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A Josephson junction (JJ) is a quantum mechanical device which is made of two superconducting electrodes separated by a barrier (thin insulating tunnel barrier, normal metal, semiconductor, ferromagnet, etc.). A $π$ Josephson junction is a Josephson junction in which the Josephson phase φ equals $π$ in the ground state, i.e. when no external current or magnetic field is applied.

Background

The supercurrent I_s through a Josephson junction is generally given by I_s = I_csin(φ), where φ is the phase difference of the superconducting wave functions of the two electrodes, i.e. the Josephson phase.^[1] The critical current I_c is the maximum supercurrent that can exist through the Josephson junction. In experiment, one usually causes some current through the Josephson junction and the junction reacts by changing the Josephson phase. From the above formula it is clear that the phase φ = arcsin(I/I_c), where I is the applied (super)current.

Since the phase is 2 $π$ -periodic, i.e. φ and φ + 2 $π$ n are physically equivalent, without losing generality, the discussion below refers to the interval 0 ≤ φ < 2 $π$ .

When no current (I = 0) exists through the Josephson junction, e.g. when the junction is disconnected, the junction is in the ground state and the Josephson phase across it is zero (φ = 0). The phase can also be φ = $π$ , also resulting in no current through the junction. It turns out that the state with φ = $π$ is unstable and corresponds to the Josephson energy maximum, while the state φ = 0 corresponds to the Josephson energy minimum and is a ground state.

In certain cases, one may obtain a Josephson junction where the critical current is negative (I_c < 0). In this case, the first Josephson relation becomes

I_{s}=-|I_{c}|\sin(\varphi )=|I_{c}|\sin(\varphi +\pi )

The ground state of such a Josephson junction is $\phi =\pi$ and corresponds to the Josephson energy minimum, while the conventional state φ = 0 is unstable and corresponds to the Josephson energy maximum. Such a Josephson junction with $\phi =\pi$ in the ground state is called a $π$ Josephson junction.

$π$ Josephson junctions have quite unusual properties. For example, if one connects (shorts) the superconducting electrodes with the inductance L (e.g. superconducting wire), one may expect the spontaneous supercurrent circulating in the loop, passing through the junction and through inductance clockwise or counterclockwise. This supercurrent is spontaneous and belongs to the ground state of the system. The direction of its circulation is chosen at random. This supercurrent will of course induce a magnetic field which can be detected experimentally. The magnetic flux passing through the loop will have the value from 0 to a half of magnetic flux quanta, i.e. from 0 to Φ₀/2, depending on the value of inductance L.

Technologies and physical principles

Ferromagnetic Josephson junctions. Consider a Josephson junction with a ferromagnetic Josephson barrier, i.e. the multilayers superconductor-ferromagnet-superconductor (SFS) or superconductor-insulator-ferromagnet-superconductor (SIFS). In such structures the superconducting order parameter inside the F-layer oscillates in the direction perpendicular to the junction plane. As a result, for certain thicknesses of the F-layer and temperatures, the order parameter may become +1 at one superconducting electrode and −1 at the other superconducting electrode. In this situation one gets a $π$ Josephson junction. Note that inside the F-layer the competition of different solutions takes place and the one with the lower energy wins out. Various ferromagnetic $\pi$ junctions have been fabricated: SFS junctions with weak ferromagnetic interlayers;^[2] SFS junctions with strong ferromagnetic interlayers, such as Co, Ni,^[3] PdFe ^[4] and NiFe^[5] SIFS junctions;^[3]^[6]^[7]^[8] and S-Fi-S junctions.^[9]

Josephson junctions with unconventional order parameter symmetry. Novel superconductors, notably high temperature cuprate superconductors, have an anisotropic superconducting order parameter which can change its sign depending on the direction. In particular, a so-called d-wave order parameter has a value of +1 if one looks along the crystal axis a and −1 if one looks along the crystal axis b. If one looks along the ab direction (45° between a and b) the order parameter vanishes. By making Josephson junctions between d-wave superconducting films with different orientations or between d-wave and conventional isotropic s-wave superconductors, one can get a phase shift of $\pi$ $\pi$ . Nowadays there are several realizations of π Josephson junctions of this type:
- tri-crystal grain boundary Josephson junctions,^[10]
- tetra-crystal grain boundary Josephson junctions,^[11]^[12]
- d-wave/s-wave ramp zigzag Josephson junctions,^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]
- tilt-twist grain boundary Josephson junctions,^[17]
- p-wave based Josephson junctions.
Superconductor–normal metal–superconductor (SNS) Josephson junctions with non-equilibrium electron distribution in N-layer.^[18]
Superconductor–quantum dot–superconductor (S-QuDot-S) Josephson junctions (implemented by carbon nanotube Josephson junctions).^[19]

