Project Maven

Project Maven (officially Algorithmic Warfare Cross Functional Team) is a Pentagon project involving using machine learning and data fusion to process data from many sources, identify potential targets, display information through a user interface, and transmit human decisions to weapon systems, among other functions. It began in 2017. Since 2021, it had been used in multiple military conflicts involving the US.

Origins

Initially, the effort was led by Robert O. Work who was concerned about China's military use of the emerging technology.[1] Reportedly, Pentagon development stops short of acting as an AI weapons system capable of firing on self-designated targets.[2] The project was established in a memo by the U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense on 26 April 2017.[3]

At the second Defense One Tech Summit in July 2017, Cukor also said that the investment in a "deliberate workflow process" was funded by the Department [of Defense] through its "rapid acquisition authorities" for about "the next 36 months".[4]

According to Lt. Gen. of the United States Air Force Jack Shanahan in November 2017, it is "designed to be that pilot project, that pathfinder, that spark that kindles the flame front of artificial intelligence across the rest of the [Defense] Department".[5] Its chief, U.S. Marine Corps Col. Drew Cukor, said: "People and computers will work symbiotically to increase the ability of weapon systems to detect objects."[6] Project Maven has been noted by allies, such as Australia's Ian Langford, for the ability to identify adversaries by harvesting data from sensors on UAVs and satellite.[7]

In 2022, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency took over Project Maven.[8]

Technology

Project Maven involves data fusion. For data fusion, the Pentagon originally collaborated with Google, but in 2018, Google employees, including Meredith Whittaker, staged walkouts protesting Google's involvement in Project Maven.[9][10] Subsequently, Google did not renew the contract with Pentagon.[11]

Companies that have contributed to the data fusion include Palantir Technologies, Amazon Web Services, ECS Federal, L3Harris Technologies, Maxar Technologies, Microsoft and Sierra Nevada Corporation. The main data-fusion platform is made by Palantir.[12] At least 21 private companies had been involved.[13]

The data sources include photographs, satellite imagery, geolocation data (IP address, geotag, metadata, etc) from communications intercepts, infrared sensors, synthetic-aperture radar, etc. Machine learning systems, including object recognition systems, process the data and identify potential targets, such as enemy tanks or location of new military facility. The training dataset included at least 4 million images of military objects such as warships, labelled by humans. The user interface is called Maven Smart System. It could display information such as aircraft movements, logistics, locations of key personnel, locations on the no-strike list, ships, etc. Yellow-outlined boxes show potential targets. Blue-outlined boxes show friendly forces or no-strike zones. It could also transmit, directly to weapons, a human decision to fire weapons.[12]

Applications

Scarlet Dragon exercises

The 18th Airborne Corps is the main tester of Project Maven. With collaborating arms organization in US and UK, it has used Maven and weapons systems connected to it to strike targets from bombers, fighter jets and drones.[12]

Beginning in 2020, Maven was used for live-fire exercises ("Scarlet Dragon exercises").[13] The first took place at Fort Liberty. An AI system identified a tank in satellite images, the human approved, and the AI system signaled an M142 HIMARS to strike the target (in this case, a decommissioned tank). It was the first AI-enabled artillery strike in the US army.[12]

There are 6 steps in the kill chain: identify, locate, filter down to the lawful valid targets, prioritize, assign them to firing units, and fire.[13] Of these 6 steps, Maven can perform 4. A senior targeting officer estimates that with Maven, he could decide on 80 targets per hour, vs 30 targets per hour without Maven.[12] The efficiency was comparable with the targeting cell used during Operation Iraqi Freedom, but whereas the OIF used a targeting cell with roughly 2000 staff, the 18th Airborne used a targeting cell with 20 people.[13]

Use in actual conflicts

In the 2021 Kabul airlift, Maven was used to display the situation on the ground. It could simultaneously display data feeds, such as aircraft movements, logistics, threats and locations of key personnel such as Chris Donahue.[12]

In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Maven was used to display information on Ukrainian will to resist Russian forces, and locations of Russian equipment.

In February 2024, Maven was used for narrowing targets for airstrikes in Iraq and Syria. It was also used for locating rocket launchers in Yemen and surface vessels in the Red Sea, some of which were destroyed in February 2024 according to CENTCOM.[12][14]

References

  1. ^ Cade Metz. (15 March 2018). "Pentagon Wants Silicon Valley's Help on A.I.". NY Times website Archived 2022-04-08 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  2. ^ "Report: Palantir took over Project Maven, the military AI program too unethical for Google". The Next Web. 11 December 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  3. ^ Robert O. Work (26 April 2017). "Establishment of an Algorithmic Warfare Cross-Functional Team (Project Maven)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  4. ^ Cheryl Pellerin (21 July 2017). "Project Maven to Deploy Computer Algorithms to War Zone by Year's End". DoD News, Defense Media Activity. United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 4 June 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  5. ^ Allen, Gregory C. (21 December 2017). "Project Maven brings AI to the fight against ISIS". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from the original on 4 June 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  6. ^ Ethan Baron (3 June 2018). "Google Backs Off from Pentagon Project After Uproar: Report". Military.com. Mercury.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  7. ^ Skinner, Dan (29 January 2020). "Signature Management in Accelerated Warfare | Close Combat in the 21st Century". The Cove. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  8. ^ Tucker, Patrick (2022-04-26). "NGA Will Take Over Pentagon's Flagship AI Program". Defense One. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
  9. ^ Greenberg, Andy. "Under Meredith Whittaker, Signal Is Out to Prove Surveillance Capitalism Wrong". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  10. ^ "Google 'to end' Pentagon Artificial Intelligence project". BBC News. 2 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  11. ^ "Google Renounces AI Weapons; Will Still Work With Military". Bloomberg.com. 2018-06-07. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Manson, Katrina (February 28, 2024). "AI Warfare Is Already Here". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  13. ^ a b c d Building the Tech Coalition: How Project Maven and the U.S. 18th Airborne Corps Operationalized Software and Artificial Intelligence for the Department of Defense. Emelia Probasco, August 2024. Center for Security and Emerging Technology
  14. ^ "US Used AI to Help Find Middle East Targets for Airstrikes". Bloomberg.com. 2024-02-26. Retrieved 2024-11-15.