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Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps
Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps; Women's Army Auxiliary Corps
	Cap Badge: WAAC and QMAAC
Active	March 1917–April 1918: Women's Army Auxiliary Corps; April 1918–Sept 1921: Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Branch	British Army
Type	Women's administrative corps
Size	57,000 passed through corps
Commanders
Ceremonial chief	Queen Mary (Patron)

The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), known as Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps (QMAAC) from 9 April 1918, was the women's corps of the British Army during and immediately after the First World War.^[1] It was established in February 1917 and disbanded on 27 September 1921.

History

The corps was formed following a January 1917 War Office recommendation that women should be employed in non-combatant roles in the British Army in France. While recruiting began in March 1917,^[2] the corps was only formally instituted on 7 July 1917 by Lieutenant-General Sir Nevil Macready, the adjutant-general, who appointed Dr Mona Chalmers Watson the first chief controller.^[3] More than 57,000 women served between January 1917 and November 1918.

The corps was established to free up men from administrative tasks for service at the front. It was divided into four sections including cookery, mechanical and clerical.^[4] Nursing services were administered separately, although an auxiliary corps of the Royal Army Medical Corps was set up to provide medical services for the QMAAC.^[2]

On 31 March 1917, women in the WAAC were first sent to the theatre of war in France, at that stage just fourteen cooks and waitresses.^[5] Helen Gwynne-Vaughan was the chief controller overseas, and Florence Leach was the controller of the cooks. In 1918, women doctors (attached to the QMAAC) were first posted to France. One such was Dr Phoebe Chapple, who was awarded the Military Medal for tending the wounded regardless of her own safety during an air raid on an WAAC camp near Abbeville in May 1918.^[6]^[7] In all, five military medals were awarded to members of the QMAAC, all for brave conduct during air raids or shelling in rear areas.^[8]^[9] Seventeen women were also deployed as "Hush WAACs" with the military intelligence codebreaking team in France.^[10]

A total of 17,000 members of the corps served overseas, although never more than 9,000 at one time.^[3] In April 1918, nearly 10,000 members employed on Royal Flying Corps air stations, both at home and in France, transferred to the Women's Royal Air Force on the formation of the Royal Air Force.^[2]

Demobilisation commenced after the Armistice in November 1918, and the corps was disbanded on 27 September 1921. The last surviving QMAAC veteran was Ivy Campany, who died in 2008.^[11]

Ranks and rank insignia

Instead of standard military ranks, a specific grading system was authorised by Army Council Instruction No. 1069, 1917. All insignia was worn on epaulettes except that for forewoman and assistant forewoman, which was worn on the right upper arm.^[12]

	Controllers					Administrators			Forewomen		Members
Rank	Chief Controller	Chief Controller (Overseas)	Deputy Chief Controller (Overseas)	Assistant Section Controller	Area Controller	Unit Administrator (i/c large hostel)	Deputy Administrator (i/c small hostel)	Deputy Administrator (2i/c large hostel)	Forewoman	Assistant Forewoman	Member
		Deputy Chief Controller	Section Controller
								Technical Assistant Controller
								Assistant Administrator
						Clothing Controller	Quartermistress Class I	Quartermistress Class II
Rank insignia	Double rose										No insignia

List of controllers

Chief controllers

Dr Mona Chalmers Watson (February 1917 to 1918)
Hilda Horniblow (Chief Controller in France in 1917, and in England from July 1918 succeeding Mrs Long.^[13]
Dame Florence Leach (1918 to 1920) (from 1917 Controller-in-Chief)^[14]

Controllers

Helen Gwynne-Vaughan; Controller, later Commandant of the Women's Royal Air Force

Records

Most of the service records were destroyed in a German air raid in September 1940. Those which did have suffered fire and water and mould damage. The National Archives digitised these to prevent further damage and they can be searched and viewed online.^[15]

References

^ Pennington, Reina (2003). Amazons to Fighter Pilots - A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women (Volume 2). Westpoint, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 464–465. ISBN 0-313-29197-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c "War Office: Women's (later Queen Mary's) Army Auxiliary Corps: Service Records, First World War". The National Archives. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b Spiers, Edward M., ed. (2011). A Military History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 23. ISBN 9780748633357. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
^ Kerry, Philip. Forewoman Violet Ross, Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps. Orders & Medals Research Society Journal, Vol 51, No 4, December 2012, pp 247-248.
^ Bidwell, Shelford. The Women's Royal Army Corps, p. 1.
^ "Military Medal: Dr Phoebe Chapple, Royal Army Medical Corps". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ "No. 30959". The London Gazette (Supplement). 18 October 1918. p. 12303.
^ Gooding, N.G. Awards of the Military Medal to Women. Orders & Medals Research Society Journal, Vol 23, No 4, Winter 1984, pp 225-228.
^ Citations in Edinburgh Gazette of: 12 July 1918; 22 October 1918; 15 April 1919
^ "The Hush WAACs - The secret ladies of St Omer". www.gchq.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
^ Beal, Claire (15 November 2010). "At 108, Florence Green is Britain's oldest war vet". Lynn News. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ War Office, Army Council Instruction No. 1069, 7 July 1917.
^ "Horniblow [married name Dalton], (Emilie) Hilda". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/62131. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Bidwell, Shelford (1997). The Women s Royal Army Corps. Pen & Sword. p. 28. ISBN 9780850520996. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
^ Women's (later Queen Mary's) Army Auxiliary Corps (1917–1920) – DocumentsOnline research guide