Historical developments

Theoretically, the first time the possibility of creating a $\pi$ Josephson junction was discussed by Bulaevskii et al. , ^[20] who considered a Josephson junction with paramagnetic scattering in the barrier. Almost one decade later, the possibility of having a $\pi$ Josephson junction was discussed in the context of heavy fermion p-wave superconductors. ^[21] Experimentally, the first $\pi$ Josephson junction was a corner junction made of yttrium barium copper oxide (d-wave) and Pb (s-wave) superconductors.^[13] The first unambiguous proof of a $\pi$ Josephson junction with a ferromagnetic barrier was given only a decade later.^[2] That work used a weak ferromagnet consisting of a copper-nickel alloy (Cu_xNi_1−x, with x around 0.5) and optimized it so that the Curie temperature was close to the superconducting transition temperature of the superconducting niobium leads.

References

^ B. D. Josephson (1962). "Possible new effects in superconducting tunnelling". Physics Letters. 1 (7): 251–253. Bibcode:1962PhL.....1..251J. doi:10.1016/0031-9163(62)91369-0.
^ ^a ^b V. V. Ryazanov; V. A. Oboznov; A. Yu. Rusanov; A. V. Veretennikov; A. A. Golubov; J. Aarts (2001). "Coupling of two superconductors through a ferromagnet: evidence of a $\pi$ -junction". Physical Review Letters. 86 (11): 2427–30. arXiv:cond-mat/0008364. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..86.2427R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.2427. PMID 11289946. S2CID 14287723.
^ ^a ^b A. A. Bannykh; J. Pfeiffer; V. S. Stolyarov; I. E. Batov; V. V. Ryazanov; M. Weides (2009). "Josephson tunnel junctions with a strong ferromagnetic interlayer". Physical Review B. 79 (5): 054501. arXiv:0808.3332. Bibcode:2009PhRvB..79e4501B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.054501. S2CID 118585206.
^ Bol’ginov, V. V.; Stolyarov, V. S.; Sobanin, D. S.; Karpovich, A. L.; Ryazanov, V. V. (14 June 2012). "Magnetic switches based on Nb-PdFe-Nb Josephson junctions with a magnetically soft ferromagnetic interlayer". JETP Letters. 95 (7): 366–371. Bibcode:2012JETPL..95..366B. doi:10.1134/S0021364012070028. S2CID 255193112.
^ J. W. A. Robinson; S. Piano; G. Burnell; C. Bell; M. G. Blamire (2006). "Critical Current Oscillations in Strong Ferromagnetic $\pi$ Junctions". Physical Review Letters. 97 (17): 177003. arXiv:cond-mat/0606067. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97q7003R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.177003. PMID 17155498. S2CID 15065094.
^ T. Kontos; M. Aprili; J. Lesueur; F. Genêt; B. Stephanidis; R. Boursier (2002). "Josephson Junction through a Thin Ferromagnetic Layer: Negative Coupling". Physical Review Letters. 89 (13): 137007. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..89m7007K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.137007. PMID 12225057.
^ Larkin, Timofei I.; Bol’ginov, Vitaly V.; Stolyarov, Vasily S.; Ryazanov, Valery V.; Vernik, Igor V.; Tolpygo, Sergey K.; Mukhanov, Oleg A. (28 May 2012). "Ferromagnetic Josephson switching device with high characteristic voltage". Applied Physics Letters. 100 (22): 222601. arXiv:1205.3372. Bibcode:2012ApPhL.100v2601L. doi:10.1063/1.4723576. S2CID 108880998.
^ M. Weides; M. Kemmler; E. Goldobin; D. Koelle; R. Kleiner; H. Kohlstedt; A. Buzdin (2006). "High quality ferromagnetic 0 and $π$ Josephson tunnel junctions". Applied Physics Letters. 89 (12): 122511. arXiv:cond-mat/0604097. Bibcode:2006ApPhL..89l2511W. doi:10.1063/1.2356104. S2CID 119414108.
^ O. Vávra; S. Gaži; D. S. Golubović; I. Vávra; J. Dérer; J. Verbeeck; G. Van Tendeloo; V. V. Moshchalkov (2006). "0 and $\pi$ phase Josephson coupling through an insulating barrier with magnetic impurities". Physical Review B. 74 (2): 020502. arXiv:cond-mat/0606513. Bibcode:2006PhRvB..74b0502V. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.020502. S2CID 118169105.
