QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss

Skoda 47mm SFK L/33 H
Skoda 47mm SFK L/33 H
Type	Naval gun
Place of origin	France
Service history
Used by	Austria-Hungary
Wars	World War I
Production history
Designer	Hotchkiss et Cie
Designed	1890
Manufacturer	Skoda
Produced	1890
Specifications
Mass	Gun: 133 kg (293 lb); Gun & Mount: 530 kg (1,170 lb)
Length	1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) 33 caliber
Shell	Projectile: 1.1 kg (2.4 lb)
Caliber	47 mm (1.9 in)
Breech	Vertical sliding wedge
Elevation	-15° to +20°
Traverse	360°
Rate of fire	25 rpm
Muzzle velocity	560 m/s (1,800 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	3 km (1.9 mi)

Hotchkiss 47 mm L/50 M1902
Hotchkiss 47 mm L/50 M1902
Type	Naval gun
Place of origin	France
Service history
Used by	France
Wars	World War I
Production history
Designer	Hotchkiss et Cie
Designed	1902
Manufacturer	Hotchkiss et Cie
Produced	1902
Specifications
Mass	594 kg (1,310 lb)
Length	2.85 m (9 ft 4 in)
Barrel length	2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) 50 caliber
Shell	Complete: 4 kg (8.8 lb); Projectile: 2 kg (4.4 lb)
Caliber	47 mm (1.9 in)
Breech	Vertical sliding wedge
Rate of fire	25 rpm
Muzzle velocity	690 m/s (2,300 ft/s)

Hotchkiss 47 mm L/40 M1885
& QF 3-pounder
Hotchkiss 47 mm L/40 M1885; & QF 3-pounder
	A Royal Navy 3-pounder gun on a central pivot mount in 1915.
Type	Naval gun; Anti-aircraft gun; Coastal artillery
Place of origin	France
Service history
In service	1886–1950s
Used by	See users section
Wars	See wars section
Production history
Designer	Hotchkiss
Designed	1885
Manufacturer	Hotchkiss et Cie
Produced	1886
No. built	2,950 (UK)
Variants	32 to 50 calibers in length
Specifications
Mass	240 kg (530 lb)
Length	2 m (6 ft 7 in)
Barrel length	1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) 40 caliber
Shell	Fixed QF 47 × 376 mm R; Complete: 3 kg (6.6 lb); Projectile: 1.5 kg (3.3 lb)
Calibre	47 mm (1.9 in)
Breech	Vertical sliding-wedge
Elevation	Dependent on mount
Rate of fire	30 rpm
Muzzle velocity	571 m/s (1,870 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	5.9 km (3.7 mi) at +20°; 4.5 km (2.8 mi) at +80°

The QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss or in French use Canon Hotchkiss à tir rapide de 47 mm were a family of long-lived light 47 mm naval guns introduced in 1886 to defend against new, small and fast vessels such as torpedo boats and later submarines. There were many variants produced, often under license which ranged in length from 32 to 50 calibers but 40 caliber was the most common version. They were widely used by the navies of a number of nations and often used by both sides in a conflict. They were also used ashore as coastal defense guns and later as an anti-aircraft gun, whether on improvised or specialized HA/LA mounts.

Operational history

French service

The French Navy used two versions of the Hotchkiss 3-pounder: the short-barreled 40-caliber M1885 and the long-barreled 50-caliber M1902, which had a larger muzzle velocity than its predecessor.^[1]^{: 228–229} The French L/40 M1885 and the British QF 3-pounder were largely the same gun.^[4] Like the British who paired their 3-pounders with the larger QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss the French often paired theirs with the Canon de 65 mm Modèle 1891 sometimes called a 9-pounder in English publications. The 3-pounder was primarily used as anti-torpedo boat defense aboard armored cruisers, destroyers, ironclads, pre-dreadnought battleships, protected cruisers and submarines. During World War I, the role of the guns changed from anti-torpedo boat defense to anti-aircraft defense and new high angle mounts were developed but were found to be ineffective.

