Reiki

This article is about the Japanese pseudoscientific healing practice. For the era, see Reiki (era).

A reiki session in progress
Part of a series on
Alternative medicine
General information
Fringe medicine and science
Controversies
Classifications
Traditional medicine
Alternative diagnoses

Reiki[a] is a pseudoscientific form of energy healing, a type of alternative medicine originating in Japan.[1] Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which, according to practitioners, a "universal energy" is transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the client, to encourage emotional or physical healing. It is based on qi ("chi"), which practitioners say is a universal life force, although there is no empirical evidence that such a life force exists.[2][3]

Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and academic journal articles.[2][3] The marketing of reiki has been described as "fraudulent misrepresentation",[3] and itself as a "nonsensical method",[4] with a recommendation that the American government agency NCCAM should stop funding reiki research because it "has no substantiated health value and lacks a scientifically plausible rationale".[5]

Clinical research does not show reiki to be effective as a treatment for any medical condition, including cancer,[6][7] diabetic neuropathy,[8] anxiety or depression.[9] There is no proof of the effectiveness of reiki therapy compared to placebo. Studies reporting positive effects have had methodological flaws.[2]

Etymology

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the English alternative medicine word reiki comes from Japanese reiki (霊気) "mysterious atmosphere, miraculous sign", combining rei "universal" and ki "vital energy"—the Sino-Japanese reading of Chinese língqì (靈氣) "numinous atmosphere".[10]

Conceptual basis

Further information: Vitalism and Qi

Reiki's teachings and adherents claim that qi is a physiological force that can be manipulated to treat a disease or condition. There is no evidence that qi exists as an observable phenomenon.[2] Reiki is thus classified as a pseudoscientific practice based on metaphysical, rather than physiological, concepts.[11]

Most research on reiki is poorly designed and prone to bias. There is no reliable empirical evidence that reiki is helpful for treating any medical condition,[2][6][7] although some physicians have said it might help promote feelings of general well-being.[7] In 2011, William T. Jarvis of The National Council Against Health Fraud stated there "is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion" or the placebo effect.[12]

The 22 April 2014 Skeptoid podcast episode entitled "Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields" relates a reiki practitioner's report of what was happening as she passed her hands over a subject's body:

What we'll be looking for here, within John's auric field, is any areas of intense heat, unusual coldness, a repelling energy, a dense energy, a magnetizing energy, tingling sensations, or actually the body attracting the hands into that area where it needs the reiki energy, and balancing of John's qi.[13]

Technique

A session usually lasts for approximately one hour. A "Level 1" practitioner places their hand or hands on or near various parts of the body for several minutes. During this time, a vital energy is meant to flow from the practitioner into the client's body.[6] "Level 2" practitioners alternatively may offer their services at a distance with no skin contact.[6]

Research and critical evaluation

Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and academic journal articles.[11][14][15][16] David Gorski writes that reiki vies with homeopathy to be the "one quackery that rules them all" because of its "sheer ridiculousness and disconnect from reality".[17] Jann Bellamy, a lawyer and critic of alternative medicine, has described the marketing of reiki as "fraudulent misrepresentation".[3]

In criticizing the State University of New York for offering a continuing education course on reiki, one source stated, "reiki postulates the existence of a universal energy unknown to science and thus far undetectable surrounding the human body, which practitioners can learn to manipulate using their hands,"[18] and others said, "In spite of its [reiki's] diffusion, the baseline mechanism of action has not been demonstrated ..."[19] and, "Neither the forces involved nor the alleged therapeutic benefits have been demonstrated by scientific testing."[20]

Several authors have pointed to the vitalistic energy which reiki is claimed to treat,[21][22][23] with one saying, "Ironically, the only thing that distinguishes reiki from therapeutic touch is that it [reiki] involves actual touch,"[23] and others stating that the International Center for Reiki Training "mimic[s] the institutional aspects of science" seeking legitimacy but holds no more promise than an alchemy society.[24]

A guideline published by the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation states, "Reiki therapy should probably not be considered for the treatment of PDN [painful diabetic neuropathy]."[8] Canadian sociologist Susan J. Palmer has listed reiki as among the pseudoscientific healing methods used by cults in France to attract members.[25]

