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Phyllosiphon

Phyllosiphon
Illustration of "Phyllosiphon arisari": A, leaf of "Arisarum vulgare" showing the infection; B, algal branches in the petiole; C, part of algal thallus with aplanospores; D, aplanospores
Illustration of Phyllosiphon arisari: A, leaf of Arisarum vulgare showing the infection; B, algal branches in the petiole; C, part of algal thallus with aplanospores; D, aplanospores
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Trebouxiophyceae
Order: Phyllosiphonales
Family: Phyllosiphonaceae
Genus: Phyllosiphon
J.G.Kühn, 1878[1]
Type species
Phyllosiphon arisari
Species[2]

Phyllosiphon is a genus of green algae in the class Trebouxiophyceae.[3] Unusually among the green algae, members of Phyllosiphon are often parasitic within the leaves of Araceae, causing necrosis. It has a mostly tropical to subtropical distribution, and is found primarily in the Mediterranean region,[4] but has also been isolated in North America, Australia, Africa,[5] and China.[6]

Description

Most members of Phyllosiphon are parasitic green algae that inhabit the leaves of plants in the family Araceae. When inside the leaves, they cause yellowish-green spots; they remain greenish in color even when the leaf dries. Microscopically, the thallus of Phyllosiphon consists of branched, siphonal filaments which penetrate the space between leaf parenchyma cells. Asexual reproduction occurs from the formation of endospores, which fill the filaments. Endospores are about 3-6 μm in diameter and ellipsoidal.[4]

A number of species of Phyllosiphon are free-living, but are phylogenetically in the same clade as parasitic Phyllosiphon species, and are therefore placed in the genus. When free-living, the cells are solitary and coccoid. Cells contain a single parietal, lobed chloroplast with[6] or without pyrenoids, as well as oil droplets and carbohydrates.[4]

Ecology

Illustration of the phytopathogenic green algae Phyllosiphon arisari, which affects the foliage of Arisarum

The species Phyllosiphon arisari Kühn induces necrosis in leaf tissue of Arisarum, after invading the intracellular space.[5] Another species, Phyllosiphon ari, parasitizes leaves of Arum italicum.[7] Five additional species have been described from the tropics, but have not been reported since.[4]

When free-living, Phyllosiphon species inhabit a variety of terrestrial habitats, in particular subaerial biofilms on tree bark.[4]

References

  1. ^ Kühn, J.G. (1878). Ueber eine neue parasitische Alge Phyllosiphon Arisari welche die Laubblaetter einer terrestrischen Pflanze ganz in derselben Weise befaellt, wie dies von parasitischen Pilzen bekannt ist. Sitzungsberichten der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle 1878: 25-26?.
  2. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2019. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=43818; searched on 21 May 2019.
  3. ^ Round, F. E. (1981). The Ecology of Algae. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 398-400, [1].
  4. ^ a b c d e Procházková, Kateina; Nmcová, Yvonne; Kulichová, Jana; Neustupa, Jií (2015). "Morphology and phylogeny of parasitic and free-living members of the genus Phyllosiphon (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)". Nova Hedwigia. 101 (3–4): 501–518. doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2015/0288.
  5. ^ a b Aboal, Marina; Werner, Olaf (2011). "Morphology, fine structure, life cycle and phylogenetic analysis of Phyllosiphon arisari, a siphonous parasitic green alga". European Journal of Phycology. 46 (3): 181–192. Bibcode:2011EJPhy..46..181A. doi:10.1080/09670262.2011.590902.
  6. ^ a b Procházková, Kateřina; Némcová, Yvonne; Neustupa, Jiří (2018). "Phyllosiphon duini sp. Nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), a Species Isolated from a Corticolous Phototrophic Biofilm". Cryptogamie, Algologie. 39: 23–34. doi:10.7872/crya/v39.iss1.2018.23.
  7. ^ Procházková, Kateřina; Němcová, Yvonne; Neustupa, Jiří (2016). "Phyllosiphon ari sp. nov. (Watanabea clade, Trebouxiophyceae), a new parasitic species isolated from leaves of Arum italicum (Araceae)
    ". Phytotaxa. 283 (2): 143. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.283.2.3.
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