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Radix natalensis
	This drawing of the apertural view of a shell of Radix natalensis shows one of the extreme shell forms of this species.
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Superorder:	Hygrophila
Family:	Lymnaeidae
Genus:	Radix
Species:	R. natalensis
Binomial name
	Radix natalensis; (Krauss, 1848)
Synonyms
	See list

Radix natalensis is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae.

This species occurs widely in Africa. It is a major intermediate host for Fasciola gigantica in Africa.^[4]^[5] Placement of this species in the genus Radix was confirmed by Correa et al. (2010).^[6]

Distribution

Radix natalensis is a widespread species in Africa, occurring from northern Africa to southern Africa:^[2]

Northern Africa: Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan.^[2] There are also findings of distribution of Radix natalensis in Algeria 8–10,000 years ago.^[2] In Egypt it has been detected in water bodies of the Nile Delta.^[4]
Western Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria^[2] and Senegal,^[7]
Eastern Africa: Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.^[2]
Central Africa: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.^[2]
Southern Africa: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa^[2] and Zimbabwe.^[2]^[8]
Madagascar^[9]

The type locality is in "pools in Port Natal", which today is Durban, South Africa.^[3]

Description

Radix natalensis was described by the German scientist and traveller Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Krauss in 1848.^[3]

The shape of the shell is elongate ovoid.^[10] The shell is colorless or light brown in color.^[10] The height of the aperture covers about 3/4 of the shell height.^[10] The lip of the aperture is thin and sharp.^[10] The umbilicus is closed. The width of the shell is about 5.75–7 mm.^[10] The height of the shell is 4.6–19.2 mm.^[10]

The reproductive system and radula was described by Wright (1963) in detail.^[10]

Ecology

Radix natalensis lives in permanent water bodies.^[2] They prefer clear, slow-running water with low salinity and abundant vegetation.^[4] An estimated density of Radix natalensis in a natural habitat in Tanzania was 34 snails per m².^[11] The snails lived mainly in the shallow water in depths of 0–4 cm, mainly between 20–30 cm from the shoreline.^[11] They prefer plant detritus or bedrock as a substrate.^[11]

Laboratory experiments have shown that some larger snails of Radix natalensis can survive on a wooden surface without water for up to 21 days.^[8] Some smaller snails of Radix natalensis have survived desiccation on a soil surface up to 60 days on "black" soil.^[8] Some smaller snails of Radix natalensis were able to survive for up to 90 days on soil among sedges (Cyperus) or in the "black" soil exposed to sun or in the soil with stones.^[8]

Parasites

This species has been found to be an intermediate host of both Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica.^[4] Overall, rates of snail infection vary between 10% and 40%.^[4] The highest infection rate was found to be in summer and this may be a factor responsible for lowering snail density in this season.^[4] Parasites of Radix natalensis include:

Fasciola hepatica^[5]^[6]^[12]^[13]
Fasciola gigantica^[4]^[6]^[14]
Trichobilharzia sp.^[15]
some cercaria from Echinostomatidae^[15]
some xiphidiocercaria from Plagiorchiidae^[15]
four trematode larvae in Zambia^[16]

Predators of Radix natalensis include leeches Helobdella nilae and Alboglossiphonia conjugata.^[17]

Snails of the non-indigenous species Marisa cornuarietis eliminated Radix natalensis and other two native snail species from a small pond in Tanzania in an experiment in 1982.^[18]

Oil extract of the gum myrrh Commiphora myrrha has molluscicidal activity against Radix natalensis.^[19]^[20]

Phylogeny

A cladogram shows the phylogenic relations of species in the genus Radix:^[6]