Stephen Barrett of Quackwatch describes reiki as a "nonsensical method".[4] As a reason for why NCCAM should stop funding reiki research, he writes: "Reiki has no substantiated health value and lacks a scientifically plausible rationale. Science-based healthcare settings should not tolerate its use, and scarce government research dollars should not be used to study it further."[4][5]

Evidence quality

A 2008 systematic review of nine randomized clinical trials found several shortcomings in the literature on reiki.[2] Depending on the tools used to measure depression and anxiety, the results varied and were not reliable or valid. Furthermore, the scientific community has been unable to replicate the findings of studies that support reiki. The review also found issues in reporting methodology in some of the literature, in that often there were parts omitted completely or not clearly described.[2] Frequently in these studies, sample sizes were not calculated and adequate allocation and double-blind procedures were not followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects.[2]

Safety

See also: Alternative medicine § Safety

Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Some physicians and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus endangering their health.[26][27]

Training, certification and adoption

A reiki practitioner who offers teaching is known as a "reiki master".[6]

There is no central authority controlling use of the words reiki or reiki master.[28] Certificates can be purchased online for under $100.[29] It is "not uncommon" for a course to offer attainment of reiki master in two weekends.[30] There is no regulation of practitioners or reiki master in the United States.[31]

The Washington Post reported in 2014 that in response to customer demand, at least 60 hospitals in the United States offered reiki, at a cost of between $40 and $300 per session.[32] Cancer Research UK reported in 2019 that some cancer centers and hospices in the UK offer free or low-cost reiki for people with cancer.[7] The cost per session for treatment vary widely, but a CNBC report found a practitioner charging $229 per session of 60–90 minutes.[33]

History

Mikao Usui (1865–1926)
Chujiro Hayashi (1880–1940)

Mikao Usui originated the practice in Japan.[1] According to the inscription on his memorial stone, Usui taught his system of reiki to more than 2,000 people during his lifetime. While teaching reiki in Fukuyama, Usui suffered a stroke and died on 9 March 1926.[34][better source needed]

The first reiki clinic in the United States was started in 1970 by Hawayo Takata, a student of Chujiro Hayashi (who was a disciple of Usui).[9]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ /ˈreɪki/ RAY-kee; Japanese: 霊気

