is charged on weekdays from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. After Labor Day weekend, vehicle fees are once again $8 from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. on weekends only, until early-November when fees are no longer charged.[17]

History

Water tower and Robert Moses Causeway roundabout at Robert Moses State Park, with the Atlantic Ocean in the background

The west end of Fire Island was part of a colonial grant to William "Tangier" Smith. In 1825 the federal government acquired the westerly tip to build a lighthouse and David Sammis bought about 120 acres (0.49 km2) to the east in 1855 and built the Surf Hotel.[18][19][citation needed]

In 1892, fears of a cholera epidemic spread by passengers on ships arriving in New York prompted the state to acquire the hotel property to establish a quarantine station.[20][21] Irate local citizens obtained an injunction blocking the quarantine station and occupied the site despite the arrival of troops.[22][23][24][25]

In 1908, Governor Charles Evans Hughes signed legislation designating the former Surf Hotel property as Long Island's first state park, known then as Fire Island State Park.[4] The island and the park have grown since that time; for decades, sand has accumulated along Fire Island's western tip at a rate of 160 feet (50 m) per year, increasing the island's length by five miles (8.0 km) since 1825. At the time of the park's establishment, the island's western tip was near where the park's water tower stands today.[26]

A 1918 fire destroyed the boardwalk and the few buildings on the site.[citation needed] In 1924, the state established the Long Island State Park Commission headed by Robert Moses as part of a statewide park and parkway program, also run by Moses. The commission obtained from the federal government four miles (6.4 km) of beach west of the lighthouse that had been formed by shifting sand. In 1926 the first bathhouse was erected.[citation needed]

After the hurricane of 1938 devastated the park, the commission decided to rebuild farther east near the lighthouse, and sand was pumped onto the beach to raise a portion of the island to a height of 18 feet (5.5 m) above sea level. In 1940, the first modern bathhouse opened to the public, replacing facilities destroyed by the hurricane.[26]

Deer in Robert Moses State Park in March 2013.

Ferry service was maintained from Babylon to the park until 1964 when the Robert Moses Causeway opened. The park was renamed for Moses that same year.[26] Attendance boomed, and three parking fields with bathhouses were added.

Robert Moses State Park celebrated its 100th anniversary on June 27, 2008. The anniversary coincided with the completion of several improvements at the park, including a $700,000 rehabilitation of the bathhouse at Field 3. The renovation improved and expanded bathroom facilities, repaired the park's cupola and clock, and replaced a glass and metal storefront added to the building in the 1980s with a new exterior consistent with the building's original architecture. The renovations were part of $132 million in improvements for New York's state parks and historic sites enacted in 2008.[27]

In 2013, a $7.7 million dredging and beach restoration project was conducted to replenish beaches damaged during Hurricane Sandy. The project used about 520,000 cubic yards (400,000 m3) of sand removed during dredging of the Captree State Park boat canal to restore beaches at Robert Moses State Park.[28]

A $1.7 million project to increase energy efficiency and install a 500-kilowatt solar photovoltaic power system at the park was announced in 2015. The planned improvements aim to make Robert Moses State Park the first energy-neutral state park in the United States.[29]

In 2019 a proposal was made by Manhattanville representative Daniel J. O'Donnell to rename Robert Moses State Park in the light of a re-evaluation of the history of Long Island and the legacy of Robert Moses.[6] The bill did not include a proposal for a new name. In February 2021 the bill progressed on to the New York State Assembly calendar, where as of December 2021 it still sits.[7]

As of 2014, the facility attracts approximately 3.5 million visitors per year.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Robert Moses State Park - Long Island". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  2. ^ a b "State Park Annual Attendance Figures by Facility: Beginning 2003". Data.ny.gov. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  3. ^ "Robert Moses State Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  4. ^ a b "History of Fire Island National Seashore". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  5. ^ Paquette, Carole (October 1, 1995). "Showcasing the Career of Robert Moses". The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  6. ^ a b "NY Lawmaker Proposes Bill To Rename Robert Moses State Park". Babylon Village, NY Patch. December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
  7. ^ a b "NY State Assembly Bill A3480". NY State Senate. January 27, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
  8. ^ "Robert Moses State Park - Long Island". NYS Office of Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  9. ^ "Robert Moses State Park Pitch and Putt Course". NYS Office of Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  10. ^ "Robert Moses State Park - Fire Island National Seashore". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  11. ^ "Meeting with New York State Park Officials Sept 16, 2010". Long Island Traversuns Inc. Retrieved March 7, 2011. approximately 30%, by their estimation, of those parking in Field #5 of Robert Moses State Park are doing so in order to avail themselves of facilities on the federal property, namely the Lighthouse, and even more often the beach near it, commonly known as Lighthouse Beach
  12. ^ "Detailed Maps of Lighthouse Beach Fire Island". Long Island Travasuns Inc. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
  13. ^ Santora, Marc (February 27, 2013). "Crackdown on Nudity Planned for Fire Island Beach". The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  14. ^ Rudd, Candice (February 26, 2013). "Officials ban nude sunbathing on Fire Island". Newsday. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  15. ^ "Robert Moses State Park - Hours of Operation". NYS Office of Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  16. ^ a b c d "Long Island permit guide" (PDF).
  17. ^ "Robert Moses State Park - Long Island". New York State Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  18. ^ Wilcox, Gerald; Wilcox, Judith (1976). First history of West Islip (Secatogue). West Islip, N.Y.: G. Wilcox. p. 107. OCLC 2426083. David Sturges Sprague Sammis [...] was the owner of the famous Surf Hotel (Fire Island)
  19. ^ "Fire Island Light Station Cultural Landscapes Inventory; Fire Island National Seashore" (PDF). National Park Service. 2004. p. 14. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
    Chronology
    Year Event Description
    1856 AD Built By 1856, David Sammis builds a chowder house