The Liberté-class and Danton-class battleships mounted the gun, in addition to the cruisers Jules Michelet, Ernest Renan, and those of the Edgar Quinet-class. It was used as the standard French shipboard anti-aircraft gun during World War I, being replaced by the Canon de 75 mm modèle 1908.^[1]

After World War I the majority of 3-pounders in the anti-aircraft role were replaced with either the anti-aircraft version of the Canon de 75 modèle 1897 or the Canon de 75 mm modèle 1924.^[5] French ships armed with the L/40 M1885 and L/50 M1902 include:

Australian service

A 3-pounder Hotchkiss was used on an improvised mounting in a battle that resulted in Australia's first prisoners of World War 2 being captured near Berbera in 1940.^[6] The guns are now used in a Three Pound Saluting Gun Battery at the Garden Island Naval Base.^[7]

Austro-Hungarian service

Skoda 47mm SFK L/44 S
Type	Naval gun
Place of origin	France
Service history
Used by	Austria-Hungary
Wars	World War I
Production history
Designer	Hotchkiss et Cie
Designed	1897
Manufacturer	Skoda
Produced	1897
Specifications
Mass	Gun: 256 kg (564 lb) Gun & Mount: 790 kg (1,740 lb)
Length	2.048 m (6 ft 8.6 in) 44 caliber

Shell	Projectile: 1.53 kg (3.4 lb)
Caliber	47 mm (1.9 in)
Breech	Vertical sliding wedge
Elevation	-10° to +20°
Traverse	360°
Rate of fire	25 rpm
Muzzle velocity	710 m/s (2,300 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	4 km (2.5 mi)^[8]

The Austro-Hungarian Navy used two versions of the Hotchkiss 3-pounder. The first was the short 47 mm SFK L/33 H of 1890 produced under license by Skoda. The second was the long 47 mm SFK L/44 S of 1897 produced under license by Skoda. These two guns were the primary rapid fire anti-torpedo boat guns of many ships built or refitted between 1890 and 1918.^[8] On 16 August 1914 at the Battle of Antivari, the Austro-Hungarian protected cruiser SMS Zenta was sunk by a combined Anglo-French force. Both sides in the battle were armed with Hotchkiss guns.

Austro-Hungarian ships armed with the L/33 and L/44 include:

Chinese service

China adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder in the 1880s, to arm its cruisers and smaller auxiliaries; the Hai Yung-class cruisers of the Imperial Chinese Navy built by AG Vulcan Stettin were armed with Nordenfelt 3-pounder guns firing the same ammunition. During the First Sino-Japanese war, ships of both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounder guns.

Chinese ships armed with 3-pounder guns include:

Italian service

Italy adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder in the 1880s to arm its armored cruisers, battleships, protected cruisers, torpedo boats and torpedo cruisers. Ships on both sides of the Italo-Turkish war were armed with 3-pounder guns. The Italians carried Hotchkiss and Vickers guns, while the Ottoman Navy carried Nordenfelt guns.^[9]

Italian ships armed with 3-pounder guns include:

Japanese service

Hotchkiss 2½ Pounder Yamanouchi Mk I
Type	Naval gun
Place of origin	France
Service history
Used by	Empire of Japan
Wars	Russo-Japanese War
Production history
Designer	Hotchkiss et Cie
Designed	1894
Manufacturer	Elswick Ordnance Company
Produced	1894
No. built	253
Variants	Elswick: Mk I, Mk II, Mk III Yamanouchi: Mk I
Specifications
Mass	127 kg (280 lb)
Length	1.55 m (5 ft 1 in)
Barrel length	1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) 30 caliber

Shell	Fixed QF 47 × 131R Projectile: 1.12 kg (2.5 lb)
Caliber	47 mm (1.9 in)
Breech	Vertical sliding wedge
Muzzle velocity	432 m/s (1,420 ft/s)^[10]

Japan adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder 5-barrel revolver cannon in the 1880s and later adopted the simpler single-barrel quick-firing weapon. The Japanese versions of the 3-pounder were known as Yamanouchi guns and were largely identical to their British equivalents.^[4] The Japanese also had a related 30 caliber 2½-pounder gun from Elswick, the Yamanouchi Mk I. During the Russo-Japanese War, ships of both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounder guns. The Japanese found them to be ineffective and removed them after the war.

