Proclamation of the Congo Free State

Early history	pre–1876
Kingdom of Kongo	1390–1914
Kingdom of Luba	1585–1889
Kingdom of Lunda	1600–1887
Kuba Kingdom	1625–1884
Kingdom of Chokwe	1800–1891
Yeke Kingdom	1856–1891

Colonization	1876–1960
Intl. African Association	1876–1879
Intl. Congo Society	1879–1885
Congo Free State (Atrocities)	1885–1908
Belgian Congo	1908–1960
World War II	1940–1945

Independence	post–1960
Congo Crisis	1960–1965
Congo–Léopoldville	1960–1971
Zaire (Shaba I / II)	1971–1997
First Congo War	1996–1997
Second Congo War	1998–2003
Joseph Kabila presidency	2001–2019
Félix Tshisekedi presidency	2019–present

Establishment

The Belgian legislative chambers, in a resolution passed by the House of Representatives on April 28, 1885, and by the Senate on April 30, had authorized Leopold II to become head of another state: "His Majesty Leopold II, King of the Belgians, is authorized to be the head of the state founded in Africa by the International Association of the Congo. The union between Belgium and the new state will be exclusively personal ",^[4] "personal" meaning that, "as far as the Belgian government is concerned, what Leopold II does in Africa, he does as a private individual as in a personal union. The government had no business getting involved. And in fact, except for a few rare moments, the King will not even keep his ministers informed of the development of his enterprise".^[5] On April 30, 1885, Leopold II assumed the title of sovereign of the independent state of Congo.

Aftermath of the establishment

It was an Englishman, Sir Francis de Winton, vice-administrator general of the Association Internationale du Congo, who officially proclaimed the foundation of the Independent State of Congo in Vivi on July 1, 1885, and the accession of Leopold II as its sovereign.^[6] On April 1, 1886, Winton completed his mandate and returned to England, where he was hired by the British East African Association. The capital was later transferred to Boma.

References

^ Katzenellenbogen, S. (1996). "It didn't happen at Berlin: Politics, economics and ignorance in the setting of Africa's colonial boundaries.". In Nugent, P.; Asiwaju, A. I. (eds.). African Boundaries: Barriers, Conduits and Opportunities. London: Pinter. pp. 21–34.
^ Cornelis, Sabine. 1991. "Stanley au service de Léopold II: La fondation de l'Etat Indépendant du Congo (1878-1885)". In H. M. Stanley: Explorateur au service du Roi, edited by Sabine Cornelis, 41-60. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa.
^ Crowe, S.E. (1942). The Berlin West African Conference, 1884–1885. London: Longmans Green.
^ Bulletin officiel de l'État indépendant du Congo, années 1885 et 1886.
^ Jean Stengers, La Fondation de l'État indépendant du Congo, Liège, Université de Liège, coll. « L'Histoire aujourd'hui », p. 5.
^ Notice biographique Francis de Winton, Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer.

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