Phlomoides tuberosa

Phlomoides tuberosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Phlomoides
Species:
P. tuberosa
Binomial name
Phlomoides tuberosa
Synonyms[1]
Synonymy

Phlomoides tuberosa (syn. Phlomis tuberosa), the sage-leaf mullein,[2] is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia and Europe. Enlarged, tuberous roots give rise to erect stems to 150 cm bearing purple-red flowers.[3]

Chemistry

Phytochemical analyses of Phlomoides tuberosa leaves have found flavonoids apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-О-glucuronide, orientin, isoorientin,[4][5][6][7] phenylpropanoids acteoside (verbascoside), forsythoside B,[8] decaffeoyl-acteoside, leucosceptoside A, marthynoside, neolignanes,[9] iridoids sesamoside, 5-desoxy-sesamoside, shanzhiside methyl ester, lamalbide,[10] 8-O-acetyl-shanzhiside, phloyoside I, chlorotuberoside,[9] sterols, triterpenes oleanolic acid, ursolic acid.[11] Dried leaves of plants collected in Buryatia yielded 0.02% of essential oil with a weak aroma with dominant phytol, linalool, eugenol and caryophyllene oxide.[12] The seed has yielded 11.8% of oil, including 3.3% gadoleic acid and some fatty acids containing the unusual allene group, 25.1% laballenic acid and 2.9% phlomic acid.[13] The roots shown the presence of oligosaccharides raffinose, stachyose, verbascose, flavonoids luteolin, linarin, quercitrin, phenylpropanoids acteoside, isoacteoside (isoverbascoside), forsythoside B, chlorogenic acid, decaffeoyl-acteosyde, iridoids shazhiside methyl ester, 8-O-acetyl-shanzhiside methyl ester, 8-O-acetyl-shanzhigenin methyl ester, floyoside I, phlotuberosides I and II, phlorigidoside C, diterpenes (abietanes, labdanes).[14][15]

Cultivation

This plant is grown in full sun, but may tolerate some shade.[2] The cultivar 'Amazone' has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[16]

Uses

The Kalmyks are said to have eaten the cooked root, calling the plant bodmon sok.[17] Another source for Mongolia has the plant used as a folk restorative medicine against intoxication, tuberculosis, pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases and rheumatoid arthritis.[14] Buryat lamas used some part of the plant to treat diarrhoea, eye and lung disease and as a sedative.[12]

  • Densely pubescent Spring shoots emerging from the soil among remains of previous season's growth
    Densely pubescent Spring shoots emerging from the soil among remains of previous season's growth
  • Basal rosettes of a stand of plants in Spring, forest margin, Austria
    Basal rosettes of a stand of plants in Spring, forest margin, Austria
  • Single, basal rosette of Spring foliage
    Single, basal rosette of Spring foliage
  • Elongating flowering stem before development of inflorescence
    Elongating flowering stem before development of inflorescence
  • Flowering stem arising from basal rosette of foliage showing inflorescence at early stage of development
    Flowering stem arising from basal rosette of foliage showing inflorescence at early stage of development
  • Detail of single cordate basal leaf
    Detail of single cordate basal leaf
  • Paired, opposite, cauline leaves at a stem node
    Paired, opposite, cauline leaves at a stem node
  • Stand of flowering plants in a tall-herb meadow, lower Austria
    Stand of flowering plants in a tall-herb meadow, lower Austria
  • Stand of plants in flower in a tall-herb meadow, Ukraine
    Stand of plants in flower in a tall-herb meadow, Ukraine
  • Detail of inflorescence in bud
    Detail of inflorescence in bud
  • Detail of inflorescence
    Detail of inflorescence
  • Single flower, showing ciliate upper lip of corolla
    Single flower, showing ciliate upper lip of corolla
  • Ciliate upper lip of corolla viewed from beneath to show stamens
    Ciliate upper lip of corolla viewed from beneath to show stamens
  • Detail of unripe infructescence
    Detail of unripe infructescence
  • Detail of ripe infructescence showing the four nutlets in each fruiting calyx
    Detail of ripe infructescence showing the four nutlets in each fruiting calyx
  • Array of ripe fruits (nutlets) separated from their fruiting calyces
    Array of ripe fruits (nutlets) separated from their fruiting calyces
  • Edible tuberous roots: Kalmyk: bodmon sok
    Edible tuberous roots: Kalmyk: bodmon sok

