Plantago virginica

Plantago virginica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Plantago
Species:
P. virginica
Binomial name
Plantago virginica
L.
Plantago virginica specimen from the Catawba College Herbarium. Shows a plane white sheet with a dried P. virginica specimen on it. It has a leafy lower section, with long outgrowths with dried flowers in a near-cylindrical shape at the top. It takes up around a quarter of the sheet in the middle, leaving a large amount of blank room on the sheet.
Plantago virginica specimen from the Catawba College Herbarium.

Plantago virginica, common names hoary plantain and Virginia plantain, is a species of plant native to North America and introduced in Asia.[1] It is listed as a special concern in Connecticut.[2] The Kiowa use it to make garlands or wreaths for old men to wear around their heads during ceremonial dances as a symbol of health.[3] It is commonly found within the continental United States in the majority of states along coastal areas and on roads, though has become an invasive species to eastern China after its introduction c. 1980. It is an annual plant, blooming around the month of May.[4]

Description

Plantago virginica is an annual flowering plant that possesses both male and female flowers that are arranged on a spike. The entire plant is often covered in numerous tiny hairs that grow on both the leaves and stem. The habit of P. virginica is low-lying, it grows close to the ground.[5] The seeds of P. virginica are typically of a brown hue.[6] Seeds are typically around 2mm wide in size. Plantago virginica usually to grow less than a thousand meters above sea level.[7]

Taxonomy

The word Plantago is derived from two root words. The first being the Latin word planta, which simply means "flat" and -ago, which refers to a semblance of. So it is in reference to the flat appearance of some of the leaves of species within the genus.[8] Virginica is a word that is related to its provenance and is actually used for numerous species, plant or not. Examples include Crassotrea virginica,[9] Elimia virginica,[10] Itea virginica,[11] and Iris virginica.[12]

Natural habitat

Plantago virginica is native to the southern and eastern states of the United States of America.[13] While in these areas, it tends to prefer soil types with larger grains which limits the areas where it can take root.[14] Plantago virginica can be found in and around most of the continental United States and into Canada.[1]

Invasive nature

In the 1980's Plantago virginica was introduced to China via trade where it has since become an invasive species. Since its introduction in China, P. virginica has begun to develop various traits which make it distinct from its North American variety.[15] Extracts from the plant have impacted various lawn species resulting in phenomenon such as inhibited seed growth, altered growing patterns, and suppressing various mechanisms within co-occurring plants such as root growth.[16] The extra nitrogen found within the soil has helped it thrive in the eastern Chinese environment, leading to a larger general biomass than plants in the United States.[17] Plantago virginica has also begun to out compete local species such as Plantago asiatica due to allocations towards reproduction rather than towards vegetative growth. As a result, P. virginica has been reproducing higher rates than P. asiatica.[18] Plantago virginica has also spread diseases to local plants and is considered a weed of crops.[19]

The invasive population of Plantago virginica has developed several differences from its US phenotype. The Chinese population of the P. virginica tends to germinate before native North American species, but develop reproductive parts such as seeds after the native plant. Furthermore, introduced populations have less phenotypic diversity than native North American selections of P. virginica.[20] Invasive populations of P. virginica also remain dormant in the soil for shorter durations relative to native North American populations.[21]

Culture

Plantago virginica tends to grow in areas with loose and disturbed soil.[22] It tends to prefer disturbed locations such as ditches on the sides of roads, gravely patches, and similar locations.[23] Plantago virginica often blooms around the month of May and is considered a spring plant.[24]

Interactions with animals

Plantago virginica can be a food source for small insects such as beetles and weevils. Plantago virginica (as well as other Plantago species) has been found to be dispersed into environments via horse dung and survive through the horse digestive system, allowing it to be dispersed over long ranges. Laws prohibiting horse riding in an area, can have an impact on this form of dispersal.[25]

