Rhynia

Rhynia
Temporal range: Early Devonian
Reconstruction of Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii, redrawn after Kenrick & Crane (1997:101)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Subdivision: Rhyniophytina
Class: Rhyniopsida
Order: Rhyniales
Family: Rhyniaceae
Genus: Rhynia
Kidst. & W.H.Lang (1917)
Type species
R. gwynne-vaughanii
Kidst. & W.H.Lang (1917)
Species
  • R. gemuendensis Hirmer (1930)[citation needed]
  • R. gwynne-vaughanii Kidst. & W.H.Lang (1917)

Rhynia is a single-species genus of Devonian vascular plants. Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii was the sporophyte[2] generation of a vascular, axial, free-sporing diplohaplontic embryophytic land plant of the Early Devonian that had anatomical features more advanced than those of the bryophytes. Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii was a member of a sister group to all other eutracheophytes, including modern vascular plants.

Description

Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii was first described as a new species by Robert Kidston and William H. Lang in 1917.[3] The species is known only from the Rhynie chert in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, where it grew in the vicinity of a silica-rich hot spring. Rhynia was a vascular plant, and grew in association with other vascular plants such as Asteroxylon mackei, a probable ancestor of modern clubmosses (Lycopsida), and with pre-vascular plants such as Aglaophyton major, which is interpreted as basal to true vascular plants.[4]

A transverse section of a stem of Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii, Lower Devonian, Rhynie chert

Rhynia is thought to have had deciduous lateral branches, which it used to disperse laterally over the substrate[5][6] and stands of the plant may therefore have been clonal populations.

Evidence of the gametophyte generation of Rhynia has been described in the form of crowded tufts of diminutive stems only a few mm in height, with the form genus name Remyophyton delicatum.[7] Like those of Aglaophyton major,[8][9] Horneophyton lignieri[10] and Nothia aphylla[11] the gametophytes of Rhynia were dioicous, bearing male and female gametangia (antheridia and archegonia) on different axes. A significant finding is that the axes of the gametophytes were vascular, unlike almost all of the gametophytes of modern pteridophytes except for that of Psilotum.[12]

Taxonomy

Two species of Rhynia were initially described by R. Kidston and W. H. Lang from the Rhynie chert bed: R. gwynne-vaughnii in 1917,[3] and R. major in 1920.[13] R. gwynne-vaughanii was named by Kidston and Lang in honour of their late friend and colleague, the botanist David Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan.[3]

A study of the vascular tissue of the two by David S. Edwards in 1986 lead to the conclusion that the cell walls of the water-conducting cells of R. major lacked the secondary thickening bars seen in the xylem of R. gwynne-vaughanii, and were more like the water-conducting hydroids of moss sporophytes. His conclusion was that R. gwynne-vaughanii belongs in the vascular plants, while R. major belongs among the bryophytes. Accordingly, he transferred it to a new genus Aglaophyton, leaving R. gwynne-vaughnii as the only known species of Rhynia.[14] Rhynia is the type genus for the rhyniophytes, established as the subdivision Rhyniophytina by Banks,[15] but since treated at various ranks.

Phylogeny

In 2004, Crane et al. published a cladogram for the polysporangiophytes, in which Rhynia and the other Rhyniaceae are placed as basal vascular plants (tracheophyes).[16]