    east of the Fire Island Lighthouse.

    1857 AD Expanded David Sammis transforms the chowder house into the Surf Hotel, by adding a 100-foot addition. The new hotel could accommodate 100 guests.
  20. ^ Bogart, John (1892). New York Harbor with its Approaches by Water from the Atlantic Ocean and Lower Bay and also through Long Island Sound showing the location of the various parts of the Quarantine Establishment; To accompany the [1892] report of Wm. T. Jenkins, Health Commissioner, Port of New York (Map). 1:79200. Overleaf between pp. 34-35. Retrieved November 23, 2020. Fire Island Beach; Detention Station for Cabin Passengers
  21. ^ Jenkins, William T., Dr., Health Officer, Port of New York (1892). "Annual Report of the Commissioners of Quarantine State of New York, also the Health Officer's Report to said Commissioners" (75). College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Libraries. Albany: Board of Commissioners of Quarantine, New York State: 49-51. On the tenth day of September, after repeated endeavors in other directions, I received from the Governor of the State his personal check, with instruction to purchase Fire island, which I had previously described to him. The suggestion to purchase Fire island did not originate with me, but with the cabin passengers of the Normannia, as indicated by the appended letter, S. S. Normannia, Lower Quarantine, September 7, 1892 [...] for our prompt removal on board some suitable ship or to some suitable hotel on Fire island. [...] The purchase of Fire island was at once effected, and on the eleventh of September the [passengers] were transferred to the Cepheus to be taken to Fire island. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Jenkins, William T., Dr., Health Officer, Port of New York (1892). "Annual Report of the Commissioners of Quarantine State of New York, also the Health Officer's Report to said Commissioners" (75). College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Libraries. Albany: Board of Commissioners of Quarantine, New York State: 51. After coaling at the quarantine station the following morning (the twelfth) the Cepheus started upon a second voyage to Fire island, where an armed mob was encountered, which effectually prevented any landing. It was then for the first time that the cabin passengers realized the violent opposition which existed in the public mind to their returning to the city. On the twelfth, the Cepheus anchored in the Great South Bay opposite Fire island dock. An injunction secured by Mr. Wagstaff from Judge Benedict, was served upon the captain of the Cepheus, from whom, during the day, every effort was made to secure the papers, but without success, as all intercourse was prevented by the mob. [...] Pending argument upon the injunction, the Governor sent a portion of the National Guard to Fire island. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Flower, Roswell Pettibone (1894). Public papers of Roswell P. Flower, governor, 1892-[1894]. Cornell University Library. Albany, The Argus Company, printers. p. 59. [I]n the emergency the Executive authorized the Health Officer to purchase additional accommodations on behalf of the State. This was done by the purchase for $210,000 (equivalent to $7,121,000 in 2023) of the Surf Hotel and grounds at Fire Island, which seemed to be the only suitable place then available for quarantine purposes. An additional expense of about $20,000 was incurred by the necessity of calling out part of the National Guard and the Naval Militia to protect the State in the possession of its purchase at Fire Island,
  24. ^ Louie, Naomi (April 23, 2019). The "death ship" Normannia, federal power in 1892, and immigration to America in a time of cholera (B.A. (Hons) thesis). University of British Columbia. doi:10.14288/1.0378810. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  25. ^ McCollum, Shoshanna (2012). Fire Island: Beach Resort and National Seashore. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7385-9133-9. The imprisoned "Normania" passengers on the "Cepheus" off the wharf at Fire Island
  26. ^ a b c "Robert Moses State Park/Fire Island National Seashore". Geology of National Parks. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  27. ^ "Press Release - Robert Moses State Park Celebrates 100th Anniversary". NYS Office of Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation. June 27, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  28. ^ Dooley, Emily C. (March 25, 2013). "520,000 cubic yards of sand for Robert Moses park beach". Newsday. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  29. ^ "Governor Cuomo Announces Robert Moses State Park to be First Energy-Neutral State Park in the Nation". Office of the New York State Governor. April 23, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Moses State Park (Long Island).
Preceded by Beaches of Fire Island Succeeded by
Southernmost Point