References

  1. ^ a b Belcaro, G.V. (2018). Complementary, Alternative Methods And Supplementary Medicine. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-78634-568-4. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Lee, MS; Pittler, MH; Ernst, E (2008). "Effects of reiki in clinical practice: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials". International Journal of Clinical Practice (Systematic Review). 62 (6): 947–54. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x. PMID 18410352. S2CID 25832830. Most trials suffered from methodological flaws such as small sample size, inadequate study design and poor reporting....In conclusion, the evidence is insufficient to suggest that reiki is an effective treatment for any condition. Therefore the value of reiki remains unproven.
  3. ^ a b c d Bellamy, Jann (12 June 2014). "Reiki: Fraudulent Misrepresentation". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Barrett, Stephen (3 March 2022). "Reiki Is Nonsense". Quackwatch. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  5. ^ a b Barrett, Stephen (23 June 2009). "Why NCCAM Should Stop Funding Reiki Research". Quackwatch. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e Russell J; Rovere A, eds. (2009). "Reiki". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 243–45. ISBN 9780944235713.
  7. ^ a b c d "Reiki | Complementary and alternative therapy | Cancer Research UK". about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  8. ^ a b Bril, V; England, J; Franklin, GM; Backonja, M; et al. (2011). "Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation" (PDF). Neurology. 76 (20): 1758–65. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182166ebe. PMC 3100130. PMID 21482920. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  9. ^ a b Joyce, Janine (3 April 2015). "Reiki for depression and anxiety". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD006833. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006833.pub2. PMC 11088458. PMID 25835541.
  10. ^ "Reiki". Oxford English Dictionary (OED). 2003.
  11. ^ a b Semple, D.; Smyth, R. (2013). "Ch. 1: Psychomythology". Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780199693887.
  12. ^ Jarvis, William T. "Reiki". National Council Against Health Fraud. Archived from the original on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  13. ^ Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #411: Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields". Skeptoid. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  14. ^ Donlan, Joseph E. (2009). Ordaining Reality in Brief: The Shortcut to Your Future. Universal Publishers. pp. 63–. ISBN 9781599428925.
  15. ^ Lobato, E; Mendoza, J; Sims, V; Chin, M (2014). "Examining the relationship between conspiracy theories, paranormal beliefs, and pseudoscience acceptance among a university population". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 28 (5): 617–25. doi:10.1002/acp.3042.
  16. ^ Gorski, DH; Novella, SP (2014). "Clinical trials of integrative medicine: Testing whether magic works?". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 20 (9): 473–76. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.007. PMID 25150944.
  17. ^ Gorski DH (9 March 2020). "No, editors of The Atlantic, reiki does not work". Science-Based Medicine.
  18. ^ Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M. (2014). Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology. Guilford Press. pp. 202–. ISBN 9781462517893.
  19. ^ Ferraresi, M; Clari, R; Moro, I; Banino, E; et al. (2013). "Reiki and related therapies in the dialysis ward: An evidence-based and ethical discussion to debate if these complementary and alternative medicines are welcomed or banned". BMC Nephrology. 14 (1): 129–. doi:10.1186/1471-2369-14-129. PMC 3694469. PMID 23799960.
  20. ^ Reiboldt, Wendy (2013). Consumer Survival: An Encyclopedia of Consumer Rights, Safety, and Protection. ABC-CLIO. p. 765. ISBN 9781598849370.
  21. ^ Canter, Peter H. (2013). "Vitalism and Other Pseudoscience in Alternative Medicine: The Retreat from Science". In Ernst, Edzard (ed.). Healing, Hype or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine. Andrews UK Limited. pp. 116–. ISBN 9781845407117.
  22. ^ Smith, Jonathan C. (2011). Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 251–. ISBN 9781444358940.
  23. ^ a b Sarner, Larry (2002). "Therapeutic Touch". In Shermer, Michael (ed.). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 252–. ISBN 9781576076538.
  24. ^ Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013). Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University of Chicago Press. pp. 178–. ISBN 9780226051826.
  25. ^ Palmer, Susan (2011). The New Heretics of France: Minority Religions, la République, and the Government-Sponsored "War on Sects". Oxford University Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 9780199875993.
  26. ^ "Reiki: Holistic Therapy Treatment Information". Disabled world.com. January 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  27. ^ Ventola, C. L. (2010). "Current Issues Regarding Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in the United States". P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management. 35 (9): 514–522. PMC 2957745. PMID 20975811.
  28. ^ Elaine Stillerman (2014), Modalities for Massage and Bodywork, Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 295, ISBN 9780323260794, Currently there is no standard for certification in Reiki throughout the world.
  29. ^ Diane Stein (2011), Essential Reiki Teaching Manual: A Companion Guide for Reiki Healers, Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony, pp. 7–8, ISBN 9780307783806
  30. ^ Penelope Quest; Kathy Roberts (2012), "Reiki Training Levels", Reiki Collection, Penguin, ISBN 9781101576205
  31. ^ Nina L. Paul (2011), "Reiki classes and certification", Reiki for Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9781118054741
  32. ^ Sacks B (16 May 2014). "Reiki goes mainstream: Spiritual touch practice now commonplace in hospitals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  33. ^ Here's the budget breakdown of a 37-year-old ex-CIA analyst turned energy healer who makes $108,000 a year Archived 2021-04-19 at the Wayback Machine, CNBC, Emmie Martin, 19 February 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  34. ^ Inscription on Usui's memorial

Further reading

Look up reiki in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reiki.

Read other articles:

Gender inequality in Thailand

The social and economic changes in Thailand in the past decades have important implications for the quality and quantity of labor. The economic and non-economic roles of women in Thailand can be traced back several hundred years in Thai history,[1] when there were traditional discriminatory attitudes towards women in the culture of Thailand.[2] The transformation of Thailand's social and economic structure since the 1960s led to the gender disparities in Thai society.[3&#...

 

 

Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to ...

 

 

Short Order

2005 film by Anthony Byrne Short Order - Life Is A Buffet!!!Promotional posterDirected byAnthony ByrneWritten byAnthony ByrneProduced byChristine AldersonPatricia BaronaDavid CollinsHoward GibbinsStephen SmithBrian WillisStarringEmma de CaunesRade ŠerbedžijaCosma Shiva HagenJack DeePaul KayeVanessa RedgraveJohn HurtTatiana OuliankinaCinematographyBrendan MaguireEdited byJ. Patrick DuffnerMusic byNiall ByrneRelease date1 March 2005Running time100 minutesCountriesIrelandUnited KingdomGermanyM...