Japanese ships armed with 3-pounder guns include:

Polish service

Polish 47 mm Hotchkiss guns named the wz.1885 gun, were used on first ships of the Polish Navy, received after World War I, like ex-German torpedo boats and minesweepers. By the time of World War II most had been replaced on naval ships but several stored guns were used in combat on improvised stationary mounts by Land Coastal Defence units in the Battle of Kępa Oksywska in September 1939.^[11]^{[page needed]}

Romanian service

The Romanian Navy used the Škoda-produced version of the gun. The gun was used as secondary and later tertiary armament on the Romanian monitors of the Mihail Kogălniceanu class. It also served as the main armament of the Căpitan Nicolae Lascăr Bogdan class of armored multi-purpose boats, each of the 8 boats carrying one gun.^[12]^[13]

Russian service

47 mm L/43 Hotchkiss
Type	Naval gun
Place of origin	France
Service history
Used by	Russian Empire
Wars	Russo-Japanese War World War I Russian Civil War
Production history
Designer	Hotchkiss et Cie
Designed	1883
Manufacturer	Obukhov State Plant
Produced	1888
Specifications
Mass	Gun: 235 kg (518 lb)
Length	2 m (6 ft 7 in)
Barrel length	1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) 43 caliber

Shell	Projectile: 1.53 kg (3.4 lb)
Caliber	47 mm (1.9 in)
Breech	Vertical sliding wedge
Elevation	-23° to +25°
Traverse	360°
Rate of fire	25 rpm
Muzzle velocity	701 m/s (2,300 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	4.5 km (2.8 mi) at 10°^[14]

Russia adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder 5-barrel revolver cannon in the 1880s, and later adopted the less complicated single-barrel 43 caliber quick-firing weapon. The 5-barrel guns were equipped on the Ekaterina II-class battleships commissioned in 1889 but by 1892 the battleship Dvenadsat Apostolov and her successors had single-barrel weapons. In 1888 licensed production of a Russian variant started at the Obukhov State Plant.^[15] During the Russo-Japanese War, ships of both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounders, which were found to be ineffective against Japanese torpedo boats and were removed from first-line warships after the war. The Evstafi class, commissioned in 1910 ceased carrying the weapon but they were later fitted to patrol vessels and river craft during World War I and at least 62 weapons were converted to anti-aircraft guns by 1917.^[14]

Russian ships armed with 3-pounder guns include:

United Kingdom service

In 1886 this gun was the first of the modern Quick-firing (QF) artillery to be adopted by the Royal Navy as the Ordnance QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss, built under licence by the Elswick Ordnance Company.^[16]

By the middle of World War I the Hotchkiss gun was obsolescent and was gradually replaced by the more powerful Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers gun. Of the 2,950 produced it is estimated that 1,948 were still available in 1939 for RN use.^[17] The availability, simplicity and light weight of the gun kept it in use in small vessels and many were later brought back into service on merchant vessels used for auxiliary duties in World War II or as saluting guns and sub-calibre guns for gunnery practice until the 1950s. Early in WWII, it was also pressed into service in ports around the British Empire, to defend against possible incursions by motor torpedo boats, until the modern QF 6 pounder 10 cwt gun became available. Two, brought from Gibraltar in the late 1990s, are still in use on Victory Green in the Falkland Islands for saluting purposes.

Royal Navy ships armed with QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns included:

United States service

Manufacturer	Manufacturers Designation	US Designation	Caliber
Hotchkiss	Mk I	Mk I	40
Driggs-Schroeder	Mk I	Mk II	45
Driggs-Schroeder	Mk II (trunnionless)	Mk III	45
Hotchkiss	Mk IV semi-automatic	Mk IV	45
Maxim-Nordenfelt	Mk I semi-automatic	Mk V	50
Maxim-Nordenfelt	Mk II semi-automatic	Mk VI	50
Vickers-Maxim	Mk III semi-automatic	Mk VII	45
Hotchkiss-Armstrong	?	Mk VIII	40
Nordenfelt	Mk I	Mk IX	42
Hotchkiss	?	Mk X	50
US Rapid Fire Gun and Power Company	?	Mk XI	50
Nordenfelt	Mk I semi-automatic	Mk XII	50
Vickers-Maxim	Mk M	Mk XIII	50
Driggs-Seaburry	?	Mk XIV	50^[18]^[1]^[19]

