Punjabi diaspora

Punjabi diaspora
  • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ੀ
  • پنجابی ڈائیسپورا
Total population
2–2.5 million.[1]
Regions with significant populations
Canada942,170 (2021)[2][a]
United Kingdom700,000 (2006)[3]
United States253,740[4]
Australia239,033 (2021)[5]
Italy200,000 (2019)[14]
Malaysia56,400 (2019)[15]
Philippines50,000 (2016)[16]
New Zealand34,227 (2018)[17]
Sweden24,000 (2013)[18]
Bangladesh23,700 (2019)[19]
Germany18,000 (2020)[20]
Nepal10,000 (2019)[21]
Languages
Punjabi • Hindi-Urdu • English • others
Religion
Sikhism (incl. Nanakpanthi) • Islam • Hinduism • Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Indian diaspora, Pakistani diaspora, South Asian diaspora
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The Punjabi diaspora consists of the descendants of ethnic Punjabis who emigrated out of the Punjab region in the northern part of the South Asia to the rest of the world. Punjabis are one of the largest ethnic groups in both the Pakistani and Indian diasporas. The Punjabi diaspora numbers around the world has been given between 3 and 5 million, mainly concentrated in Britain, Canada, the United States, Western Europe, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Australia and New Zealand.[1]

Afghanistan

Main article: Punjabis in Afghanistan

Bangladesh

Many families from Punjab, Pakistan migrated to erstwhile East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) as it was one country at the time. Some of these families chose to remain in Bangladesh after its independence. One such example is the family of Bangladeshi-Punjabi cricketer Junaid Siddique.

Australia

Further information: Punjabi Australians

Punjabis migrated to Australia from other parts of the Punjabi diaspora, as well from the state of Punjab itself. The Majority were Sikh and Hindu Punjabis are a minority.[22]

Canada

Further information: Punjabi Canadians

Punjabis make up approximately 2.6% of the Canadian population as per the 2021 Canadian Census.[23] The largest Punjabi community in Canada is in Ontario, with 397,867 Punjabis as of 2021 (making up 2.84% of the overall population), while British Columbia is home to approximately 315,000 Punjabis (making up 6.41% of the overall population).[24] 85% of South Asians in British Columbia are Punjabi Sikhs,[25] including former premier of British Columbia, Ujjal Dosanjh and leader of the federal New Democratic Party (NDP), MP for Burnaby South, Jagmeet Singh.

Punjabi Canadians by province and territory (1991−2021)[a]
Province/territory 2021[2] 2016[26] 2011[27] 2006[28] 2001[29] 1996[30] 1991[31]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Ontario 397,865 2.84% 282,065 2.13% 238,130 1.87% 201,720 1.68% 146,250 1.3% 99,135 0.93% 64,105 0.64%
British
Columbia 		315,000 6.41% 244,485 5.36% 213,315 4.9% 184,590 4.53% 142,785 3.69% 112,365 3.05% 77,830 2.4%
Alberta 126,385 3.03% 90,485 2.27% 62,815 1.74% 44,480 1.37% 28,460 0.97% 20,660 0.77% 15,165 0.6%
Manitoba 42,820 3.28% 22,900 1.85% 12,555 1.05% 7,600 0.67% 6,305 0.57% 5,445 0.49% 4,150 0.38%
Quebec 34,290 0.41% 17,860 0.22% 14,480 0.19% 15,435 0.21% 13,050 0.18% 9,155 0.13% 4,850 0.07%
Saskatchewan 13,310 1.21% 8,300 0.78% 3,250 0.32% 1,210 0.13% 925 0.1% 760 0.08% 635 0.07%
Nova
Scotia 		6,730 0.7% 1,010 0.11% 800 0.09% 625 0.07% 525 0.06% 765 0.09% 705 0.08%
New
Brunswick 		2,475 0.33% 205 0.03% 115 0.02% 130 0.02% 135 0.02% 80 0.01% 55 0.01%
Prince Edward
Island 		1,550 1.03% 185 0.13% 40 0.03% 15 0.01% 0 0% 30 0.02% 90 0.07%
Newfoundland
and Labrador 		1,040 0.21% 485 0.09% 115 0.02% 150 0.03% 150 0.03% 140 0.03% 235 0.04%
Yukon 490 1.24% 150 0.43% 105 0.31% 100 0.33% 90 0.32% 95 0.31% 50 0.18%
Northwest
Territories 		175 0.43% 105 0.26% 30 0.07% 25 0.06% 35 0.09% 60 0.09% 65 0.11%
Nunavut 30 0.08% 15 0.04% 15 0.05% 10 0.03% 10 0.04% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Canada 942,170 2.59% 668,240 1.94% 545,730 1.65% 456,090 1.46% 338,715 1.14% 248,695 0.87% 167,930 0.62%

Germany

The Punjabi Sikh diaspora in Germany is around 15,000-21,000.