References

  1. ^ a b NRCS. "Plantago virginica". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 17 January 2018. (Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.)
  3. ^ Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 51
  4. ^ "Plantago virginica". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  5. ^ "Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  6. ^ "Plantago - FNA". beta.floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  7. ^ "Plantago virginica". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  8. ^ "Plantago - FNA". beta.floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  9. ^ "Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  10. ^ "Piedmont elimia (Elimia virginica) - Species Profile". nas.er.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  11. ^ "Itea virginica (Itea, Virginia Sweetspire, Virginia Sweet Spire, Virginia Willow) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  12. ^ "Iris virginica (Southern Blue Flag Iris) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  13. ^ "Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  14. ^ "Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain, Hoary Plantain, Paleseed Indian-wheat, Pale Seed Plantain, Paleseed Plantain, Southern Plantain, Virginia Plantain) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  15. ^ Luo, Xi; Xu, Xinyu; Zheng, Yi; Guo, Hui; Hu, Shuijin (2019-05-16). "The role of phenotypic plasticity and rapid adaptation in determining invasion success of Plantago virginica". Biological Invasions. 21 (8): 2679–2692. doi:10.1007/s10530-019-02004-x. ISSN 1387-3547. S2CID 155104357.
  16. ^ Wang, Huatian; Zhou, Yumei; Chen, Yang; Wang, Quanxi; Jiang, Lifen; Luo, Yiqi (2015-04-27). "Allelopathic Potential of Invasive Plantago virginica on Four Lawn Species". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0125433. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125433. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4411108. PMID 25915515.
  17. ^ Luo, Xi; Xu, Xinyu; Zheng, Yi; Guo, Hui; Hu, Shuijin (2019-08-01). "The role of phenotypic plasticity and rapid adaptation in determining invasion success of Plantago virginica". Biological Invasions. 21 (8): 2679–2692. doi:10.1007/s10530-019-02004-x. ISSN 1573-1464. S2CID 155104357.
  18. ^ "Growth characteristics and relative competitive capacity of Plantago virginica and P.asiatica--《Chinese Journal of Ecology》2008年04期". en.cnki.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  19. ^ Popp, Teresa (2014-01-01). "Phenotypic Variation in Native North American and Invasive Chinese Populations of Plantago Virginica". Electronic Theses and Dissertations.
  20. ^ Popp, Teresa (2014-01-01). "Phenotypic Variation in Native North American and Invasive Chinese Populations of Plantago Virginica". Electronic Theses and Dissertations.
  21. ^ Xu, Xinyu (2019). "Differential germination strategies of native and introduced populations of the invasive species Plantago virginica". NeoBiota. 43: 101–118. doi:10.3897/neobiota.43.30392. S2CID 109230512.
  22. ^ "Plantago virginica - FNA". beta.floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  23. ^ "Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain, Hoary Plantain, Paleseed Indian-wheat, Pale Seed Plantain, Paleseed Plantain, Southern Plantain, Virginia Plantain) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  24. ^ "Plantago virginica". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  25. ^ Campbell, Jonathan E.; Gibson, David J. (2001-11-01). "The effect of seeds of exotic species transported via horse dung on vegetation along trail corridors". Plant Ecology. 157 (1): 23–35. doi:10.1023/A:1013751615636. ISSN 1573-5052. S2CID 25075261.

Read other articles:

Kabel tembaga

Kabel tembaga Kabel tembaga adalah kabel yang terbuat dari tembaga sebagai konduktor dan telah digunakan dalam kabel listrik sejak penemuan elektromagnet dan telegraf pada tahun 1820-an. Penemuan telepon pada tahun 1876 juga ikut menciptakan permintaan lebih lanjut untuk menjadikan kawat tembaga sebagai konduktor listrik.[1] Tembaga adalah konduktor listrik dalam banyak kategori kabel listrik. Kawat tembaga digunakan dalam pembangkit listrik, transmisi daya, distribusi daya, telekomun...

 

 

Lockheed P-38 Lightning

American twin-engined fighter of WWII P-38 redirects here. For other uses, see P-38 (disambiguation). P-38 Lightning A P-38 Lightning warbird over Chino Airport in 2009 Role Fighter Fighter-bomber Aerial reconnaissance Type of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer Lockheed Corporation First flight 27 January 1939 Introduction July 1941[1] Retired 1949 (United States Air Force) 1965 (Honduran Air Force)[2] Primary users United States Army Air ForcesFree Frenc...