Read other articles:

Michaëlle Jean

Artikel ini perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. Artikel ini ditulis atau diterjemahkan secara buruk dari Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Jika halaman ini ditujukan untuk komunitas bahasa Inggris, halaman itu harus dikontribusikan ke Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Lihat daftar bahasa Wikipedia. Artikel yang tidak diterjemahkan dapat dihapus secara cepat sesuai kriteria A2. Jika Anda ingin memeriksa artikel ini, Anda boleh menggunakan mesin penerjemah. Namun ingat, mohon tidak men...

 

Harimau Champawat

Harimau Champawat lbs Harimau Champawat adalah seekor harimau bengal betina yang bertanggung jawab atas kematian sekitar 436 jiwa di Nepal dan wilayah Kumaon di India, selama tahun-tahun akhir abad ke-19 dan tahun-tahun pertama abad ke-20. Serangannya telah terdaftar dalam Guinness Book of World Records sebagai angka korban terbanyak oleh seekor harimau.[1] Sang harimau ditembak mati pada 1907 oleh Jim Corbett.[2] Sejarah Menurut Peter Byrne, seorang pemburu profesional dan pe...

 

Memoirs of a Geisha

Memoirs of a GeishaSutradaraRob MarshallProduserLucy FisherSteven SpielbergDouglas WickDitulis olehRobin SwicordPemeranZhang ZiyiGong LiMichelle YeohPenata musikJohn WilliamsPenyuntingPietro ScaliaDistributorSony Pictures EntertainmentDreamWorksTanggal rilis9 Desember 2005Durasi144 menitNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaInggrisAnggaranUS$ 85 jutaIMDbInformasi di IMDbAMGProfil All Movie GuideSitus webhttp://sonypictures.com/homevideo/memoirsofageisha/index.html Memories of Geisha adalah film ya...

Hirzi Zulfaqar Mahzan

Bruneian footballer In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Mahzan is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Hirzi Zulfaqar. Hirzi Zulfaqar Hirzi with Brunei in 2023Personal informationFull name Mohammad Hirzi Zulfaqar bin MahzanDate of birth (2000-08-13) 13 August 2000 (age 23)Place of birth BruneiPosition(s) DefenderYouth career2017–2018 Tabuan MudaSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2017–2018 Tabuan Muda 'A' (2)2022 Indera 0...

 

الجائزة العالمية للرواية العربية

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع الجائزة العالمية للرواية العربية (توضيح). الجائزة العالمية للرواية العربيةInternational Prize for Arabic Fictionمعلومات عامةمنحت لـ أحسن رواية عربية منشورة خلال السنة السابقةالبلد  الإمارات العربية المتحدةمقدمة من مؤسسة الإمارات عام 2007، هيئة أبوظبي للسياحة وا...

 

فاروس (إففويا)

فاروس تقسيم إداري البلد اليونان  [1] إحداثيات 38°23′59″N 23°37′22″E / 38.39959°N 23.62275°E / 38.39959; 23.62275   السكان التعداد السكاني 1171 (إحصاء السكان و resident population of Greece) (2011)966 (resident population of Greece) (2001)1054 (resident population of Greece) (1991)  الرمز الجغرافي 262465  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   فا...

Portici 1906

SSD Portici 1906Calcio Porticesi, Biancoazzurri, Vesuviani Segni distintivi Uniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Colori sociali Azzurro, bianco Simboli Vesuvio Dati societari Città Portici (NA) Nazione Italia Confederazione UEFA Federazione FIGC Campionato Serie D Fondazione 1906 Proprietario Casa Reale Holding Spa Presidente Emanuele Filiberto di Savoia Allenatore Andrea Ciaramella Pasquale Bovienzo Stadio San Ciro(7580 posti) Palmarès Si invita a seguire il modello di voce La S.S.D. a r.l. Po...

 

Archery at the 2006 Asian Games

Archery at the 2006 Asian GamesVenueLusail Archery RangeDates9–13 DecemberCompetitors119 from 22 nations← 20022010 → Archery was competed at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar. Men and women competed in both individual and team events with all competition taking place at the Lusail Archery Range from December 9 through December 13. The competition included only recurve events. Schedule R Ranking round F Elimination rounds & Finals Event↓/Dat...

 

إنتاج القهوة

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) إنتاج القهوة هي العملية الصناعية لتحويل القهوة الخام الناتجة عن نبتة القهوة إلى القهوة النهائية. ومع ذلك...