^ C. C. Tsuei; J. R. Kirtley (2000). "Pairing symmetry in cuprate superconductors". Reviews of Modern Physics. 72 (4): 969–1016. Bibcode:2000RvMP...72..969T. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.72.969.
^ B. Chesca (1999). "Magnetic field dependencies of the critical current and of the resonant modes of dc SQUIDs fabricated from superconductors with $s+id_{x^{2}-y^{2}}$ order-parameter symmetries". Annalen der Physik. 8 (6): 511. Bibcode:1999AnP...511..511C. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3889(199909)8:6<511::AID-ANDP511>3.0.CO;2-K. S2CID 121496740.
^ R. R. Schulz; B. Chesca; B. Goetz; C. W. Schneider; A. Schmehl; H. Bielefeldt; H. Hilgenkamp; J. Mannhart; C. C. Tsuei (2000). "Design and realization of an all d-wave dc $\pi$ -superconducting quantum interference device". Applied Physics Letters. 76 (7): 912. Bibcode:2000ApPhL..76..912S. doi:10.1063/1.125627.
^ ^a ^b D. J. Van Harlingen (1995). "Phase-sensitive tests of the symmetry of the pairing state in the high-temperature superconductors—Evidence for $d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}$ symmetry". Reviews of Modern Physics. 67 (2): 515. Bibcode:1995RvMP...67..515V. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.67.515.
^ H. J. H. Smilde; Ariando; D. H. A. Blank; G. J. Gerritsma; H. Hilgenkamp; H. Rogalla (2002). "d-Wave–Induced Josephson Current Counterflow in YBa₂Cu₃O₇/Nb Zigzag Junctions" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 88 (5): 057004. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88e7004S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.057004. PMID 11863770.
^ H. Hilgenkamp; Ariando; H.-J. H. Smilde; D. H. A. Blank; G. Rijnders; H. Rogalla; J. R. Kirtley; C. C. Tsuei (2003). "Ordering and manipulation of the magnetic moments in large-scale superconducting $π$ -loop arrays" (PDF). Nature. 422 (6927): 50–3. Bibcode:2003Natur.422...50H. doi:10.1038/nature01442. PMID 12621428. S2CID 4398135.
^ Ariando; D. Darminto; H.-J. H. Smilde; V. Leca; D. H. A. Blank; H. Rogalla; H. Hilgenkamp (2005). "Phase-Sensitive Order Parameter Symmetry Test Experiments Utilizing Nd_2−xCe_xCuO_4−y/Nb Zigzag Junctions". Physical Review Letters. 94 (16): 167001. arXiv:cond-mat/0503429. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94p7001A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.167001. PMID 15907157. S2CID 40303220.
^ F. Lombardi; F. Tafuri; F. Ricci; F. Miletto Granozio; A. Barone; G. Testa; E. Sarnelli; J. R. Kirtley; C. C. Tsuei (2002). "Intrinsic d-Wave Effects in YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ Grain Boundary Josephson Junctions". Physical Review Letters. 89 (20): 207001. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..89t7001L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.207001. PMID 12443500.
^ J. J. A. Baselmans; A. F. Morpurgo; B. J. Van Wees; T. M. Klapwijk (1999). "Reversing the direction of the supercurrent in a controllable Josephson junction" (PDF). Nature. 397 (6714): 43–45. Bibcode:1999Natur.397...43B. doi:10.1038/16204. hdl:11370/5fb24819-28e7-481d-b6e3-fa4d18718495. S2CID 4359828.
^ J.-P. Cleuziou; W. Wernsdorfer; V. Bouchiat; T. Ondarçuhu; M. Monthioux (2006). "Carbon nanotube Superconducting Quantum Interference Device". Nature Nanotechnology. 1 (1): 53–9. Bibcode:2006NatNa...1...53C. doi:10.1038/nnano.2006.54. PMID 18654142. S2CID 1942814.
^ L. N. Bulaevskii; V. V. Kuziǐ; A. A. Sobyanin (1977). "Superconducting system with weak coupling to the current in the ground state". JETP Letters. 25: 290–294. Bibcode:1977JETPL..25..290B.
^ V. B. Geshkenbein; A. I. Larkin; A. Barone (1987). "Vortices with half magnetic flux quanta in heavy-fermion superconductors". Physical Review B. 36 (1): 235–238. Bibcode:1987PhRvB..36..235G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.36.235. PMID 9942041.