polysporangiophytes

References

  1. ^ Kenrick, P.; Crane, P.R. (1997). The origin and early diversification of land plants : a cladistic study. Washington & London: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-729-1. Fig. 4.8, p. 101.
  2. ^ Edwards, D.S. (1980). "Evidence for the sporophytic status of the Lower Devonian plant Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii Kidston and Lang". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 29: 177–188. Bibcode:1980RPaPa..29..177E. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(80)90057-3.
  3. ^ a b c Kidston, R.; Lang, W.H. (1917). "On Old Red Sandstone plants showing structure from the Rhynie chert bed, Aberdeenshire. Part I. Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii, Kidston and Lang". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 5 (3): 761–784. doi:10.1017/s0080456800008991.
  4. ^ Edwards, D.S. (1986). "Aglaophyton major, a non-vascular land-plant from the Devonian Rhynie chert". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 93 (2): 173–204. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01020.x.
  5. ^ Bateman, R.M.; Crane, P.R.; Dimichele, W.A.; Kenrick, P.R.; Rowe, N.P.; Speck, T.; Stein, W.E. (1998). "Early Evolution of Land Plants: Phylogeny, Physiology, and Ecology of the Primary Terrestrial Radiation". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 29 (1): 263–292. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.263.
  6. ^ Edwards, D.S. (1980). "Evidence for the sporophyte status of the Lower Devonian plant Rhynia gwynne-vaughnii Kidston and Lang". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 29: 177–188. Bibcode:1980RPaPa..29..177E. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(80)90057-3.
  7. ^ H. Kerp, N.H. Trewin and H. Hass (2004) New gametophytes from the Early Devonian Rhynie chert. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 94, 411–428
  8. ^ Remy, W.; Hass, H. (1996). "New information on gametophytes and sporophytes of Aglaophyton major and inferences about possible environmental adaptations". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 90 (3–4): 175–193. Bibcode:1996RPaPa..90..175R. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(95)00082-8.
  9. ^ Remy, W.; Remy, R (1980). "Lyonophyton rhyniensis n. gen. et nov. spec., ein Gametophyt aus dem Chert von Rhynie (Unterdevon,Schottland)". Argumenta Palaeobotanica. 6: 37–72.
  10. ^ Remy, W.; Hass, H. (1991a). "Langiophyton mackiei nov. gen., nov. spec., ein Gametophyt mit Archegoniophoren aus dem Chert von Rhynie (Unterdevon Schottland)". Argumenta Palaeobotanica. 8: 69–117.
  11. ^ Remy, W.; Hass, H. (1991b). "Kidstonophyton discoides nov. gen. nov. spec., ein Gametophyt aus dem Chert von Rhynie (Unterdevon, Schottland". Argumenta Palaeobotanica. 8: 29–45.
  12. ^ Holloway, J.E. (1939). "The gametophyte, embryo and young rhizome of Psilotum triquetrum Schwarz". Annals of Botany. 3 (2): 313–336. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a085063.
  13. ^ Kidston, R.; Lang, W.H. (1920). "On Old Red Sandstone plants showing structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part II. Additional notes on Rhynia gwynne-vaughani, Kidston and Lang; with descriptions of Rhynia major, n.sp. and Hornea lignieri, n.g., n.sp". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 52 (3): 603–627. doi:10.1017/s0080456800004488.
  14. ^ Edwards, David S. (1986). "Aglaophyton major, a non-vascular land-plant from the Devonian Rhynie Chert". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 93 (2): 173–204. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01020.x.
  15. ^ Banks, H.P. (1975). "Reclassification of Psilophyta". Taxon. 24 (4): 401–413. doi:10.2307/1219491. JSTOR 1219491., cited in Banks, H.P. (1980). "The role of Psilophyton in the evolution of vascular plants". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 29: 165–176. Bibcode:1980RPaPa..29..165B. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(80)90056-1.
  16. ^ Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004). "Fossils and plant phylogeny". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1683–99. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683. PMID 21652317.

Read other articles:

Karin AmatmoekrimBiografiKelahiran25 Desember 1977 (46 tahun)Paramaribo Data pribadiPendidikanUniversitas Amsterdam KegiatanSpesialisasiBelletristic literature (en) dan Dutch literature (en) PekerjaanPenulis Bekerja diDe Correspondent (en) Situs web<span%20class= penicon%20data-bridge-edit-flow=single-best-value> Laman resmi Karin Amatmoekrim (lahir 25 Desember 1976) adalah penulis Belanda kelahiran Suriname. Amatmoekrim beremigrasi ke Belanda pada tahun 1981 dan besar di IJmuiden. Ia m...