The US Navy used several types of 3-pounder guns from multiple manufacturers and it is difficult to determine from references which type a particular ship carried. Hotchkiss 3-pounder 5-barrel revolving cannons were used, along with single-barrel quick-firing single-shot Hotchkiss 3-pounders. Both are called rapid-firing (RF) in references. Ships on both sides in the Spanish–American War were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounders. By 1910 the US was building the dreadnought-type South Carolina class, with a secondary armament composed entirely of 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Although removed from first-line warships by World War I, some 3-pounders were fitted on patrol vessels, with a few weapons serving on those ships through World War II.^[1]^[17]

Ammunition

The most common types of ammunition available for 3-pounder guns were low yield Steel shells and common lyddite shells. In World War II higher yield high explosive rounds were produced.


A steel shell round circa. 1898	Mk IV base percussion fuze	Mk V N.T. projectile, 1914	Mk II common shell

Photo gallery

Model of gun in French service on "elastic frame" mounting (affût-crinoline), at the Musée national de la Marine Paris.
The Noonday gun at Causeway Bay, Hong Kong
Two of the four operational QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss cannons aboard ARA Libertad
Russian Hotchkiss gun on a field carriage. Military-historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps. St. Petersburg Russia.
A 3-pounder coastal-defense gun at Port Jackson 1942.
A Russian 3-pounder on a Renault armored car 1917.
The Imperial Russian cruiser Rossia. 3-pounders at the bottom left/right.
A French 3-pounder on a 90 mm gun carriage.

Surviving examples

The Jardines Noonday gun at Causeway Bay, Hong Kong.
A gun at the Royal Queensland Yacht Squadron, Manly, Queensland, Australia.^[20]
Two guns on "elastic frame" mounting in the Casemate de l'Aschenbach, Uffheim, Haut-Rhin, France.^[21]
A saluting battery of multiple guns at Fort Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia.
Four guns on the tall ship Libertad, which serves as a school ship in the Argentine Navy; all fully operational as saluting battery or multipurpose defense.^[22]
3 guns used for ceremonial purposes at HMS Drake.
4 guns used for ceremonial purposes at Fort Blockhouse.
National Museum of the United States Navy has one on display with 1910 brass gun sight and slide manufactured at the Naval Gun Factory.

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

QF 3 pounder Nordenfelt : Nordenfelt equivalent
QF 3 pounder Vickers : Vickers equivalent
5 cm SK L/40 gun : German equivalent

Licensed production

Wars

Users

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e DiGiulian, Tony. "USA 3-pdr (1.4 kg) [1.85" (47 mm)] Marks 1 through 12 – NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
^ "38–37 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES". www.quarryhs.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2017-07-04.
^ 30 rounds per minute is the figure given by Elswick Ordnance for their 40-calibres model. Quoted in Brassey's Naval Annual 1901
^ ^a ^b ^c Friedman 2011, p. 118.
^ Friedman 2011, p. 229.
^ Navy, Royal Australian. "3-Pounder saluting guns". navy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Media, Defence News and (7 July 2017). "Defence News and Media". defence.gov.au. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Friedman 2011, p. 295.
^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995.
^ Friedman 2011, p. 119.
^ Tym & Rzepniewski 1985.
^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 422
^ Е. Е. Шведе, Военные флоты 1939—1940 гг., Рипол Классик, 2013, pp. 120-121 (in Russian)
^ ^a ^b DiGiulian, Tony. "Russia / USSR 47 mm (1.85") [3-pdr] – NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Friedman 2011, p. 265.
^ British forces traditionally denoted smaller ordnance by the weight of its standard projectile, in this case approximately 3 pounds (1.4 kg).
^ ^a ^b Campbell 1985, p. 66.
^ Friedman 2011, p. 197.
^ DiGiulian and Friedman differ on the details of Mk 10-12.
^ "AMMS Brisbane". www.ammsbrisbane.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Weyant, Hervé. "Mémorial Maginot de Haute-Alsace". www.maginot68.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Jane's Fighting Ships 2005–2006

References

Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-459-2.
Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
Langensiepen, Bernd & Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-610-1.
Tym, Wacław; Rzepniewski, Andrzej (1985). Kępa Oksywska 1939: relacja uczestników walk lądowych [Oksywska Fort 1939: Relations of Combatants on Land] (in Polish). Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie. ISBN 978-83-215-7210-9.