Georgia

In 2012, around 2000 farmers from Punjab, India migrated to Georgia to farm.[32] As of 2018 about 200 of them are still living in Tsnori, a town in Kakheti region.[33]

Hong Kong

Among Hong Kong Indian adolescents, Punjabi is the third most common language other than Cantonese.[34] The Punjabis were influential in the military, and in line with the British military thinking of the time (namely, the late 19th century and early 20th century) Punjabi Sikhs, Punjabi Hindus and Punjabi Muslims formed two separate regiments. The regiments were as follows:

  • Punjab regiment: 25,000 soldiers (50% Muslim, 40% Hindu and 10% Sikh)
  • Sikh Regiment: 10,000 soldiers (80% Sikh, 20% Hindu)

In 1939, Hong Kong's police force included 272 Europeans, 774 Indians (mainly Punjabis) and 1140 Chinese.[35] Punjabis dominated Hong Kong's police force until the 1950s.[36]

From the 2006 government by-census results, it shows a population of roughly 20,444 Indians and roughly 11,111 Pakistanis residing at the former British territory.[37]

Iran

Around 60 Punjabi Sikh families resides in Iran.[38] Punjabi language is also taught at Kendriya Vidyalaya Tehran, an Indian co-educational school in Baharestan District, Tehran.[39]

Italy

The Punjabi Sikh diaspora in Italy is a growing minority in Italy. The country has the second biggest Sikh population in Europe after the United Kingdom. It is estimated that there are more than 200,000 Sikhs in Italy.[49]

Japan

There are 71,000 Punjabis. In Japan 98% of the Punjabis are Sikh and 1.5% of the Punjabis are Christian.[50]

Kenya

Most Kenyan Asians are Gujaratis, but the second largest group are Punjabis.[51] All three major religious groups (Sikh, Muslim and Hindu) are represented in the Punjabi population. The artisan Ramgharia caste used to be the largest group amongst the Sikhs.[52]

Malaysia

Main article: Punjabi Malaysians

Although most Malaysian Indians are Tamils, there were also many Punjabis that immigrated to Malaysia. They are known to be the third largest Indian ethnic group in Malaysia, after the Tamils and Malayalees. According to Amarjit Kaur as of 1993 there were 60, 000 Punjabis in Malaysia.[53] Robin Cohen estimates the number of Malaysian Sikhs as 30, 000 (as of 1995).[35] Recent figures state that there are 130,000 Sikhs in Malaysia.[54]

New Zealand

Further information: Punjabi New Zealanders

In New Zealand, Punjabis are one of the largest group of Indian New Zealanders.[55]

Persian Gulf states

See also: Pakistanis in the Middle East

In the Gulf states, the largest group among Pakistani expatriates are the Punjabis.[56]

Indonesia

Punjabis are the second largest Indian group in Indonesia, right after Tamil people, some of them are known as film producer, politician and athlete such as Manoj Punjabi, H. S. Dillon, Gurnam Singh, Ayu Azhari, and Musa Rajekshah. Punjabis in Indonesia are majority following Sikhism or Islam, according to some source, the population of Punjabi are estimate about 35,000 to 60,000.[57]

Philippines

The Philippines has over 50,000 Punjabi Indians as recently as the year 2016, not including illegal Punjabi Indian immigrants. This makes the Philippines having the 6th highest population of Punjabi Indians in the world.[58]

Singapore

The third largest group among Indo-Singaporeans in 1980 were Punjabis (after Tamils - who form a majority of Indo-Singaporeans - and Malayalis), at 7.8% of the Indo-Singaporean population.[59]

Thailand

Most Indians in Thailand are Punjabis.[60]

Trinidad and Tobago

See also: Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian

The Sikh community in Trinidad and Tobago, numbering at about 300, consists of the descendants of the few Punjabis who came during the indentureship period and Punjabi Sikhs who came in the twentieth and twenty-first century. The Sikhs have a gurdwara in Tunapuna dating back to 1929. There were also Punjabi Hindus and Punjabi Muslims who came during the indentured period as well in the twentieth and twenty-first century.[61] Bhangra has also had a minor impact on the local Indian Bhojpuri-derived chutney music, with few songs mixing bhangra rhythms to create a chutney bhangra style.[62]

