Ivernia was the first of three related liners. Saxonia was her larger sister ship, and was launched three months after her at John Brown & Company of Clydebank, leaving Ivernia the largest Cunard steamer during those months. Carpathia was a smaller half-sister of Ivernia and Saxonia, built at the same yard as Ivernia and launched in 1902, to a modified design based on her older half-sisters. Carpathia was made famous for her role in the aftermath of the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912.
Design and construction
Conception to launch
Shipbuilders G B Hunter and C S Swan (Jr) in 1907
In 1898, the Cunard Line commissioned C. S. Swan & Hunter, based on the North bank of the River Tyne in Wallsend, to construct one of two new intermediate-sized liners intended to work the Liverpool-Boston route across the North Atlantic. Unlike the leading Cunard liners at the time, RMS Campania and RMS Lucania, the new Ivernia class would focus on cargo and economy. Space otherwise taken by larger engine and boiler machinery would instead be freed for cargo at the cost of some speed. She would target 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) compared to Lucania's 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph).[11]
Cunard produced a plan on 3 August 1898 at their Derby Road works in Liverpool to accompany a contract specification for Swan & Hunter, and this was reviewed by William Denton, director of the yard, three days later with some adjustments that led to the appearance of Ivernia diverging from that of her sister Saxonia. The design was of a 580 ft (180 m) vessel with passenger and cargo capacity over 8 decks.[13]
On 6 December 1898, the keel of Ivernia was laid in the west slipway of a large shed in the shipbuilder's East Yard. Alongside her were two other ships already under construction, the 500 ft (150 m) SS Ultonia and the smaller 460 ft (140 m) SS Idaho on the slipways to Ivernia's east. All three slipways were eqipped with electric overhead cranes, which were a new innovation in the shipbuilding industry.[2]
Construction was rapid and nine months later, on 21 September 1899, Ivernia was christened by Emma, Countess of Ravensworth and released into the Tyne.[2] The fitting out quay was by the slipways, and work continued into early 1900 to complete the superstructure and fit Ivernia's machinery, including her engines and boilers.
Deck plan
A longitudinal section plan of the Ivernia at launch in 1899, showing deck and bulkhead layout
From top to bottom:
Promenade Deck, containing first class saloons and access to lifeboats.
Bridge Deck, 280 ft (85 m) long and consisting of a main house accommodating first-class cabins, a separate rear house for second-class cabins, and a small forward house for the officers' mess.
Shelter Deck, spanning the full length of the ship and mainly housed the second class passengers, along with the first and second class dining saloons within a central house under the Bridge Deck.
Upper Deck, fully enclosed and housed crew, some cargo, and the third class promenade.
Main Deck, which housed third class cabins forward, and third class dormitory accommodation aft.
The lower portion of the ship had 10 watertight bulkheads extending up to the Upper Deck, and dividing Ivernia in 11 watertight compartments. The ship was designed to stay afloat with any two of her compartments flooded.[13]
Rigging
Four staysails and two jibs were included in the rigging plan for Ivernia. Sails were unlikely to see use on twin-propeller steamships of this era, and would not have been able to propel the large steel ship.[13][11]
Once installed, the antenna for the Marconi wireless radio system was strung between the masts of Ivernia.[14] The halyard that would have originally been between these masts, allowing signal flags to be hoisted from the bridge, would have been moved lower on the second mast.[13]
Lifeboats
A plan of the lifeboats on RMS Ivernia. Boats 5 and 6 were often left swung out over the water when the ship was underway to enable a quick deployment in an emergency.
At launch, Ivernia was equipped with 18 lifeboats, with 8 on the Promenade Deck, two just forward of the bridge on the Bridge Deck, four atop the second class accommodation on the Bridge Deck (paired and served by only two, not four, davits), and four at the aft of the Shelter Deck.
As was common at the time, and is now part of the regulations,[15] lifeboats were given even numbers on the port side and odd numbers on the starboard side. They were numbered from 1 & 2 aft to 17 & 18 forward.[16]
Each boat was about 28 ft (8.5 m) long[13] with a capacity of around 55-60 people.[17][18] This meant Ivernia had space for about 1,050 people in her boats, less than half her maximum passenger capacity.
Lifeboats 5 & 6 above the second class cabins at the rear of the bridge deck were used as emergency cutters. They were often left swung out during voyages to allow quick action in case of an incident like a man overboard.