 

 

Video game remake 2023 video gameResident Evil 4Developer(s)CapcomPublisher(s)CapcomDirector(s)Yasuhiro AnpoKazunori KadoiProducer(s)Yoshiaki HirabayashiDesigner(s)Hidehiro GodaProgrammer(s)Masatoshi FukazawaArtist(s)Hirofumi NakaokaWriter(s)Matthew CostelloComposer(s)Kota SuzukiMasami UedaSeriesResident EvilEngineRE EnginePlatform(s)PlayStation 4PlayStation 5WindowsXbox Series X/SiOSmacOSReleasePS4, PS5, Win, XSXSMarch 24, 2023PlayStation VR2December 8, 2023iOS, macOSDecember 20, 2023Genre(s...

 

 

Department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France This article is about the French department. For other uses, see Allier (disambiguation). Department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceAllier Alèir (Occitan)DepartmentPrefecture building in Moulins FlagCoat of armsLocation of Allier in FranceCoordinates: 46°20′N 3°10′E / 46.333°N 3.167°E / 46.333; 3.167CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesPrefectureMoulinsSubprefecturesMontluçonVichyGovernment • Pr...

La Coppa Mercosur 1998 fu la prima edizione del torneo sudamericano di calcio e ebbe come campione il Palmeiras, club brasiliano della città di San Paolo. L'edizione 1998 contò sei squadre argentine, sette brasiliane, tre cilene, due Paraguaiane e due Uruguaiane. Indice 1 Formula 2 Trasmissione 3 Prima fase 3.1 Gruppo A 3.2 Gruppo B 3.3 Gruppo C 3.4 Gruppo D 3.5 Gruppo E 4 Seconda fase 4.1 Quarti di finale 4.2 Semifinali 4.2.1 Andata 4.2.2 = Ritorno 4.3 Finale 4.3.1 Andata 4.3.2 Ritorno 5 C...

 

 

This article is about the company in the United States. For local television in general, see local programming. For the streaming service for local over-the-air television channels, see LocalBTV. Local TV LLCCompany typePrivateIndustryBroadcast televisionPredecessorBroadcasting division ofThe New York Times CompanyEight stations owned byFox Television StationsFoundedDecember 2006; 17 years ago (2006-12)DefunctDecember 27, 2013; 10 years ago (2013-12-2...

 

 

Research program in economics and constitutionalism Constitutional economics is a research program in economics and constitutionalism that has been described as explaining the choice of alternative sets of legal-institutional-constitutional rules that constrain the choices and activities of economic and political agents. This extends beyond the definition of the economic analysis of constitutional law and is distinct from explaining the choices of economic and political agents within those ru...

Ronceray-Glonnières Les Glonnières depuis le haut du Centre-Sud Administration Pays France Région Pays de la Loire Ville Le Mans Conseil de quartier Secteur Sud-Est Démographie Population 6 112 hab. Densité 10 020 hab./km2 Étapes d’urbanisation depuis 1960 Géographie Coordonnées 47° 58′ 24″ nord, 0° 12′ 41″ est Superficie 61 ha = 0,61 km2 Transport Tramway  T1 Bus  5 10 21 Locali...

 

 

هنودمعلومات عامةنسبة التسمية الهند التعداد الكليالتعداد قرابة 1.21 مليار[1][2]تعداد الهند عام 2011ق. 1.32 مليار[3]تقديرات عام 2017ق. 30.8 مليون[4]مناطق الوجود المميزةبلد الأصل الهند البلد الهند  الهند نيبال 4,000,000[5] الولايات المتحدة 3,982,398[6] الإمار...

 

 

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言,清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日(哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統) 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Culture of San Diego – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Overview of the culture of San Diego The culture of San Diego, California is influenced heavily by American and Mexican cultures due t...

 

 

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Terminal Purabaya. Terminal PurboyoTerminal Penumpang Tipe A Kode: PBY Suasana peron Terminal Purboyo Madiun, 3 Mei 2022.LokasiJl. Basuki Rahmat Nomor 1, Kelurahan Patihan, Kecamatan Manguharjo, Kota Madiun, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Kodepos 63123 IndonesiaKoordinat7°36′17″S 111°32′4″E / 7.60472°S 111.53444°E / -7.60472; 111.53444Koordinat: 7°36′17″S 111°32′4″E / 7.60472°S 111.53444°E / -7.60472...