[1] B. D. Josephson (1962). "Possible new effects in superconducting tunnelling". Physics Letters. 1 (7): 251–253. Bibcode:1962PhL.....1..251J. doi:10.1016/0031-9163(62)91369-0.

[Ryazanov:SFS-2] V. V. Ryazanov; V. A. Oboznov; A. Yu. Rusanov; A. V. Veretennikov; A. A. Golubov; J. Aarts (2001). "Coupling of two superconductors through a ferromagnet: evidence of a $\pi$ -junction". Physical Review Letters. 86 (11): 2427–30. arXiv:cond-mat/0008364. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..86.2427R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.2427. PMID 11289946. S2CID 14287723.

[Bannykh:SIFS-3] A. A. Bannykh; J. Pfeiffer; V. S. Stolyarov; I. E. Batov; V. V. Ryazanov; M. Weides (2009). "Josephson tunnel junctions with a strong ferromagnetic interlayer". Physical Review B. 79 (5): 054501. arXiv:0808.3332. Bibcode:2009PhRvB..79e4501B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.054501. S2CID 118585206.

[Bolg-4] Bol’ginov, V. V.; Stolyarov, V. S.; Sobanin, D. S.; Karpovich, A. L.; Ryazanov, V. V. (14 June 2012). "Magnetic switches based on Nb-PdFe-Nb Josephson junctions with a magnetically soft ferromagnetic interlayer". JETP Letters. 95 (7): 366–371. Bibcode:2012JETPL..95..366B. doi:10.1134/S0021364012070028. S2CID 255193112.

[Robinson:SFS-5] J. W. A. Robinson; S. Piano; G. Burnell; C. Bell; M. G. Blamire (2006). "Critical Current Oscillations in Strong Ferromagnetic $\pi$ Junctions". Physical Review Letters. 97 (17): 177003. arXiv:cond-mat/0606067. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97q7003R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.177003. PMID 17155498. S2CID 15065094.

[Kontos:SIFS-6] T. Kontos; M. Aprili; J. Lesueur; F. Genêt; B. Stephanidis; R. Boursier (2002). "Josephson Junction through a Thin Ferromagnetic Layer: Negative Coupling". Physical Review Letters. 89 (13): 137007. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..89m7007K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.137007. PMID 12225057.

[Lark-7] Larkin, Timofei I.; Bol’ginov, Vitaly V.; Stolyarov, Vasily S.; Ryazanov, Valery V.; Vernik, Igor V.; Tolpygo, Sergey K.; Mukhanov, Oleg A. (28 May 2012). "Ferromagnetic Josephson switching device with high characteristic voltage". Applied Physics Letters. 100 (22): 222601. arXiv:1205.3372. Bibcode:2012ApPhL.100v2601L. doi:10.1063/1.4723576. S2CID 108880998.

[Weides:SIFS-8] M. Weides; M. Kemmler; E. Goldobin; D. Koelle; R. Kleiner; H. Kohlstedt; A. Buzdin (2006). "High quality ferromagnetic 0 and $π$ Josephson tunnel junctions". Applied Physics Letters. 89 (12): 122511. arXiv:cond-mat/0604097. Bibcode:2006ApPhL..89l2511W. doi:10.1063/1.2356104. S2CID 119414108.

[Vavra:SFiS-9] O. Vávra; S. Gaži; D. S. Golubović; I. Vávra; J. Dérer; J. Verbeeck; G. Van Tendeloo; V. V. Moshchalkov (2006). "0 and $\pi$ phase Josephson coupling through an insulating barrier with magnetic impurities". Physical Review B. 74 (2): 020502. arXiv:cond-mat/0606513. Bibcode:2006PhRvB..74b0502V. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.020502. S2CID 118169105.

[10] C. C. Tsuei; J. R. Kirtley (2000). "Pairing symmetry in cuprate superconductors". Reviews of Modern Physics. 72 (4): 969–1016. Bibcode:2000RvMP...72..969T. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.72.969.