 

 

John P. Allen

American systems ecologist For the Canadian musician, see John P. Allen (musician). John P. AllenBornJohn Polk Allen (1929-05-06) May 6, 1929 (age 94)Oklahoma, U.S.NationalityAmericanAlma materColorado School of MinesHarvard Business SchoolNorthwestern UniversityOccupation(s)systems ecologist, engineerMetallurgistAdventurerWriter John Polk Allen (born May 6, 1929, Carnegie, Oklahoma)[1] is a systems ecologist, engineer, metallurgist, adventurer, and writer.[2] Allen ...

Rosie O'Donnell

American comedian and actress (born 1962) This article is about the entertainer. For Air Force General Emmett Rosie O'Donnell Jr., see Emmett O'Donnell Jr. Rosie O'DonnellO'Donnell in 2006BornRoseann O'Donnell[1] (1962-03-21) March 21, 1962 (age 62)Commack, New York, U.S.EducationDickinson CollegeBoston UniversityOccupation(s)Television presenter, comedian, producer, actor, authorYears active1979–presentPolitical partyDemocraticSpouses Kelli Carpenter ​ ​&#...

 

 

Template talk:Texas Rangers

This template was considered for deletion on 2007 April 26. The result of the discussion was keep. Baseball Template‑class Baseball portalThis template is within the scope of WikiProject Baseball, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of baseball on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.BaseballWikipedia:WikiProject BaseballTemplate:WikiProject BaseballBaseball articlesTemplateThis ...

 

 

Michel Sardou

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Sardou. Michel SardouMichel Sardou en 2014 à la Cérémonie des Molières.BiographieNaissance 26 janvier 1947 (77 ans)18e arrondissement de Paris (France)Nom de naissance Michel Charles SardouNationalité françaiseActivités Chanteur, compositeur, acteurPériode d'activité 1965 - 2024Père Fernand SardouMère Jackie SardouConjoint Anne-Marie Périer (depuis 1999)Enfants Romain SardouDavy SardouAutres informationsInstrument Guitare basseLabels Barclay...

Greg Evigan

Greg EviganGreg Evigan at the premiere of Step Up 2: The StreetsLahirGregory Ralph Evigan14 Oktober 1953 (umur 70)South Amboy, New Jersey, U.S.PekerjaanActor, composer, producerTahun aktif1976–presentSuami/istriPamela C. Serpe (1979-present; 3 children)Situs webhttp://www.evigan.com/ Gregory Ralph Greg Evigan (lahir 14 Oktober 1961) adalah pemeran berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat. Namanya dikenal melalui sejumlah drama seri di televisi antara lain B. J. and the Bear, My Two Dads, P....

 

 

Tribe of Mic-O-Say

Honor society for American scouts Tribe of Mic-O-SayLocationOsceola, MissouriCountryUnited StatesFounded1925 (sometimes cited as founded in 1924 in Wyoming)FounderHarold Roe Bartle Website Camp Geiger Mic-O-Say Bartle Reservation Mic-O-Say  Scouting portal The Tribe of Mic-O-Say is an honor society used by two local councils of the Boy Scouts of America, the Pony Express Council at Camp Geiger Reservation, and the Heart of America Council at the H. Roe Bartle Scout Reservation. Similar p...

 

 

Коваленко Сергій Станіславович

У Вікіпедії є статті про інших людей із прізвищем Коваленко. Тема цієї статті може не відповідати загальним критеріям значущості Вікіпедії. Будь ласка, допоможіть підтвердити значущість, додавши посилання на надійні вторинні джерела, які є незалежними для цієї теми. Якщ...

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Solvent, now banned for ozone depletion 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Skeletal formula of 1,1,1-trichloroethane Space-filling model of 1,1,1-trichloroethane Names Preferred IUPAC name 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Other names 1,1,1-TCA, Methyl chloroform, Chlorothene, Solvent 111, R-140a, Genklene, monochlorethylidene chloride (archaic) Identifiers CAS Number 71-55-6 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:36015 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL16080 Y ChemSpider 6042 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.000.688 E...

 

 

Larisa Tutova

Russian politician In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Nikolaevna and the family name is Tutova. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (February 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accu...