2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana

2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana ← 2004 November 7, 2006 (2006-11-07) 2008 → All 7 Louisiana seats to the United States House of Representatives   Majority party Minority party   Party Republican Democratic Last election 5 2 Seats won 5 2 Seat change Popular vote 579,702 309,279 Percentage 63.29% 33.76% Republican   50–60%   60–70%   70–80%   80�...

 

 

Tigaraksa, Tangerang

TigaraksaKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan TigaraksaNegara IndonesiaProvinsiBantenKabupatenTangerangPemerintahan • CamatH. Cucu Abdurrosyied, S.H., S.IP., M.Si[1]Luas • Total56,03 km2 (21,63 sq mi)Populasi (2021)[2] • Total152.905 jiwa • Kepadatan2.729/km2 (7,070/sq mi)Kode pos15911-15917, 15931-15937Kode area telepon+62 21Kode Kemendagri36.03.03 Desa/kelurahan2 kelurahan12 desa Tigaraksa adalah sebuah ...

 

 

Jonquière (circonscription provinciale)

Jonquière Circonscription électorale provinciale du CanadaDonnées clés Création 1965 Localisation Province Québec Superficie 416,51 km2 Représentation politique Député Yannick Gagnon Parti politique Coalition avenir Québec Démographie Population 56 405 hab. (2016[1]) Électeurs 45 209 électeurs (2017[2]) Densité 135,42 hab./km2 (2016[1]) modifier Jonquière est une circonscription électorale québécoise. Son nom provient de celui de l'ancienne vil...

コルク

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（このテンプレートの使い方）出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL（2017年4月） コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓 コルク（木栓、�...

 

 

Sidney Lanier

American musician and poet (1842 – 1881) Sidney LanierBornSidney Clopton Lanier(1842-02-03)February 3, 1842Macon, Georgia, U.S.DiedSeptember 7, 1881(1881-09-07) (aged 39)Lynn, North Carolina, U.S.Resting placeGreen Mount Cemetery, Baltimore, MarylandOccupation Poet musician academic NationalityAmericanPeriod1867–1881 Sidney Clopton Lanier[1] (February 3, 1842 – September 7, 1881) was an American musician, poet and author. He served in the Confederate States Army as a privat...

 

 

Élections législatives autrichiennes de 1949

1945 1953 Élections législatives autrichiennes de 1949 165 sièges du Conseil national(Majorité absolue : 83 sièges) 9 octobre 1949 Corps électoral et résultats Inscrits 4 391 815 Votants 4 250 616   96,79 %  2,5 ÖVP – Leopold Figl Voix 1 846 581 44,03 %   5,8 Sièges obtenus 77  8 SPÖ – Adolf Schärf Voix 1 623 524 38,71 %   5,9 Sièges obtenus 67  9 VDU&...

Barbariccia

Un diavolo di Giotto, Cappella degli Scrovegni, Padova (1296-1298) Barbariccia è un diavolo inventato da Dante Alighieri, che lo inserisce tra i Malebranche, la diabolica truppa di demoni protagonista di un curioso episodio dell'Inferno (Canti XXI, XXII e XXIII). Essi creano con le loro grottesche figure una parentesi dallo stile tipicamente comico che è molto rara nell'opera dantesca e rappresenta una preziosissima testimonianza di come il grande poeta sapesse adattare con duttilità la su...

 

 

Soyuz-T

Third-generation of the Soyuz spacecraft Not to be confused with Soyuz 7K-T. Soyuz-TSoyuz-T spacecraftManufacturerKorolevCountry of originUSSROperatorSoviet space programApplicationsCarry three cosmonauts to Salyut and Mir space stations and back SpecificationsRegimeLow Earth orbit ProductionStatusOut of serviceLaunched16Maiden launchSoyuz T-1, 1979Last launchSoyuz T-15, 1986 Related spacecraftDerived fromSoyuz 7K-TM (Soyuz 7K-T) Military SoyuzDerivativesSoyuz-TM The Soyuz-T (Russian: Сою�...