[11] B. Chesca (1999). "Magnetic field dependencies of the critical current and of the resonant modes of dc SQUIDs fabricated from superconductors with $s+id_{x^{2}-y^{2}}$ order-parameter symmetries". Annalen der Physik. 8 (6): 511. Bibcode:1999AnP...511..511C. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3889(199909)8:6<511::AID-ANDP511>3.0.CO;2-K. S2CID 121496740.

[12] R. R. Schulz; B. Chesca; B. Goetz; C. W. Schneider; A. Schmehl; H. Bielefeldt; H. Hilgenkamp; J. Mannhart; C. C. Tsuei (2000). "Design and realization of an all d-wave dc $\pi$ -superconducting quantum interference device". Applied Physics Letters. 76 (7): 912. Bibcode:2000ApPhL..76..912S. doi:10.1063/1.125627.

[r1-13] D. J. Van Harlingen (1995). "Phase-sensitive tests of the symmetry of the pairing state in the high-temperature superconductors—Evidence for $d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}$ symmetry". Reviews of Modern Physics. 67 (2): 515. Bibcode:1995RvMP...67..515V. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.67.515.

[14] H. J. H. Smilde; Ariando; D. H. A. Blank; G. J. Gerritsma; H. Hilgenkamp; H. Rogalla (2002). "d-Wave–Induced Josephson Current Counterflow in YBa₂Cu₃O₇/Nb Zigzag Junctions" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 88 (5): 057004. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88e7004S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.057004. PMID 11863770.

[15] H. Hilgenkamp; Ariando; H.-J. H. Smilde; D. H. A. Blank; G. Rijnders; H. Rogalla; J. R. Kirtley; C. C. Tsuei (2003). "Ordering and manipulation of the magnetic moments in large-scale superconducting $π$ -loop arrays" (PDF). Nature. 422 (6927): 50–3. Bibcode:2003Natur.422...50H. doi:10.1038/nature01442. PMID 12621428. S2CID 4398135.

[16] Ariando; D. Darminto; H.-J. H. Smilde; V. Leca; D. H. A. Blank; H. Rogalla; H. Hilgenkamp (2005). "Phase-Sensitive Order Parameter Symmetry Test Experiments Utilizing Nd_2−xCe_xCuO_4−y/Nb Zigzag Junctions". Physical Review Letters. 94 (16): 167001. arXiv:cond-mat/0503429. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94p7001A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.167001. PMID 15907157. S2CID 40303220.

[17] F. Lombardi; F. Tafuri; F. Ricci; F. Miletto Granozio; A. Barone; G. Testa; E. Sarnelli; J. R. Kirtley; C. C. Tsuei (2002). "Intrinsic d-Wave Effects in YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ Grain Boundary Josephson Junctions". Physical Review Letters. 89 (20): 207001. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..89t7001L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.207001. PMID 12443500.

[Beselmans:NonEqPiJJ-18] J. J. A. Baselmans; A. F. Morpurgo; B. J. Van Wees; T. M. Klapwijk (1999). "Reversing the direction of the supercurrent in a controllable Josephson junction" (PDF). Nature. 397 (6714): 43–45. Bibcode:1999Natur.397...43B. doi:10.1038/16204. hdl:11370/5fb24819-28e7-481d-b6e3-fa4d18718495. S2CID 4359828.

[CNT-JJ-19] J.-P. Cleuziou; W. Wernsdorfer; V. Bouchiat; T. Ondarçuhu; M. Monthioux (2006). "Carbon nanotube Superconducting Quantum Interference Device". Nature Nanotechnology. 1 (1): 53–9. Bibcode:2006NatNa...1...53C. doi:10.1038/nnano.2006.54. PMID 18654142. S2CID 1942814.

[Bulaevskii:pi-loop-20] L. N. Bulaevskii; V. V. Kuziǐ; A. A. Sobyanin (1977). "Superconducting system with weak coupling to the current in the ground state". JETP Letters. 25: 290–294. Bibcode:1977JETPL..25..290B.

[Geshkenbein-21] V. B. Geshkenbein; A. I. Larkin; A. Barone (1987). "Vortices with half magnetic flux quanta in heavy-fermion superconductors". Physical Review B. 36 (1): 235–238. Bibcode:1987PhRvB..36..235G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.36.235. PMID 9942041.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Pi Josephson junction

Background

Technologies and physical principles

Historical developments

See also

References

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