 

 

Proposed high-speed rail by country

For planned extensions of existing high-speed rail networks, see List of high-speed railway lines. This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2022) This is a list of planned, or proposed, high-speed rail projects by country. Although a number of countries have conducted preliminary feasibility studies, many lines are eventually shelved or postponed due to high costs; only a few nations are building high-s...

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Intergovernmental organization United Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeEstablished1997TypeSecretariat officeLegal statusActiveHeadquartersVienna, AustriaHeadGhada Waly (since 2020)Parent organizationUnited Nations SecretariatWebsitewww.unodc.org Politics portal UNODC headquarters in Vienna The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC; French: Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime) is a United Nations office that was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control...

 

 

Roman diocese

For the ecclesiastical district headed by a bishop, see Diocese. For the diocese of the Bishop of Rome, see Diocese of Rome. Administrative unit of the Roman Empire The division of the empire into Praetorian prefectures and dioceses after the first reorganisation under the Tetrarchy. In the Late Roman Empire, usually dated 284 AD to 641 AD, the regional governance district known as the Roman or civil diocese was made up of a grouping of provinces each headed by a Vicarius, who were ...

 

 

Schoellkopf Power Station

United States historic placeSchoellkopf Power Station No. 3 SiteU.S. National Register of Historic Places Schoellkopf Power Station No. 3 SiteLocationEast Bank of Niagara River, 1,600 feet downriver from Rainbow Bridge, Niagara Falls, New YorkCoordinates43°5′35.44″N 79°3′46.29″W / 43.0931778°N 79.0628583°W / 43.0931778; -79.0628583NRHP reference No.13000029[1]Added to NRHPFebruary 20, 2013 The Schoellkopf Power Station was built on land o...

Faute lourde (droit français)

Ne doit pas être confondu avec Faute grave (droit français). En droit français, la faute lourde est la catégorie de faute la plus grave. Son appréciation, et ses conséquences, sont différentes selon les domaines : droit de la responsabilité, droit du travail ou droit administratif. Droit civil Droit de la responsabilité contractuelle Responsabilité civile en France Fondamentaux Dommage Fait générateur (Faute) Lien de causalité Garantie Responsabilité contractuelle Exceptio...

 

 

Élections européennes de 1999 en Espagne

1994 2004 Élections européennes de 1999 en Espagne 64 députés européens 13 juin 1999 Corps électoral et résultats Inscrits 33 840 432 Votants 21 334 948   63,05 %  3,9 Votes exprimés 21 166 264 Votes nuls 168 684 Parti populaire – Loyola de Palacio Voix 8 410 993 39,74 %   0,4 Sièges obtenus 27  1 Parti socialiste ouvrier espagnol – Rosa Díez Voix 7 477 823 35,33 %...

 

 

Fourier optics

Study of classical optics using Fourier transforms Fourier optics is the study of classical optics using Fourier transforms (FTs), in which the waveform being considered is regarded as made up of a combination, or superposition, of plane waves. It has some parallels to the Huygens–Fresnel principle, in which the wavefront is regarded as being made up of a combination of spherical wavefronts (also called phasefronts) whose sum is the wavefront being studied. A key difference is that Fourier ...

Agriculture in Upper Canada

Agriculture in Upper Canada (now Ontario) Part of a series on the History of Ontario Timeline First NationsPays d'en Haut1500s–1763Province of Quebec1763–1791Upper Canada1791–1841Canada West1841–1867Ontario1867–present Upper Canada Topics Legislative Assembly The Family Compact The Reform Movement Upper Canada Rebellion Agriculture Work and labour organization Corporations Imprisonment for debt Book & newspaper publishers Orange Order Province of Canada Topic...

 

 

Thrapston

Town in Northamptonshire, England Human settlement in EnglandThrapstonChurch of St James, ThrapstonThrapstonLocation within NorthamptonshirePopulation7,238 (2021 Census)OS grid referenceSP997784Unitary authorityNorth NorthamptonshireCeremonial countyNorthamptonshireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townKETTERINGPostcode districtNN14Dialling code01832PoliceNorthamptonshireFireNorthamptonshireAmbulanceEast Midlands UK ...