Right bundle branch block

Right bundle branch block
An illustration of a right bundle branch block located in intraventricular septum
ECG characteristics of a typical RBBB showing wide QRS complexes with a terminal R wave in lead V1 and a prolonged S wave in lead V6.
SpecialtyCardiology
Typescomplete right bundle branch block (CRBBB)
incomplete right bundle branch block (IRBBB)

A right bundle branch block (RBBB) is a heart block in the right bundle branch of the electrical conduction system.[1]

During a right bundle branch block, the right ventricle is not directly activated by impulses traveling through the right bundle branch. However, the left bundle branch still normally activates the left ventricle. These impulses can then travel through the myocardium of the left ventricle to the right ventricle and depolarize the right ventricle this way. As conduction through the myocardium is slower than conduction through the bundle of His-Purkinje fibres, the QRS complex is seen to be widened. The QRS complex often shows an extra deflection that reflects the rapid depolarisation of the left ventricle, followed by the slower depolarisation of the right ventricle.

Incomplete right bundle branch block

An incomplete right bundle branch block (IRBBB) is a conduction abnormality in the right bundle branch block. While a complete RBBB has a QRS duration of 120 ms or more, an incomplete RBBB has a wave duration between 100 and 120 ms. It has a relatively high prevalence, a study conducted on young Swiss military conscripts with a mean age of 19 years found a prevalence of 13.5%.[2] It affects patients of all ages, more commonly males and athletes, however it is not always a benign finding. Therefore, if abnormalities are detected on the physical exam, further testing should be done to exclude heart disease.[3]

There is no consensus in the literature regarding criteria for diagnosis. However, according to the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/Heart Rhythm Society (AHA/ACCF/HRS) it is defined by the following finding in adults:

  1. QRS wave duration between 100 and 120 ms.
  2. rsr, rsR, or rSR in leads V1 or V2.
  3. S wave of longer duration than R wave or greater than 40 ms in leads I and V6.
  4. Normal R wave peak time in both V5 and V6, but greater than 50 ms in V1.

The first three criteria are needed for diagnosis. The fourth is needed when a pure dominant R waver is present on V1.[3]

Causes

Common causes include normal variation, changes in bundle branch structure - such as mechanical stretching, chest trauma, right ventricular hypertrophy or strain, congenital heart disease such as atrial septal defect, and ischemic heart disease. [4] In addition, a right bundle branch block may also result from Brugada syndrome, Chagas disease,[5][6] pulmonary embolism, rheumatic heart disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, or hypertension.[7]

Causes for incomplete right bundle branch block (IRBBB) often involve exercise-induced right ventricular remodeling, increased right ventricular (RV) free wall thickness, especially in athletes due to prolonged endurance exercise.[8]

Diagnosis

Normal electrical conduction system of the heart (Schematic). All myocardial segments are excited almost simultaneously (purple staining).
Conduction in RBBB (Schematic): With a blockage in the right bundle branch (red), the left ventricle is excited in time (purple), while the excitation of the right ventricle takes a detour via the left bundle branch (blue arrows).

The criteria to diagnose a right bundle branch block on the electrocardiogram:

  • The heart rhythm must originate above the ventricles (i.e., sinoatrial node, atria or atrioventricular node) to activate the conduction system at the correct point.
  • The QRS duration must be more than 100 ms (incomplete block) or more than 120 ms (complete block).[9]
  • There should be a terminal R wave in lead V1 (often called "R prime," and denoted by R, rR', rsR', rSR', or qR).
  • There must be a prolonged S wave in leads I and V6 (sometimes referred to as a "slurred" S wave).

The T wave should be deflected opposite the terminal deflection of the QRS complex. This is known as appropriate T wave discordance with bundle branch block. A concordant T wave may suggest ischemia or myocardial infarction.[citation needed]

Treatment

The underlying condition may be treated by medications to control hypertension or diabetes, if they are the primary underlying cause. If coronary arteries are blocked, an invasive coronary angioplasty may relieve the impending RBBB.[10]

Epidemiology

Prevalence of RBBB increases with age due to changes in the heart's conduction system. It's estimated up to 11.3% of the population by the age of 80 have RBBB.[11]

  • RBBB with associated first degree AV block
    RBBB with associated first degree AV block
  • RBBB with associated tachycardia
    RBBB with associated tachycardia
  • RBBB
    RBBB

See also

References

  1. ^ "Conduction Blocks". Department of Physiology. Kansas City University of Medicine & Biosciences. 2006. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
  2. ^ Kobza R, Cuculi F, Abächerli R, Toggweiler S, Suter Y, Frey F, et al. (December 2012). "Twelve-lead electrocardiography in the young: physiologic and pathologic abnormalities". Heart Rhythm. 9 (12): 2018–2022. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.08.034. PMID 23102624.
  3. ^ a b Floria M, Parteni N, Neagu AI, Sascau RA, Statescu C, Tanase DM (June 2021). "Incomplete right bundle branch block: Challenges in electrocardiogram diagnosis". Anatolian Journal of Cardiology. 25 (6): 380–384. doi:10.5152/AnatolJCardiol.2021.84375. PMC 8210929. PMID 34100724. S2CID 235368614.
  4. ^ Goldman L (2011). Goldman's Cecil Medicine (24th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 400–401. ISBN 978-1-4377-2788-3.
  5. ^ "Chagas Disease: What U.S. Clinicians Need to Know". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  6. ^ Rojas LZ, Glisic M, Pletsch-Borba L, Echeverría LE, Bramer WM, Bano A, et al. (June 2018). "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in Chagas disease in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 12 (6): e0006567. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006567. PMC 5999094. PMID 29897909.
  7. ^ Ikeda T (January 2021). "Right Bundle Branch Block: Current Considerations". Current Cardiology Reviews. 17 (1): 24–30. doi:10.2174/1573403X16666200708111553. PMC 8142372. PMID 32640959.
  8. ^ Floria M, Parteni N, Neagu AI, Sascau RA, Statescu C, Tanase DM (June 2021). "Incomplete right bundle branch block: Challenges in electrocardiogram diagnosis". Anatolian Journal of Cardiology. 25 (6): 380–384. doi:10.5152/AnatolJCardiol.2021.84375. PMC 8210929. PMID 34100724. S2CID 235368614.
  9. ^ Yanowitz FG. "Lesson VI - ECG Conduction Abnormalities". University of Utah School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
  10. ^ "Right Bundle Branch Block". Symptoma. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  11. ^ Harkness WT, Hicks M (2022). "Right Bundle Branch Block". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29939649. Retrieved 2022-02-24.