Radix

Radix labiata

Radix peregra

	Radix ampla

	Radix lagotis

	Radix auricularia

	Radix ovata

Radix sp. from Philippines

Radix sp. from Canada and Radix sp. from Romania

	Radix natalensis

	Radix luteola

	Radix quadrasi

	Radix rubiginosa

Synonyms

Limnaea (Biformiana) cameroni Bourguignat, 1890 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea (Biformiana) kynganica Bourguignat, 1890 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea (Biformiana) zanzibarica Bourguignat, 1890 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea (Limosiana) alexandrina Bourguignat, 1883 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea (Limosiana) alexandrina var. gracilis Bourguignat, 1883 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea (Raffrayana) raffrayi Bourguignat, 1883
Limnaea (Stagnaliana) caillaudi Bourguignat, 1883 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea acroxa Bourguignat, 1883 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea aethiopica Bourguignat, 1883 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea africana Bourguignat, 1883
Limnaea africana var. azaouadensis Germain, 1909 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea africana var. elata Germain, 1919 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea africana var. gouidimouniensis Germain, 1916 (basionym)
Limnaea africana var. kambaensis Germain, 1911 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea africana var. kouloaensis Germain, 1911 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea anceyana Preston, 1910 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea arabica E. A. Smith, 1894
Limnaea benguellensis Morelet, 1867 (original combination)
Limnaea bocageana Morelet, 1867 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea caillaudi Bourguignat, 1883^[21](a junior synonym)
Limnaea chudeaui Germain, 1907 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea damarana O. Boettger, 1910 (junior subjective synonym)
Limnaea debaizei Bourguignat, 1887 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea electa E. A. Smith, 1882 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea elmeteitensis E.A. Smith, 1894 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea gravieri Bourguignat, 1885
Limnaea hovarum Tristram, 1863 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea humerosa E. von Martens, 1897 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea jouberti Bourguignat, 1888 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea kempi Preston, 1912 (junior synonym)
Limnaea laurenti Bourguignat, 1888 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea lavigeriana Bourguignat, 1888 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea natalensis F. Krauss, 1848 (superseded combination)
Limnaea nyansae E. von Martens, 1892 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea orophila Morelet, 1864 (junior synonym)
Limnaea suarezensis Dautzenberg, 1895 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea undussumae E. von Martens, 1897 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea undussumae var. courteti Germain, 1904 (a junior synonym)
Limnaea vignoni Germain, 1909 (a junior synonym)
Limnaeus auricularius var. ribeirensis Reibisch, 1865 (a junior synonym)
Limnaeus benguellensis Morelet, 1867 (a junior synonym)
Limnaeus bocageanus Morelet, 1867 (a junior synonym)
Limnaeus dakaensis Sturany, 1898
Limnaea perrieri Bourguignat, 1881
Limnaea raffrayi Bourguignat, 1883
Lymnaea vatonnei Bourguignat, 1868
Lymnaea (Radix) natalensis
Limnaeus natalensis Krauss, 1848
- Limnaeus natalensis var. exsertus von Martens, 1866 (junior synonym)

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference.^[4]