Prima Categoria Lombardia 1961-1962

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento competizioni calcistiche non è ancora formattata secondo gli standard. Commento: Molte pagine di campionati regionali come queste vanno corrette con il nuovo modello di voce perché questa pagina è stata realizzata con modelli vecchi ed è obsoleta.In questa pagina sono da correggere:le squadre partecipanti, con la tabellina in cui non è più possibile linkare le squadre non enciclopediche alle città, la città va scritta nella riga inferiore con...

 

Lahij

For the former sultanate, see Sultanate of Lahej.This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Lahij – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (Augus...

 

جول داسين

جول داسين (بالفرنسية: Jules Dassin)‏    معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة (بالإنجليزية: Julius Dassin)‏  الميلاد 18 ديسمبر 1911 [1][2][3][4][5]  ميدلتاون  الوفاة 31 مارس 2008 (96 سنة) [6][1][2][3][4][7]  أثينا  سبب الوفاة إنفلونزا  مكان الدفن مقبرة أ�...

Sufotidine

Chemical compound SufotidineClinical dataRoutes ofadministrationOralATC codeNoneLegal statusLegal status Development terminated Identifiers IUPAC name 2-methyl-5-(methylsulfonylmethyl)-N-[3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl]-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine CAS Number80343-63-1PubChem CID71763ChemSpider64802UNII56B0591Y76KEGGD05939CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID50230254 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC20H31N5O3SMolar mass421.56 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES CN1C(=NC(=N1)C...

 

Squamata

Squamata Periode Jura Awal – sekarang, 199–0 jtyl[1] PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasReptiliaSuperordoLepidosauriaOrdoSquamata Oppel, 1811 Subgrup[2] Dibamidae Gekkota Lacertoidea Scincomorpha Toxicofera Anguimorpha Iguania Ophidia Distribusi lbs Squamata (Pelafalan Inggris: /skwæˈmeɪtə/, dari bahasa Latin squamatus (“bersisik”)) adalah ordo reptil terbesar, terdiri dari kadal, ular, dan Amphisbaenia (kadal cacing), yan...

 

Vejen

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Danish. (January 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or lo...

Coppa di Francia 1975-1976

Coppa di Francia 1975-1976Coupe de France 1975-1976 Competizione Coppa di Francia Sport Calcio Edizione 59ª Organizzatore Federazione calcistica della Francia Luogo  Francia Risultati Vincitore  Olympique Marsiglia(9º titolo) Secondo  Olympique Lione Cronologia della competizione 1974-1975 1976-1977 Manuale La stagione 1975-76 è stata la 59ª edizione della Coppa di Francia. Indice 1 Risultati 1.1 7º Turno 1.2 Trentaduesimi di finale 1.3 Sedicesimi di finale 1.4 Ottavi di ...

 

Rawak Stupa

Buddhist stupa in Xinjiang, China RawakRawak Stupa from above southwest wall. November 2008.Location of Rawak StupaLocation ChinaRegionLop County, Hotan Prefecture, XinjiangCoordinates37°20′46″N 80°09′49″E / 37.3460°N 80.1635°E / 37.3460; 80.1635 Rawak (Chinese: 热瓦克佛寺遗址) is a Buddhist stupa located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang, China, along the famous trade route known as the Silk Road in the first millenni...

 

Invasi Pakta Warsawa ke Cekoslowakia

Invasi Pakta Warsawa ke CekoslowakiaOperasi DanubeBagian dari Perang Dingin, perpecahan Tiongkok-Soviet, perpecahan Albania-Soviet, perpecahan Romania-Soviet, perpecahan Tito-Stalin, dan Unjuk rasa 1968Foto Soviet T-54 di Praha selama pendudukan Pakta Warsawa di Cekoslowakia.Tanggal20–21 Agustus 1968LokasiCzechoslovakiaHasil Kemenangan Pakta Warsawa Kekalahan Cekoslowakia Penindasan proses reformasi di Partai Komunis Cekoslowakia (KSČ) Protokol Moskow Pengunduran diri Alexander Dubček seb...

Facekini

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Seorang wanita mengenakan sebuah facekini Facekini (Hanzi: 脸基尼; Pinyin: liǎnjīní) adalah sebuah topeng yang dirancang untuk para perenang dan pengunjung pantai yang menutupi kepala dan hanya memperlihatkan mata, hidup, dan mulut.[1...

 

الجيش الرابع (الدولة العثمانية)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع الجيش الرابع (توضيح). الجيش الرابع جمال باشا قائد الجيش الرابع في فلسطين عام 1917 الدولة الدولة العثمانية الإنشاء 1877 النوع جيش المقر الرئيسي أرزينجان (1877-1911)بغداد (1911-1914)دمشق (1914-1918) الاشتباكات الحرب العالمية الأولى  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   الجيش الرا...