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Polygala vulgaris
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Polygalaceae
Genus:	Polygala
Species:	P. vulgaris
Binomial name
	Polygala vulgaris; L.

Polygala vulgaris, known as the common milkwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant of the genus Polygala in the family Polygalaceae.

Description

The biological form of Polygala vulgaris is hemicryptophyte scapose,^[2] as its overwintering buds are situated just below the soil surface and the floral axis is more or less erect with a few leaves.

Polygala vulgaris reaches on average 7–35 centimetres (2.8–13.8 in) in height. The stems have many branches and are woody at the base. It has alternating pointed leaves, almost glabrous, 2 to 4 mm wide and 10 to 20 mm long. Basal leaves are spatulate, with rounded apex, while the upper leaves are lanceolate.^[2]

The flowers are gathered in long terminal inflorescences. The colour of the corolla varies between blue and violet, it can rarely occur in purple forms. The flower's outer three sepals are normally small, green and insignificant, whilst the inner two sepals are bigger. The inner sepals are usually shorter than the petals. The stalks of the eight stamens are joined to form a tube, and united with this tube, one on either side, are two tiny petals. On the lower side of the flower lies the third petal; it too, is joined to the stamen tube, but it is larger, and fringed. The flowering period extends from May through July.^[2]

Common milkwort is quite similar to the heath milkwort (Polygala serpyllifolia), but in this species the inner sepals are usually longer than the petals. The heath milkwort can be all the same colours except for white. These four possible colours account for the milkworts' Irish folk-name of 'four sisters'.

Distribution

This species is native to Europe, including European Russia, and to Turkey.^[1] It is an introduced species in the US (Oregon and Michigan).^[2]^[3]

Habitat

Common milkwort grows in meadows, slopes, edges of forests, heaths, sunny woods, dunes and grasslands. It is frequent in patches on calcerous grassland, from sea level up to 2200 meters.^[2]

Culture

In Scandinavia, it was called Freya's hair, but after the introduction of Christianity, it was renamed after the Virgin Mary.^[4]

Medicinal uses

According to Classical and Renaissance writers common milkwort was used medicinally as an infusion to increase the flow of a nursing mother's milk.

Subspecies and varieties

Plants of the World Online recognises the following infraspecific names:^[1]

Polygala vulgaris var. caliptera Legrand – France
Polygala vulgaris subsp. collina (Rchb.) Borbás – Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain
Polygala vulgaris subsp. insubrica (Chodat) Arrigoni – Italy
Polygala vulgaris subsp. oxyptera (Rchb.) Schübl. & G.Martens
Polygala vulgaris subsp. valdarnensis (Fiori) Arrigoni - Italy
Polygala vulgaris subsp. vulgaris

Gallery

In Genoa
Blue form
Mauve form
In Genoa

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Polygala vulgaris". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982. Vol. II, pag. 32
^ Plants
^ Schön, Ebbe. (2004). Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och jättar i tro och tradition. Fält & Hässler, Värnamo. p. 228.

The Wild Flower Key British Isles-N.W. Europe by Francis Rose, page 132
Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain - The Reader's Digest Association Limited, London, 2004
Acta Plantarum