 

 

Perigi Baru, Pondok Aren, Tangerang Selatan

Perigi BaruKelurahanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiBantenKotaTangerang SelatanKecamatanPondok ArenKodepos15428[1]Kode Kemendagri36.74.03.1009 Kode BPS3674060001 Luas316.826 HaJumlah penduduk12.452 jiwa (2021) Perigi Baru adalah kelurahan di kecamatan Pondok Aren, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia. Lurah Perigi Baru saat ini dijabat oleh Lurah ADE HELMI FIRMANSYAH, SE. Kelurahan ini merupakan pemekaran dari Desa Perigi yang menjadi Kelurahan Perigi Lama dan Perigi Baru. Kelurahan ini ...

Popayán

City in Cauca, Colombia This for a city of this importance, it needs more refs needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this for a city of this importance, it needs more refs. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Popayán – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Municipality and city ...

 

 

جماعة الدعوة والإصلاح في إيران

جماعة الدعوة والإصلاح في إيرانالشعارالتأسيسالنوع حزب سياسي البلد  إيران التأسيس 1980 الشخصياتالقادة عبد الرحمن بيرانيالأفكارالأيديولوجيا سني إسلام، إخوان مسلمونمعلومات أخرىموقع الويب islahweb.org تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات جماعة الدعوة والإصلاح في إيران والتي �...

 

 

Daftar penyaru

Penyaru beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Penyaru (disambiguasi). Imposter dan Impostor beralih ke halaman ini . Kartun petualang Louis de Rougemont yang mengklaim telah berpetualang di Australasia. Penyaru adalah orang yang mengaku sebagai seseorang padahal sebenarnya bukan, yang biasanya bertujuan tak hanya untuk alasan keuangan atau pengakuan sosial, namun juga untuk keperluan mata-mata atau lingkungan hukum. Penyaru terkenal Penipu Frank Abagnale (kelahiran 1948), yang me...

Bulgaria

Country in Southeast Europe This article is about the country. For other uses, see Bulgaria (disambiguation). Republic of BulgariaРепублика БългарияRepublika Bŭlgariya Flag Coat of arms Motto: Съединението прави силатаSŭedinenieto pravi silata(Unity makes strength)Anthem: Мила РодиноMila Rodino(Dear Motherland)Location of Bulgaria (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Uni...

 

 

152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)

Field howitzer D-1 howitzer TypeField howitzerPlace of originSoviet UnionService historyIn service1943–presentUsed byCountries of the former Warsaw Pact and former Soviet UnionWarsWorld War IIArab-Israeli WarVietnam War2022 Russian invasion of UkraineProduction historyDesignerF. F. PetrovDesigned1943ManufacturerNo. 9 PlantProduced1943–1949No. built2,827VariantsD-15, M1943/85SpecificationsMass3,600 kg (7,937 lbs)Length6.7 m (22 ft)Barrel lengthBore:...

 

 

Flunixin

NSAID analgesic veterinary drug FlunixinClinical dataAHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug NamesATCvet codeQM01AG90 (WHO) Identifiers IUPAC name 2-[[2-Methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid CAS Number38677-85-9 YPubChem CID38081ChemSpider34911 NUNII356IB1O400KEGGD04215 YChEBICHEBI:76138 NChEMBLChEMBL1652146 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID4048565 ECHA InfoCard100.115.991 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC14H11F3N2O2Molar mass296.249 ...

西西里行省

西西里行省Provincia Siciliaἐπαρχία Σικελίας羅馬帝國的行省前241年—476年约公元125年时西西里行省于罗马帝国的位置坐标：37°36′00″N 14°00′55″E / 37.599958°N 14.015378°E / 37.599958; 14.015378首府叙拉古歷史歷史時期古代史• 第一次布匿战争结束后建立 前241年• 西罗马帝国陷落 476年 前身 继承 古迦太基 叙拉古王国 西西里 (军区) 今属于 義大利&...

 

 

Casalvieri

Casalviericomune LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Lazio Provincia Frosinone AmministrazioneSindacoFranco Moscone (lista civica) dal 7-6-2009 (3º mandato dal 27-5-2019) TerritorioCoordinate41°38′N 13°43′E41°38′N, 13°43′E (Casalvieri) Altitudine380 m s.l.m. Superficie27,27 km² Abitanti2 449[2] (31-01-2024) Densità89,81 ab./km² FrazioniPurgatorio, Roselli (vedi Frazioni e contrade)[1] Comuni confinantiAlvito...