The founder of Solo Beverage Company, one of the largest beverage companies in Trinidad and Tobago, Serjad Makmadeen (a.k.a. Joseph Charles), was born in 1910 in Princes Town to Makmadeen, a Punjabi Muslim who emigrated from Punjab in then British India to Trinidad, and his wife Rosalin Jamaria, a Dougla (mixed Indian and African heritage) who emigrated from Martinique.[63] One of the most notorious gangster and pirate of the twentieth century in Trinidad and Tobago and the wider Caribbean, Boysie Singh was born in Woodbrook, Port of Spain in 1908 to a Punjabi Hindu father who immigrated as a fugitive to Trinidad to escape persecution in British India.[64][65][66] Ranjit Kumar, one of the founding fathers of Trinidad and Tobago, a "Moulder of the Nation", and an Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian civil rights activist, was born in 1912 in Rawalpindi, Punjab, British India (present-day Punjab, Pakistan) to a Punjabi Hindu family.[67] He immigrated to Trinidad and Tobago in 1935 to distribute the first Indian films there and later became an engineer in the Trinidad and Tobago Works Department, where he was responsible for constructing numerous major roads and irrigation and drainage systems. He was also an alderman on the Port of Spain City Council and the founder of the Challenger newspaper, educating the public on engineering, irrigation and flooding problems.[68]

United Kingdom

Main article: British Punjabis
Sign at Southall railway station written in Latin script and Gurmukhi, the script of Punjabi language

In the United Kingdom, around two-thirds of direct migrants from South Asia were Punjabi. The remaining third is mostly Gujarati and Bengali.[69] They form a majority of both the South Asian British Sikh and Hindu communities.

Most "twice-migrants" - a term describing South Asian descendants who migrated to the United Kingdom not directly from South Asia (mainly from the Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa and other British Colonies) were also Punjabi or Gujarati.[70]

United Kingdom is also known as the birthplace of bhangra music, a style of non traditional Punjabi music created by the Punjabi diaspora.[citation needed]

United States

Punjabis in the US by state
Main article: Punjabi Americans
Further information: Punjabi Mexican Americans

The earliest South Asian immigrants to the United States were Punjabis, who mostly immigrated to the West Coast, particularly California.[71] Half of Pakistani Americans are Punjabis.[72] 85% of the early Indian immigrants to the US were Sikhs, although they were incorrectly branded by White Americans as "Hindus".[73] 90% of Indians who settled in the Central Valley of California were Punjabi Sikhs.[74] The first Asian American and member of a non-Abrahamic faith elected to the US Congress was Dalip Singh Saund, a Punjabi Sikh.

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-08-17). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  3. ^ McDonnell, John (5 December 2006). "Punjabi Community". House of Commons. Retrieved 3 August 2016. We now estimate the Punjabi community at about 700,000, with Punjabi established as the second language certainly in London and possibly within the United Kingdom.
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  6. ^ a b "Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy". Geo News. it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.
  7. ^ a b "Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy". Daily Pakistan. That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia
  8. ^ a b "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". Pakistan Today. 3 July 2022. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  9. ^ "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". The Nation. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  10. ^ "Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy". Bol News. Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen
  11. ^ a b "The Continuing Struggle for Religious Freedom by Italy's Sikh Community". The Wire. It is estimated that there are around 220,000 Sikh migrants in Italy. The community, however, has been largely invisible to native Italians. The majority of Sikhs are dairy workers, living far from the cities, and settled mainly in the farms of north and central Italy.
  12. ^ "How the recent Punjabi migration to Spain & Italy is a departure for the diaspora". The Economic Times. 29 July 2018. The total number of Indians in Italy has now crossed 200,000, making it the largest Indian diaspora in continental Europe and far greater than the 30,000 estimated in Spain. This Indian contingent is mainly made up of Punjabi Jat Sikhs.
  13. ^ "How Sikhs saved the Italian cheese industry". Global Indian. Today, Italy has the largest Sikh population in Europe, only second to the United Kingdom, with an estimated number of 220,000
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  43. ^ "How Sikhs saved the Italian cheese industry". Global Indian. Today, Italy has the largest Sikh population in Europe, only second to the United Kingdom, with an estimated number of 220,000
  44. ^ Bertolani, Barbara (2013). "The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence". Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods. Brill Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 9789004254756. According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents
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  46. ^ "The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry". Homegrown. Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air
  47. ^ "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". Pakistan Today. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
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  71. ^ Parmatma Saran; Edwin Eames (2007). The New Ethnics: Asian Indians in the United States. Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 978-1-57591-111-3.
  72. ^ http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Le-Pa/Pakistani-Americans.html - Under "Language"
  73. ^ David M. Reimers (2005). Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People. NYU Press. p. 61.
  74. ^ Margaret A. Gibson (1988). Accommodation Without Assimilation. Cornell University Press. p. 2.
  1. ^ a b Statistic includes all speakers of the Punjabi language, as many multi-generation individuals do not speak the language as a mother tongue, but instead as a second or third language.

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