^ Oberholzer G. & Van Eeden J. A. (1967). "The freshwater molluscs of the Kruger National Park". Koedoe. 10 (1): 1–42. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v10i1.762.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Albrecht, C.; Clewing, C.; Lange, C. (2018). "Radix natalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T165761A120112796. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T165761A120112796.en. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c (in German and Latin) Krauss F. (1848). Die Sudafrikanischen Mollusken. Ebnert & Seubert, Stuttgart, 140 pp, 6 plates. page 85, plate 5, figure 15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Soliman, Maha F. M. (2008). "Epidemiological review of human and animal fascioliasis in Egypt". The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2 (3): 182–189. doi:10.3855/jidc.260. PMID 19738348.
^ ^a ^b Dar, Y.; Vignoles, P.; Rondelaud, D.; Dreyfuss, G. (2014). "Radix natalensis: the effect of Fasciola hepatica infection on the reproductive activity of the snail". Parasite. 21: 24. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014026. PMC 4036296. PMID 24871866.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Correa, A. C.; Escobar, J. S.; Durand, P.; Renaud, F. O.; David, P.; Jarne, P.; Pointier, J. P.; Hurtrez-Boussès, S. (2010). "Bridging gaps in the molecular phylogeny of the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), vectors of Fascioliasis". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 381. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-381. PMC 3013105. PMID 21143890.
^ (in French) Sarr A., Kinzelbach R. & Diouf M. (2011, in press). "Diversité spécifique et écologie des mollusques continenatux de la basse vallée du Ferlo (Sénégal). [Specific diversity and ecology of continental molluscs from the Lower Ferlo Valley (Senegal)]". MalaCo 7: 8 pp. PDF Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cridland, C. C. (1967). "Resistance of Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus, Bulinus (Ph.) africanus, Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis to experimental desiccation". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 36 (3): 507–513. PMC 2476301. PMID 5299680.
^ Stothard, J. R.; Bremond, P.; Andriamaro, L.; Loxton, N. J.; Sellin, B.; Sellin, E.; Rollinson, D. (2000). "Molecular characterization of the freshwater snail Lymnaea natalensis (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) on Madagascar with an observation of an unusual polymorphism in ribosomal small subunit genes". Journal of Zoology. 252 (3): 303–315. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00625.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wright C. A. (1963). "The freshwater gastropod mollusca of Angola". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 10(8): 447–528. 16 plates. page 493.
^ ^a ^b ^c Utzinger, J.; Tanner, M. (2000). "Microhabitat preferences of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis in a natural and a man-made habitat in southeastern Tanzania". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 95 (3): 287–294. doi:10.1590/S0074-02762000000300002. PMID 10800185.
^ Dar, Y.; Djuikwo, T. F.; Vignoles, P.; Dreyfuss, G.; Rondelaud, D. (2010). "Radix natalensis (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae), a potential intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica in Egypt" (PDF). Parasite. 17 (3). Paris, France: 251–256. doi:10.1051/parasite/2010173251. PMID 21073147. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
^ Dar, Y.; Vignoles, P.; Dreyfuss, G.; Rondelaud, D. (2010). "The development of rediae of Fasciola hepatica in Radix natalensis subjected twice to bimiracidial exposures". Journal of Helminthology. 85 (2): 1–5. doi:10.1017/S0022149X10000453. PMID 20822573. S2CID 33195511.
^ Dar, Y. D.; Rondelaud, D.; Dreyfuss, G. (2009). "Fasciola gigantica: Larval productivity of sheep-derived miracidia in Radix natalensis and Galba truncatula". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 39 (3): 837–847. PMID 20120750.
^ ^a ^b ^c Moema, E. B.; King, P. H.; Baker, C. (2008). "Cercariae developing in Lymnaea natalensis Krauss, 1848 collected in the vicinity of Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa". The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 75 (3): 215–223. doi:10.4102/ojvr.v75i3.97. PMID 19040136.
^ Phiri, A. M.; Phiri, I. K.; Chota, A.; Monrad, J. (2007). "Trematode infections in freshwater snails and cattle from the Kafue wetlands of Zambia during a period of highest cattle–water contact". Journal of Helminthology. 81 (1): 85–92. doi:10.1017/S0022149X07387786. PMID 17381873. S2CID 21491495.
^ Abd-Allah, K. F.; Saleh, M. H.; El-Hamshary, A. M.; Negm-Eldin, M. M.; El-Fakahany, A. F.; Abdel-Tawab, A. H.; Abdel-Maboud, A. I.; Aly, N. S. (2009). "Helobdella nilae and Alboglossiphonia conjugata leeches as biological agents for snails control". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 39 (1): 289–304. PMID 19530628.
^ Nguma, J. F.; McCullough, F. S.; Masha, E. (1982). "Elimination of Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus tropicus and Lymnaea natalensis by the ampullarid snail, Marisa cornuarietis, in a man-made dam in northern Tanzania". Acta Tropica. 39 (1): 85–90. PMID 6122367.
^ Massoud, A. M.; El-Shazly, A. M.; Nagaty, I. M.; Morsy, T. A. (2007). "Commiphora molmol extracts as plant molluscicide against Lymnaea natalensis". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 37 (2): 437–448. PMID 17985579.
^ Abd-Allah, K. F.; Negm-Eldin, M. M.; Saleh, M. H.; El-Hamshary, A. M.; El-Gozamy, B. M.; Aly, N. S. (2009). "A study on biological control of six fresh water snails of medical and veterinary importance". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 39 (1): 121–139. PMID 19530615.
^ (in French) Bourguignat J. R. (1883). "Histoire malacogie de l'abyssinie". Annales Des Sciences Naturelles (Zoologie) (6)15: 1 Archived 11 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine-162. 89 Archived 11 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Plate 10 Archived 11 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine, figs. 100–101.

External links

Siwela, A. H.; Nyathi, C. B.; Naik, Y. S. (2010). "A comparison of metal levels and antioxidant enzymes in freshwater snails, Lymnaea natalensis, exposed to sediment and water collected from Wright Dam and Lower Mguza Dam, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 73 (7): 1728–1732. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.001. PMID 20813407.
Pilsbry H. A.; Bequaert J. C. (1927). "The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 53 (2): 69–602. hdl:2246/975. See pages 110, 111–114, 568.

[1] Oberholzer G. & Van Eeden J. A. (1967). "The freshwater molluscs of the Kruger National Park". Koedoe. 10 (1): 1–42. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v10i1.762.

[IUCN-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Albrecht, C.; Clewing, C.; Lange, C. (2018). "Radix natalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T165761A120112796. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T165761A120112796.en. Retrieved 16 April 2024.

[Krauss_1848-3] (in German and Latin) Krauss F. (1848). Die Sudafrikanischen Mollusken. Ebnert & Seubert, Stuttgart, 140 pp, 6 plates. page 85, plate 5, figure 15.

[Soliman_2008-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Soliman, Maha F. M. (2008). "Epidemiological review of human and animal fascioliasis in Egypt". The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2 (3): 182–189. doi:10.3855/jidc.260. PMID 19738348.

[Dar-5] Dar, Y.; Vignoles, P.; Rondelaud, D.; Dreyfuss, G. (2014). "Radix natalensis: the effect of Fasciola hepatica infection on the reproductive activity of the snail". Parasite. 21: 24. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014026. PMC 4036296. PMID 24871866.

[Correa_2010-6] Correa, A. C.; Escobar, J. S.; Durand, P.; Renaud, F. O.; David, P.; Jarne, P.; Pointier, J. P.; Hurtrez-Boussès, S. (2010). "Bridging gaps in the molecular phylogeny of the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), vectors of Fascioliasis". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 381. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-381. PMC 3013105. PMID 21143890.