References

  1. ^ The Plant List, Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench
  2. ^ a b "Phlomoides tuberosa". RHS. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  3. ^ "Flora of China". eFloras. Flora of China Project. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  4. ^ Glyzin, V. I.; Peshkova, V. A.; Khokhrina, T. A. (November 1972). "Luteolin 7-β-D-glucosiduronic acid from Phlomis tuberosa". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 8 (6): 785. doi:10.1007/BF00564614. ISSN 0009-3130.
  5. ^ Vavilova, N. K.; Gella, É. V. (March 1973). "Homoorientin from Phlomis tuberosa". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 9 (2): 282. doi:10.1007/BF00563376. ISSN 0009-3130.
  6. ^ Vavilova, N. K.; Gella, É. V. (March 1973). "Flavonoids from Phlomis tuberosa". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 9 (2): 147–149. doi:10.1007/BF00563331. ISSN 0009-3130. S2CID 4814897.
  7. ^ Khokhrina, T. A.; Peshkova, V. A.; Glyzin, V. I. (November 1973). "Flavonoids from Phlomis tuberosa". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 9 (6): 769. doi:10.1007/BF00565810. ISSN 0009-3130.
  8. ^ Ersöz, Tayfun; Ivancheva, Stefanka; Akbay, Pinar; Sticher, Otto; Çalış, İhsan (2001-10-01). "Iridoid and Phenylethanoid Glycosides from Phlomis tuberosa L." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 56 (9–10): 695–698. doi:10.1515/znc-2001-9-1004. ISSN 1865-7125. PMID 11724370.
  9. ^ a b Calis, Ihsan; Kirmizibekmez, Hasan; Ersoz, Tayfun; Dönmez, Ali A.; Gotfredsen, Charlotte H.; Jensen, Søren R. (2005-12-01). "Iridoid Glucosides from Turkish Phlomis tuberosa". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 60 (12): 1295–1298. doi:10.1515/znb-2005-1214. ISSN 1865-7117. S2CID 102091367.
  10. ^ Alipieva, Kalina Iv.; Jensen, Soren R.; Franzyk, Henrik; Handjieva, Nedjalka V.; Evstatieva, Ljuba N. (2000-04-01). "Iridoid Glucosides from Phlomis tuberosa L. and Phlomis herba-ventis L." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 55 (3–4): 137–140. doi:10.1515/znc-2000-3-402. ISSN 1865-7125. PMID 10817200. S2CID 44366648.
  11. ^ Janicsák, Gábor; Veres, Katalin; Zoltán Kakasy, András; Máthé, Imre (May 2006). "Study of the oleanolic and ursolic acid contents of some species of the Lamiaceae". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 34 (5): 392–396. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2005.12.004.
  12. ^ a b Olennikov, D.N.; Dudareva, L.V.; Tankhaeva, L.M. (2010). "Chemical Composition of essential oils from Galeopsis bifida and Phlomoides tuberosa". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 46 (2): 316–318. doi:10.1007/s10600-010-9602-9. S2CID 42724592. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  13. ^ Aitzetmüller, Kurt; Tsevegüren, Nanzad (1998). "Phlomic Acid in Lamioideae Seed Oils" (PDF). Lamiales Newsletter (Kew) (6): 13–16. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  14. ^ a b Yang, Yingbo; Gu, Lihua; Xiao, Ying; Liu, Qing; Hu, Haijun; Wang, Zhengtao; Chen, Kaixian (2015). "Rapid Identification of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Phlomis tuberosa by Sepbox Chromatography and Thin-Layer Chromatography Bioautography". PLOS ONE. 10 (2): e0116922. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116922. PMC 4319760. PMID 25658100.
  15. ^ Olennikov, D. N.; Chirikova, N. K. (March 2017). "Phlotuberosides I and II, New Iridoid Glycosides from Phlomoides tuberosa". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 53 (2): 269–272. doi:10.1007/s10600-017-1968-5. ISSN 0009-3130. S2CID 45174280.
  16. ^ "Phlomis tuberosa 'Amazone'". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  17. ^ Pickering, Charles (1879). Chronological History of Plants. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 793. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
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