Power and propulsion
Quadruple Expansion Engines of the RMS Ivernia, at Wallsend Slipway in 1899
The engines were designed and built by Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Company, neighbours of C. S. Swan & Hunter on Tyneside, and were quadruple-expansion engines. The designer was Andrew Laing, who also designed the triple-expansion engines that powered the RMS Lucania to capture the Blue Riband accolade for fastest average speed crossing the Atlantic in 1894. The quadruple-expansion design could output 12,000 indicated horsepower, with cylinders of 28, 41, 58.5, and 84 inches in diameter, from high to low pressure, and a common stroke of 54 inches. These were fed by nine single-ended scotch boilers 15.5 ft (4.7 m) in diameter and 11.5 ft (3.5 m) deep and equipped with the Howdenforced draught system with air drawn into the furnaces with use of a fan. The two engines were connected by Armstrong Whitworth shafts to twin three-bladed manganese bronze propellers on a pair of steel bosses.[12]
Starting and reversing of the direction of the propeller shaft was conducted by a separate, small engine. An additional larger donkey boiler was situated behind the funnel across the Main and Upper decks to provide steam for deck machinery and other uses.[12]
These engines allowed Ivernia to achieve a speed of 16.8 knots when completing her deep-sea trials in late March 1900, after fitting-out was complete. This exceeded the design contract stipulation of a 16.25 knots top speed, and made Ivernia the fastest of the three sisters.[7]
Electric lighting throughout the ship was fed from a dynamo generator providing direct current from a dynamo room just behind the funnel on the Upper Deck.[13]
At the same time Ivernia was ordered from C S Swan & Hunter, Cunard also ordered an identical sister from John Brown & Company of Clydebank, Glasgow.[19] The sister, named Saxonia, was launched on 16 December 1899, 87 days after the launch of Ivernia.[20]
By the time she launched, Saxonia was visually similar to Ivernia, but was no longer identical. She was also 580 ft (180 m) in length although three inches narrower at 64.25 ft (19.58 m) in breadth. The most visible difference between the sisters was Saxonia's raised navigating bridge, spanning her full width, rising one deck level above the bridge of Ivernia, and featuring more curves.[20] This more prominent bridge was part of the original design specification from Cunard, which C S Swan & Hunter chose to modify on Ivernia but was left unchanged on Saxonia.[13]
Other key differences include the greater size of the Bridge Deck forward deck house on Saxonia, and raised platforms for lifeboats not on the Promenade Deck.[13]
Following the success of Ivernia and Saxonia, Cunard commissioned another intermediate liner of the same type from Ivernia's builders. She was launched on 6 August 1902 and was named Carpathia.[21]
Carpathia differed from both her sisters significantly, making her a half-sister. She was only 540 ft (160 m) in length between perpendiculars and 64.25 ft (19.58 m) in breadth, making her the smallest of the three. Her Bridge Deck was 10 ft (3.0 m) longer than the 280 ft (85 m) central superstructure of her older sisters at 290 ft (88 m). She also had a shorter uppermost Boat Deck with no passenger facilities, where her sisters had Promenade Decks hosting first class passenger amenities, effectively making Carpathia one deck shorter and lowering the base of her funnel by about 8 ft (2.4 m)[21]
The navigating bridge of Carpathia resembled that of her yard-sister Ivernia, being straighter in shape and shorter than that of Saxonia. She had raised lifeboat platforms on her aft Shelter Deck, like Saxonia.[13]
She also had less powerful engines than her sisters with only seven to her sisters' nine boilers, smaller engine cylinders, and a lower top speed.[21]
Operational history
Early history
Ivernia arrived on the River Mersey on 27 March 1900, after a five-day journey from the Tyne, and her passengers complimented her stability in rough weather during her delivery voyage.[22][23]
Ivernia undertook her maiden transatlantic voyage on 14 April 1900[3] from Liverpool to New York City, as the liners that were intended to work that route were conducting troop transport duties for the Second Boer War.[7] On board for this maiden voyage was Charles Sheriton Swan, son of Charles Sheridan Swan, co-founder of the builder's yard.[3] Two months later, on 12 June, the Ivernia began working on Cunard's service from Liverpool to Boston, together with her sister ship RMS Saxonia.
With a longer-than-usual stopover in Liverpool of 14 days between February 4 & 18 1902, construction of a hut for a wireless operator would have been possible in preparation for Ivernia's Marconi equipment.[24] Two months later, Ivernia arrived from Boston on April 10, when the Cunard engineers at Liverpool had the opportunity to complete the fitting of the wireless apparatus.[25]Ivernia sailed with a Marconi system installed and operational for the first time on 15 April 1902, with her first broadcast from 30 miles off shore reporting "All well" back to Liverpool.[26]
In 1909, sending a message to the United States from Ivernia would cost a passenger 8s. 4d. for a ten-word message, or 6s for 12 words to the UK.