[Sarr_2011-7] (in French) Sarr A., Kinzelbach R. & Diouf M. (2011, in press). "Diversité spécifique et écologie des mollusques continenatux de la basse vallée du Ferlo (Sénégal). [Specific diversity and ecology of continental molluscs from the Lower Ferlo Valley (Senegal)]". MalaCo 7: 8 pp. PDF Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.

[Cridland_1967-8] Cridland, C. C. (1967). "Resistance of Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus, Bulinus (Ph.) africanus, Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis to experimental desiccation". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 36 (3): 507–513. PMC 2476301. PMID 5299680.

[9] Stothard, J. R.; Bremond, P.; Andriamaro, L.; Loxton, N. J.; Sellin, B.; Sellin, E.; Rollinson, D. (2000). "Molecular characterization of the freshwater snail Lymnaea natalensis (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) on Madagascar with an observation of an unusual polymorphism in ribosomal small subunit genes". Journal of Zoology. 252 (3): 303–315. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00625.x.

[Wright_1963-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wright C. A. (1963). "The freshwater gastropod mollusca of Angola". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 10(8): 447–528. 16 plates. page 493.

[Utzinger_2000-11] Utzinger, J.; Tanner, M. (2000). "Microhabitat preferences of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis in a natural and a man-made habitat in southeastern Tanzania". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 95 (3): 287–294. doi:10.1590/S0074-02762000000300002. PMID 10800185.

[12] Dar, Y.; Djuikwo, T. F.; Vignoles, P.; Dreyfuss, G.; Rondelaud, D. (2010). "Radix natalensis (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae), a potential intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica in Egypt" (PDF). Parasite. 17 (3). Paris, France: 251–256. doi:10.1051/parasite/2010173251. PMID 21073147. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2024.

[13] Dar, Y.; Vignoles, P.; Dreyfuss, G.; Rondelaud, D. (2010). "The development of rediae of Fasciola hepatica in Radix natalensis subjected twice to bimiracidial exposures". Journal of Helminthology. 85 (2): 1–5. doi:10.1017/S0022149X10000453. PMID 20822573. S2CID 33195511.

[14] Dar, Y. D.; Rondelaud, D.; Dreyfuss, G. (2009). "Fasciola gigantica: Larval productivity of sheep-derived miracidia in Radix natalensis and Galba truncatula". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 39 (3): 837–847. PMID 20120750.

[Moema_2008-15] Moema, E. B.; King, P. H.; Baker, C. (2008). "Cercariae developing in Lymnaea natalensis Krauss, 1848 collected in the vicinity of Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa". The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 75 (3): 215–223. doi:10.4102/ojvr.v75i3.97. PMID 19040136.

[16] Phiri, A. M.; Phiri, I. K.; Chota, A.; Monrad, J. (2007). "Trematode infections in freshwater snails and cattle from the Kafue wetlands of Zambia during a period of highest cattle–water contact". Journal of Helminthology. 81 (1): 85–92. doi:10.1017/S0022149X07387786. PMID 17381873. S2CID 21491495.

[17] Abd-Allah, K. F.; Saleh, M. H.; El-Hamshary, A. M.; Negm-Eldin, M. M.; El-Fakahany, A. F.; Abdel-Tawab, A. H.; Abdel-Maboud, A. I.; Aly, N. S. (2009). "Helobdella nilae and Alboglossiphonia conjugata leeches as biological agents for snails control". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 39 (1): 289–304. PMID 19530628.

[18] Nguma, J. F.; McCullough, F. S.; Masha, E. (1982). "Elimination of Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus tropicus and Lymnaea natalensis by the ampullarid snail, Marisa cornuarietis, in a man-made dam in northern Tanzania". Acta Tropica. 39 (1): 85–90. PMID 6122367.

[19] Massoud, A. M.; El-Shazly, A. M.; Nagaty, I. M.; Morsy, T. A. (2007). "Commiphora molmol extracts as plant molluscicide against Lymnaea natalensis". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 37 (2): 437–448. PMID 17985579.

[20] Abd-Allah, K. F.; Negm-Eldin, M. M.; Saleh, M. H.; El-Hamshary, A. M.; El-Gozamy, B. M.; Aly, N. S. (2009). "A study on biological control of six fresh water snails of medical and veterinary importance". Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 39 (1): 121–139. PMID 19530615.

[21] (in French) Bourguignat J. R. (1883). "Histoire malacogie de l'abyssinie". Annales Des Sciences Naturelles (Zoologie) (6)15: 1 Archived 11 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine-162. 89 Archived 11 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Plate 10 Archived 11 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine, figs. 100–101.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Radix natalensis

Distribution

Description

Ecology

Parasites

Phylogeny

Synonyms

References

External links

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