Rhynchaeites

Rhynchaeites Temporal range: Early to Middle Eocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

R. messelensis from Germany
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Pelecaniformes
Family:	Threskiornithidae
Subfamily:	†Rhynchaeitinae Mayr, 2002
Genus:	†Rhynchaeites Wittich, 1898
Type species
†Rhynchaeites messelensis Wittich, 1898
Species
†R. messelensis Wittich, 1898 †R. litoralis Mayr & Kitchener, 2023

Rhynchaeites (Greek for "beak fossil") is an extinct genus of wading bird, a stem-group threshkiornithid, from the Eocene. It is one of the oldest members of the ibis family known from fossil remains.^[1]

Taxonomy

The type species, R. messelensis, is known from many well-preserved specimens from the famous Lutetian-aged Messel pit of Germany. It was initially thought to represent an early relative of painted-snipes (family Rostratulidae), and was still considered an early charadriiform for nearly a century, but was identified as an early ibis in 1983.^[1]

In 2023, a second species, R. litoralis was described from the earlier Ypresian-aged London Clay of England. R. litoralis is mostly known from isolated bones but also multiple partial skeletons. In addition to their differing morphologies, both species appear to have inhabited different habitats, with R. messelensis inhabiting freshwater habitats and R. litoralis coastal habitats.^[1]^[2]

An undescribed, largely complete Rhynchaeites specimen has been reported from the Green River Formation of the United States.^[1] The potential leg bone fossils of Rhynchaeites have also been found in the earliest Ypresian Fur Formation in Denmark. It has been hypothesized that the supposed parrot relative Mopsitta tanta, known from a single humerus bone, is the same bird as the leg fossils and thus actually belongs in Rhynchaeites too.^[1]^[3]

Morphology

Despite its close resemblance to modern ibises, Rhynchaeites differs in several aspects of morphology from them, primarily in its much shorter legs and the apparent lack of any sensory nerves in its bill. The latter suggests that Rhynchaeites primarily relied on sight to find food, as opposed to the tactile probing of modern ibises. The short legs of Rhynchaeites appear to be a plesiomorphic trait, and suggest that long legs evolved multiple times within the Pelecaniformes.^[1]^[2]

References

"The Origin and Evolution of Birds" by Alan Feduccia

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mayr, Gerald (2022), Mayr, Gerald (ed.), "Phaethontiformes and Aequornithes: The Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Neaovian Taxa", Paleogene Fossil Birds, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 117–152, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87645-6_7, ISBN 978-3-030-87645-6, retrieved 2024-10-15
^ ^a ^b Mayr, Gerald; Kitchener, Andrew C. (2023-06-01). "Multiple skeletons of Rhynchaeites from the London Clay reveal the osteology of early Eocene ibises (Aves, Threskiornithidae)". PalZ. 97 (2): 425–442. doi:10.1007/s12542-022-00647-1. ISSN 1867-6812.
^ Mayr, Gerald; Bertelli, Sara (2011-09-01). "A record of Rhynchaeites (Aves, Threskiornithidae) from the early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark, and the affinities of the alleged parrot Mopsitta". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 91 (3): 229–236. doi:10.1007/s12549-011-0050-8. ISSN 1867-1608.

Genera of ibis, herons, pelicans and their extinct allies

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Aequornithes
Order: Pelecaniformes

Pelecaniformes

incertae sedis

†Cladornis?

†Torotigidae?

Torotix

Pelecani

Balaenicipitidae	Balaeniceps †Goliathia †Paludiavis
Pelecanidae	†Eopelecanus †Miopelecanus Pelecanus
Scopidae	Scopus

Ardei

- See below ↓

Ardei

incertae sedis

†Ardeacites?

†Xenerodiopidae

Xenerodiops

Threskiornithidae

incertae sedis	†Gerandibis †Milnea †Mopsitta? †Protibis †Rhynchaeites †Vadaravis †Xenicibis
Plataleinae	Platalea
Threskiornithinae	†Apteribis Bostrychia Cercibis Eudocimus Geronticus Lophotibis Mesembrinibis Nipponia Phimosus Plegadis Pseudibis Thaumatibis Theristicus Threskiornis

Ardeidae

†Ardeagrandis Calherodius †Eoceornis †Matuku †Nyctisoma Oroanassa †Proardeola
Agamiinae	Agamia
Ardeinae	Ardea Ardeola Butorides Egretta Gorsachius Nycticorax Nyctanassa Pilherodius †Proardea Syrigma †Zeltornis Zonerodius
Botaurinae	Botaurus Ixobrychus †Pikaihao Zebrilus
Cochleariinae	Cochlearius
Tigriornithinae	†Taphophoyx Tigriornis Tigrisoma

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