Daunt Rock incident
Ivernia departed Boston on a routine voyage on 16 May 1911, under the command of Captain Thomas Potter, and was approaching Queenstown harbour on 24 May.[27] Heavy fog closed in around noon, and she struck Daunt Rock only 9 mi (14.48 km) from the port. The forward hull of the ship was badly damaged in multiple places, but Ivernia successfully made it into the inner harbour while taking on water. All passengers were disembarked to Queenstown while Ivernia was at anchor in the Kinloch Channel, but as dusk approached and the forward holds continued to take on water, Captain Potter made the decision to have the ship towed to the mud banks near Corkbeg Island on the eastern side of the harbour. Divers assessed the damage, and powerful pumps brought aboard, but the water continued to slowly rise.[28] The AdmiraltytugHellespont, as well as the tugs Flying Fox and Flying Sportsman of the Clyde Shipping Company, assisted with the tow. The Clyde company later secured £1,000 for the work, through the courts, from Cunard, who also made a voluntary award of £500 to the captain and crew of Hellespont.[29][30]
728 passengers were on board at the time of the accident, and the crew were able to remain on board throughout the salvage process. An unnamed first-class passenger reported they had felt the impact from the smoking room, and emerged onto the deck to see the Captain and officers calmly discussing the matter at the bridge. So calm was the atmosphere that lunch was still served, with an orchestra playing for entertainment. Nevertheless, it was apparent to the passenger that the ship was slowly sinking by the head.[31]
Lloyd's Register surveyor Herbert W Dove inspected the ship on 1 June, and reported flooding as high as the Main Deck and even the Shelter Deck at high water. The vessel was to be moved to Haulbowline for temporary repair and then returned to Liverpool for full repair and refurbishment, should she be refloated.[32]
Nearly a month after she struck the reef, Ivernia was successfully refloated on 23 June 1911, the pumps finally able to keep pace with incoming water enough to enable temporary repair.[33]
A Board of Trade Inquiry found that Captain Potter was responsible for the accident, finding him guilty of "navigating the vessel at too great a rate of speed in increasingly thick weather". They were satisfied that the course set for the vessel was appropriate, but that the compass was at fault for leading the ship towards Daunt Rock. The court decided Captain Potter's master's certificate did not need to be revoked, allowing him to continue captaining vessels, but he was "censured" and made to pay £50 (equivalent to £6,432 in 2023) towards the costs of the inquiry.[34][35] However, on 8 July an address was read out, signed by prominent figures from Cork and Queenstown, praising Captain Potter's success in handling the incident and his skill in sailing the stricken vessel to port, avoiding both loss of life and loss of the vessel herself.[36]
The still-damaged liner departed Queenstown for Liverpool under her own steam on 6 July, accompanied by tugs and salvage vessels from the Liverpool Salvage Association that had assisted in refloating her.[37]Ivernia was placed in Brocklebank Graving Dock in Liverpool, and Cunard staff began refitting and furnishing the ship. The ship repairers, H & C Grayson Ltd, were assigned the task of repairing the structural damage.[38]
Ivernia returned to service on 17 October 1911, with much of her interior refitted,[4] with William R D Irvine in command, and carrying 872 passengers out of Liverpool towards Queenstown and Boston. After a single voyage, Captain Irvine handed command to Horace Mills Benison, who would become the longest serving master of Ivernia and oversee her Mediterranean service.[39]
Mediterranean service
A Plan of Cunard Line's Adriatic and Mediterranean routes in 1905
From late 1911, Ivernia served on the route the Cunard Line had established from Fiume and Trieste to New York, carrying migrants from across the Mediterranean.[40] During the winter months, she returned to the Liverpool to Boston service.[41]
In total, 14 voyages were made from New York to Trieste, with a trial run in 1911 followed by five summer voyages each in 1912 and 1913. Three more voyages took place in 1914, including one extended voyage that also visited Alexandria in Egypt in March 1914.[41]
World War I
Outbreak of war
On 28 July 1914, Ivernia was in Trieste, then in Austria-Hungary. While she was in port, her hosts declared war on Serbia, beginning World War I. She immediately left port, and did not stop in Fiume as she normally would have, instead continuing to Patras in Greece.[42] The voyage towards New York City reached Gibraltar, a British port, on 5 August, by which point Britain had entered the war. Ivernia and 23 other steamers were held in Gibraltar while Cunard, the British Government, and other ship managers decided how to act.[43]
Captain H M Benison in 1907, then in command of Ivernia's half-sister RMS Carpathia
The situation in Gibraltar was tense, and Ivernia departed for the United States a few days later. The atmosphere on board prompted Captain H M Benison to post a notice to passengers on 14 August.[44]
"For the benefit of the irresponsible parties who were very busy at Gibraltar in getting up petitions against the captain which were not signed, passing remarks about what the captain should do and what he should not do, and since leaving Gibraltar have laughed at the ship being in darkness at night, allow me to tell them, although I knew it when I left Gibraltar, that I received reliable information last night that there are at present five German cruisers in the Atlantic seeking British merchant steam-ships. Some people may be able to run a motor boat on a small river, but please allow an experienced captain to run a liner."