 

 

Mediterranean coast of Egypt The Mediterranean Coast of Egypt Hotels of Porto Marina, one of Egypt's famous local tourist destinations The Northern Coast of Egypt (Arabic: الساحل الشمالي, El Sahel El Shamally, North Coast, commonly shortened to الساحل El Sahel, The Coast, The Egyptian Coast) extends for about 1,050 km (650 mi) along the Mediterranean Sea, it covers entirely the northern territory of Egypt. It is one of the longest Mediterranean coastlines, and is ...

V. Ramaswamy Aiyer V. Ramaswamy Aiyer (4 August 1871 – 22 January 1936) was a civil servant in the Madras Provincial Service. In 1907, along with a group of friends, he founded the Indian Mathematical Society with headquarters in Pune. He was the first Secretary of the Society and acted in that position until 1910. Ramaswamy Aiyer also served the Society as its President from 1926 to 1930.[1] Early life and career Ramaswamy Aiyer was born on 4 August 1871 at Satyamangalam, in t...

 

 

English translation of the Bible NRSV redirects here. For the New York City punk band, see No Redeeming Social Value. New Revised Standard VersionNRSV Bible with the ApocryphaAbbreviationNRSVComplete Biblepublished1989Derived fromRevised Standard Version (2nd ed., 1971)Textual basisOT: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (2nd ed., 1983) and additional sources[1]Apocrypha: Septuagint (Rahlfs' and Göttingen) and additional sources[2]NT: UBS Greek New Testament (3rd corrected ed.) ...

 

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Dutch Baroque architecture – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Royal Palace (Amsterdam): Jacob van Campen, 1646. Oostkerk, Middelburg: Arent van 's-Gravesande [nl], 1667. Dutch Baro...

Grand Chief of the Mi'kmaq tribe (c. 1507–1611) Grand ChiefHenri MembertouBornc. 1507Southwestern St. Mary's BayDied18 September 1611 (aged 102/103)Port Royal, CanadaOccupationGrand Chief of the Mi'kmaq peopleYears active1550-1611Titlesakmow (Grand Chief) Chief Henri Membertou (1507 – 18 September 1611) was the sakmow (Grand Chief) of the Mi'kmaq First Nations tribe situated near Port Royal, site of the first French settlement in Acadia, present-day Nova Scotia, Canada. Originally sa...

 

 

The Sims 3: University Life Tipepaket ekspansi Versi pertamaVersi stabil 16.0 GenreSimulasi kehidupanBahasa Daftar Belanda, Ceko, Denmark, Finlandia, Hungaria, Inggris, Italia, Jerman, Korea, Norwegia, Polandia, Portugis, Portugis Brasil, Prancis, Rusia, Spanyol, Swedia dan Tionghoa Tradisional 60 Karakteristik teknisPlatformmacOS dan Windows MesinRenderWare ModePermainan video pemain tunggal Formatdistribusi digital Informasi pengembangPengembangMaxisPenyuntingElectronic Arts PenerbitElectro...

 

 

Promozione 1985-1986 Competizione Promozione Sport Calcio Edizione 19ª Organizzatore L.N.D.Comitati Regionali Luogo  Italia Formula 26 gironi all'italiana Cronologia della competizione 1984-1985 1986-1987 Manuale Nella stagione 1985-1986, la Promozione era il sesto livello del calcio italiano (il primo livello regionale). Il campionato è strutturato in vari gironi all'italiana su base regionale, gestiti dai Comitati Regionali di competenza. Promozioni alla categoria superiore e retroc...

العلاقات النرويجية التونسية النرويج تونس   النرويج   تونس تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات النرويجية التونسية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين النرويج وتونس.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة النر�...

 

 

Sculpture series Malgré ToutThe sculpture at the Museo Nacional de Arte, 2009ArtistJesús Fructuoso Contreras Malgré Tout is an 1898 sculpture by Jesús Fructuoso Contreras, depicting a nude woman lying down struggling against chains to rise. There are copies in the Museo Nacional de Arte and the Alameda Central, in Mexico City, as well as the Aguascalientes Museum in Aguascalientes, Mexico. The name Malgré Tout is French for nevertheless or in spite of everything. The sculptor created it ...