Potassium azide

Potassium azide
Names
IUPAC name
Potassium azide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ECHA InfoCard 100.039.997 Edit this at Wikidata
UNII
  • InChI=1S/K.N3/c;1-3-2/q+1;-1
    Key: TZLVRPLSVNESQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • [N-]=[N+]=[N-].[K+]
Properties
KN3
Molar mass 81.1184 g/mol
Appearance Colorless crystals[1]
Density 2.038 g/cm3
 [1]
Melting point 350 °C (662 °F; 623 K) (in vacuum)[1]
Boiling point decomposes
41.4 g/100 mL (0 °C)
50.8 g/100 mL (20 °C)
105.7 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility 0.1375 g/100 g in ethanol (16°C)[2]
insoluble in ether
Thermochemistry
-1.7 kJ/mol
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Very Toxic, explosive if strongly heated
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gasFlammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasolineInstability 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxideSpecial hazards (white): no code
4
3
3
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
27 mg/kg (oral, rat)[3]
Related compounds
Other cations
 Sodium azide, copper(II) azide, lead(II) azide, silver azide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Potassium azide is the inorganic compound having the formula KN3. It is a white, water-soluble salt. It is used as a reagent in the laboratory.

It has been found to act as a nitrification inhibitor in soil.[4]

Structure

KN3, RbN3, CsN3, and TlN3 adopt the same structures. They crystallize in a tetragonal habit.[5] The azide is bound to eight cations in an eclipsed orientation. The cations are bound to eight terminal N centers.[6]

Coordination sphere of azide in K,Rb,Cs,TlN3

Synthesis and reactions

KN3 is prepared by treating potassium carbonate with hydrazoic acid, which is generated in situ.[7] In contrast, the analogous sodium azide is prepared (industrially) by the "Wislicenus process," which proceeds via the reaction sodium amide with nitrous oxide.[8]

Upon heating or upon irradiation with ultraviolet light, it decomposes into potassium metal and nitrogen gas.[9] The decomposition temperatures of the alkali metal azides are: NaN3 (275 °C), KN3 (355 °C), RbN3 (395 °C), CsN3 (390 °C).[10]

Under high pressures and high temperatures, potassium azide was found to transform into the K2N6 and K9N56 compounds, both containing hexazine rings: N2−
6 and N64-, respectively.[11][12]

Health hazards

Like sodium azide, potassium azide is very toxic. The threshold limit value of the related sodium azide is 0.07 ppm. The toxicity of azides arise from their ability to inhibit cytochrome c oxidase.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b c Dale L. Perry; Sidney L. Phillips (1995). Handbook of inorganic compounds. CRC Press. p. 301. ISBN 0-8493-8671-3.
  2. ^ Jiri Hála (2004). "IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series. 79. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Pseudohalides". J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 33: 16. doi:10.1063/1.1563591.
  3. ^ "Substance Name: Potassium azide". chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-11.
  4. ^ T. D. Hughes; L. F. Welch (1970). "Potassium Azide as a Nitrification Inhibitor". Agronomy Journal. 62 (5). American Society of Agronomy: 595–599. doi:10.2134/agronj1970.00021962006200050013x.
  5. ^ Khilji, M. Y.; Sherman, W. F.; Wilkinson, G. R. (1982). "Variable temperature and pressure Raman spectra of potassium azide". Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 12 (3): 300–303. Bibcode:1982JRSp...12..300K. doi:10.1002/jrs.1250120319.
  6. ^ Ulrich Müller "Verfeinerung der Kristallstrukturen von KN3, RbN3, CsN3 und TIN3" Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 1972, Volume 392, 159–166. doi:10.1002/zaac.19723920207
  7. ^ P. W. Schenk "Alkali Azides from Carbonates" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 475.
  8. ^ a b Horst H. Jobelius, Hans-Dieter Scharff "Hydrazoic Acid and Azides" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_193
  9. ^ Tompkins, F. C.; Young, D. A. (1982). "The Photochemical and Thermal Formation of Colour Centres in Potassium Azide Crystals". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 236 (1204): 10–23.
  10. ^ E. Dönges "Alkali Metals" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 475
  11. ^ Wang, Yu; Bykov, Maxim; Chepkasov, Ilya; Samtsevich, Artem; Bykova, Elena; Zhang, Xiao; Jiang, Shu-qing; Greenberg, Eran; Chariton, Stella; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Oganov, Artem R.; Goncharov, Alexander F. (21 April 2022). "Stabilization of hexazine rings in potassium polynitride at high pressure". Nature Chemistry. 14 (7): 794–800. arXiv:2010.15995. Bibcode:2022NatCh..14..794W. doi:10.1038/s41557-022-00925-0. PMID 35449217. S2CID 226222305.
  12. ^ Laniel, Dominique; Trybel, Florian; Yin, Yuqing; Fedotenko, Timofey; Khandarkhaeva, Saiana; Aslandukov, Andrey; Aprilis, Georgios; Abrikosov, Alexei I.; Bin Masood, Talha; Giacobbe, Carlotta; Bright, Eleanor Lawrence; Glazyrin, Konstantin; Hanfland, Michael; Wright, Jonathan; Hotz, Ingrid (2023-03-06). "Aromatic hexazine [N6]4− anion featured in the complex structure of the high-pressure potassium nitrogen compound K9N56". Nature Chemistry. 15 (5): 641–646. Bibcode:2023NatCh..15..641L. doi:10.1038/s41557-023-01148-7. ISSN 1755-4330. PMID 36879075. S2CID 257377020.