The British authorities in Gibraltar had prevented Ivernia from taking on coal for fuel, instead reserving this for their naval vessels. This forced the Cunard liner to redirect from New York to Boston, a shorter voyage, to avoid running out of fuel. Ivernia then preceded around Cape Cod to New York City.
[45]
The tall funnel of Ivernia was painted a 'naval gray' while at sea crossing the Atlantic, as well as her railings, in an attempt to resemble a German merchant vessel.
[45]
This ship camouflage was put into use between Boston and New York when Captain Benison sighted a three-funneled cruiser off Long Island, New York. Ivernia's radio operators soon determined it was a false alarm and identified the cruiser as British.[46]
Canadian troopship
On 4 August 1914, following her arrival in North America, the Ivernia was hired by the British government. Initially she brought Canadian Soldiers to Europe.[47] On her way to Canada on 15 September 1914 she again ran aground, this time in the St Lawrence River off Pointe-au-Père, Quebec, the site of the disastrous sinking of the RMS Empress of Ireland only a few months earlier. Ivernia was in convoy with her sister Saxonia at the time, which rendered assistance alongside a government steamer. Ivernia was refloated the same day and was reported undamaged.[48]
In autumn of 1916, William Thomas Turner (made famous for being the captain of RMS Lusitania at the time of her sinking) had taken command of Ivernia from Arthur Rostron (made famous himself for being the captain of the RMS Carpathia during the rescue of the survivors of the Titanic).[51][52]
Sinking
On 1 January 1917, the Ivernia was carrying some 2,400 British troops from Marseille to Alexandria, when at 10:12am she was torpedoed by the German submarine UB-47 58 miles south-east of Cape Matapan in Greece, in the Kythira Strait. The ship went down fairly quickly with a loss of 36 crew members and 84 troops. Captain Turner, who had been criticised for not going down with the Lusitania (even though he had believed he was the last person on board), remained on the bridge until all aboard had departed in lifeboats and rafts "before striking out to swim as the vessel went down under his feet."[52]
HMS Rifleman rescued a number of survivors and armed trawlers towed the bulk, who had taken to lifeboats, to Suda Bay in Crete.
Commanders
Over her lifetime, thirteen people acted as captain of RMS Ivernia, with several commanding her over two separate periods. Her longest serving captains were W T Turner and H M Benison, both serving extensive time as her commanding officer before World War I, and both also serving on her during the war.[41]
The length of service for commanders of Ivernia varied from just 24 days for William Prothero to over five years for H M Benison.[41]
Legacy
Ivernia made a fictional appearance near the end of the Arthur Conan Doyle novel The Lost World, published in 1912. In the story, the explorers sail on Ivernia for their return to England.[53]
Cunard later resurrected the Ivernia name, launching a second RMS Ivernia in 1955. She followed a sister, a second RMS Saxonia, launched in 1954, echoing the two sisters from 1899. The 1955 Ivernia was renamed Franconia in 1963, prior to the third Ivernia, built for Cunard's North Atlantic cargo service in 1964.[54]
Ivernia Road in Walton in Liverpool still bears the name of the vessel. Neighbouring streets include Saxonia Road, Lusitania Road, and Mauretania Road, after the Cunard fleetmates of Ivernia.
The wreck of Ivernia lies off the coast of the Greek island of Antikythera.
See also
A postcard for Ivernia that uses a photograph of half-sister Carpathia
^ abcdef"Ivernia (110643)", Lloyd's Register of Steamers, Lloyd's Register, 1901
^Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy & Telephony. Marconi Publishing Corporation. 1914. p. 480.
^ abcdefMaw, W H; Dredge, J (6 April 1900). "Launches and Trial Trips". Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal. 69: 463.
^"Ivernia (110643)", Lloyd's Register of Steamers, Lloyd's Register, 1900
^"Ivernia (110643)", Lloyd's Register of Steamers, Lloyd's Register, 1913
^Maw, W H; Dredge, J (8 November 1907). "Tyne Built Cunard Liners". Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal. 84: 611.
^ abcMaw, W H; Dredge, J (21 September 1900). "The Cunard Liner "Ivernia"". Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal. 70: 368–369.
^ abcMaw, W H; Dredge, J (5 October 1900). "The Quadruple Expansion Engines of the Cunard Liner "Ivernia"". Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal. 70: 436.
^Dove, Herbert W., "Regarding the bulkheads of the steamer "Ivernia"", Correspondence, London: Lloyd's Register of British & Foreign Shipping, Heritage and Education Centre
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