Qasr Burqu'

Qasr Burqu'
Qasr Burqu' from the south
Qasr Burqu' is located in Jordan
Qasr Burqu'
Location within Jordan
General information
Town or cityAl Mafraq Governorate
CountryJordan
Coordinates32°36′30″N 37°57′45″E / 32.608436°N 37.96237°E / 32.608436; 37.96237
Construction started707
Completed715
Technical details
Materialbasalt

Qasr Burqu' is a set of ruins and an archaeological site in the badia of eastern Jordan and is the site of one of the earliest of the Umayyad desert castles.

Background

Main article: Desert castles

Under the Umayyad Caliphate, nobles and wealthy families belonging to the Umayyad dynasty erected new complexes or adapted preexisting ones for a multitude of purposes, many being suggested: to control the roads, monitor and tax the seasonal movement of people and their livestock, impress travellers and local tribes, establish nuclei for the development of new cities, develop agriculture in semi-arid areas, and enjoy desert retreats for relaxation and hunting (see Desert castles).

History

Ghadir Burqu (Arabic: غدير البرقع) has been occupied since prehistoric times, with archaeological surveys documenting sites dating to the Epipalaeolithic, Early Neolithic, and Late Neolithic periods.[1] The most substantial prehistoric remains are from the Late Neolithic period (c. 7th–6th millennium BCE), when the lake was used by nomadic herders to pasture flocks of sheep and goat, probably in the summer months when water was scarce elsewhere.[1][2][3][4]

Archaeological excavations reveal that a Roman fort was established on the site and a monastery was built there during the Byzantine period.[5] It became an Umayyad castle complex in around 700 CE when al-Walid I, who was still emir, rather than caliph, either built it, or repaired existing structures to form a new palace complex.[6]

Qasr Burqu' is one of the earliest of the Umayyad desert castles in Jordan.[7]

Location and description

Although it is often described as one of the Umayyad desert castles, Svend Helms notes "it is neither a castle, nor is it in the desert" and most of the structures predate the Umayyad Caliphate.[8] It counts as one of the lesser desert castles in Jordan.[9]

Qasr Burqu' from the inside

Qasr Burqu' is located in the far northeast of Jordan and is one of a number of Umayyad desert castles in the semi-arid region. It is situated in the black basalt desert, about 100 km east of ad-Diyatheh, 70 km south-east of an-Namara, and about 2 km from the Wadi Minqat, which holds water from the winter rains.[10] It sits on the edge of an oasis formed on the edge of a basalt region in eastern Jordan.[11] The site was important due to its natural shallow basin, which collected rain waters in ponds.[12] Various water-catchment systems, of uncertain origin and unknown date, have been added to the site over time, in order to sustain larger populations that may have lived in the area at different times.[13]

Qasr Burqu from the air, c. 1932.

The site's most significant surviving structure is a 5-metre tower, probably of Roman origin, and originally estimated to have been 13 metres in height.[14] The early Islamic palace complex was constructed around the Roman tower.[12]

The enclosures are constructed of basalt, and were used to pen animals by nomadic peoples attracted to the location to water their herds.[15] Rock-carved inscriptions show that Bedouin tribes used the site as a seasonal encampment each spring throughout the Medieval period.[16]

Conservation and tourism

The Burqu Nature Reserve, a 900 km2 protected area centred on Burqu', was established by the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) in 2020.[17][18] The RSCN hopes to encourage ecotourism in the area,[19] opening an eco hotel near Qasr Burqu'[20] and promoting it together with Azraq Wetland Reserve and Shaumari Wildlife Reserve as part of the "Eastern Badia Trail".[21] Previously, the site was not well-known and difficult to access, being located nearly 20 km from the nearest paved road.[22]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qasr Burqu.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Betts, A.V. G. (ed), The Harra and the Hamad: Excavations and Explorations in Eastern Jordan, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK, Chapter 1
  2. ^ BETTS, Alison V.G. (1993). "The Neolithic Sequence in the East Jordan "Badia". A Preliminary Overview". Paléorient. 19 (1): 43–53. doi:10.3406/paleo.1993.4582. ISSN 0153-9345. JSTOR 41492534.
  3. ^ McCartney, Carole J. (1 January 1992). "Preliminary Report of the 1989 Excavations at Site 27 of the Burquc/Ruweishid Project". Levant. 24 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1179/007589192790218264. ISSN 0075-8914.
  4. ^ Betts, A. V. G. (2013). The Later Prehistory of the Badia: Excavations and surveys in Eastern Jordan. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781842174739.
  5. ^ Barker, G. and Gilbertson, D., The Archaeology of Drylands: Living at the Margin, Routledge, 2003, pp 94-96; Bowersock, G.W., Roman Arabia, Harvard University Press, 1994, p. 99
  6. ^ Fowden, G., Qusayr 'Amra: Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria, University of California Press, 2004 p. 289
  7. ^ Helms, S., "A New Architectural Survey of Qaṣr Burquʽ, Eastern Jordan", Vol. 71, September 1991, pp 191-215; Helmes, S., "A New Architectural Survey of Qasr Burqu', Eastern Jordan, The Antiquaries Journal, Volume 71, [Oxford University Press], 1991, pp 191-193
  8. ^ Helms, Svend (1991). "A New Architectural Survey of Qaṣr Burquʽ, Eastern Jordan". The Antiquaries Journal. 71: 191–215. doi:10.1017/S000358150008687X. ISSN 1758-5309. S2CID 161856931.
  9. ^ Kennedy & Riley, pp. 8-9
  10. ^ Cameron, A. and King, G. R.D., "Land Use and Settlement Patterns." in Papers of the Second Workshop on Late Antiquity and Early Islam, Darwin Press, 1994, p. 54
  11. ^ Helmes, S., "A New Architectural Survey of Qasr Burqu', Eastern Jordan, The Antiquaries Journal, Volume 71, [Oxford University Press], 1991, pp 191-193
  12. ^ a b Kennedy & Riley, p. 71
  13. ^ Barker & Gilbertson, pp. 97-99; Kennedy & Riley, p. 71
  14. ^ Barker & Gilbertson, p. 96
  15. ^ Kennedy & Riley, p. 72
  16. ^ Winnett, F.V. and Harding, G.L., Inscriptions from Fifty Safaitic Cairns, University of Toronto Press, 1978, p. 25; Jamme, A., "Inscriptions from Fifty Safaitic Cairns," in Niditch, S., Incantation Texts and Formulalc Language: A New Etymology for hwmry, p. 478
  17. ^ Namrouqa, Hana (10 October 2018). "Burqu nominated for consideration as nature reserve". Jordan Times. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  18. ^ "RSCN announces establishment of Burqu Nature Reserve | RSCN". Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature. 2020-12-20. Archived from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  19. ^ "Nature abounds: Ecotourism is one of the most promising growth niches". Oxford Business Group. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  20. ^ "Giordania, un ecolodge nella riserva naturale di Burqu". TTG Italia. 2021-03-10. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  21. ^ "Jordan's Eastern Badia Trail (JEBT)". Wild Jordan. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  22. ^ Khammash, Ammar (2002). "THE CASTLE BY THE LAKE". The Jordan Times Weekender. Retrieved 6 April 2021.