PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Philadelphia Liberty Loans Parade
Philadelphia Liberty Loans Parade
	The parade heading down Broad Street
Disease	Influenza
Virus strain	H1N1 influenza A virus
Location	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Date	September 28, 1918
Confirmed cases	47,000
Deaths	12,000

The Philadelphia Liberty Loans Parade was a parade in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 28, 1918, organized to promote government bonds that helped pay for the needs of Allied troops in World War I. More than 200,000 Philadelphians attended the parade, which led to one of the largest outbreaks of the Spanish flu in the United States. It has since been declared the deadliest parade in American history.

Background

The Spanish flu first hit Philadelphia, through the Philadelphia Navy Yard, on September 19, 1918, from sailors who were returning from Europe.^[1]

The city of Philadelphia was in charge of raising $259 million for war time efforts and saw the parade as a way to raise those funds.^[2]

City officials projected that the parade would draw only around 10,000 spectators.^[3] Following news of the disease reaching Philadelphia, many local physicians were wary of the dangers of holding the parade. However, Dr. Wilmer Krusen, the director of Philadelphia's Department of Health and Charities, allowed the parade to be held.^[4]

The parade

Only nine days after the Spanish flu had arrived in Philadelphia, more than 200,000 Philadelphians (20 times greater than the projected attendance) flocked to see the parade. At the time, it was the largest parade in Philadelphia's history.^[5]

The parade, which was 2 miles long, took place on Broad Street and featured four horse-drawn howitzers, floats, marching bands led by John Philip Sousa, and brand-new floating biplanes that were built in Philadelphia's Navy Yard. Many World War I veterans along with Boy Scouts were in the parade and rode through the crowds.^[6]

Aftermath

After the parade was over, the evening bulletin of The Philadelphia Inquirer described the parade as "the first premonition of – victory" and as "a great day in Philadelphia."

Twenty-four hours after the parade had ended, 118 Philadelphians were described as coming down with "a mysterious, deadly influenza." Two days later, Dr. Wilmer Krusen concluded that the Spanish flu was now present in the civilian population.^[7] One day after this announcement, every bed in Philadelphia's 31 hospitals was filled. One week later, 4,500 Philadelphians were declared dead of the Spanish flu and 47,000 people were infected.^[1]^[8]

On October 3, the outbreak of the Spanish flu in Philadelphia had gotten so bad that the city had to be essentially shut down. Schools, churches, bars and theaters were all required to be closed. Many large gatherings in Philadelphia including the Liberty Crusade parade at the Academy of Music and a Liberty Loan meeting with former US President William Howard Taft were canceled.^[9]^[10]

In response to the outbreak, Klumer requested that the US Army stop drafting doctors in Philadelphia, allocate funds to hire more medical professionals and mobilize the sanitation department to clean the city and remove bodies from the street. Both retired doctors and medical students were used to treat the influx of ill Philadelphians. The Archdiocese of Philadelphia assisted these efforts by sending nuns to hospitals to serve as nurses and by sending priests and seminary students to homes to collect bodies and build graves. Students at Bryn Mawr College, a women's college 11 miles from Philadelphia, opened the Lancaster Inn to treat patients.^[11]

Many makeshift hospitals were created throughout Philadelphia. Still, hospitals were unable to treat every infected patient, especially because much of Philadelphia's medical staff was serving the United States overseas in World War I.^[12]

The city of Philadelphia had too many deaths and not enough morticians. More than 1,000 bodies lay unburied, which forced the coroner of Philadelphia, William R. Knight Jr., to urge those who were healthy to serve as gravediggers. Many Philadelphians were unable to hire morticians and were forced to bury their dead family members on their own. Notably, Rabbi I. Rosenfeld was forced to build a casket and bury his son, Jack.^[13]^[14]

Pennsylvania State Senator Edwin H. Vare described the situation in South Philadelphia as the "worst" he could remember. Many doctors were overworked and pharmacies were running short on drugs.^[15]

Following the closure of Philadelphia, many people went to Camden, New Jersey, to go to bars. Camden then closed its bars to prevent spread of the influenza.

On November 11, 1918, Philadelphians once again gathered on Broad Street, but this time to celebrate Armistice Day. By then, the disease was on the decline in Philadelphia.^[16]

Following the outbreak, the Philadelphia Department of Public Health was officially reorganized.

No memorial to the more than 17,000 Philadelphians that were killed by the Spanish flu exists in the city of Philadelphia today. However, in 2019, the Mütter Museum opened an exhibition called "Spit Spreads Death: The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19 in Philadelphia." It aims to raise public awareness of the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 and its impact upon Philadelphia.^[17]

Today, The Center for Disease Control's Division of Global Migration and Quarantine uses the Philadelphia Liberty Loans Parade as an example of how not to handle a pandemic.^[18]

References

^ ^a ^b "Penn and the 1918 Influenza Epidemic". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "Parades and Pandemics Are a Really Bad Combination". City Lab. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "100 years ago, 'Spanish flu' shut down Philadelphia – and wiped out thousands". Philly Voice. 27 September 2018. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ Higgins, Jim (2020). "An Epidemic's Strawman: Wilmer Krusen, Philadelphia's 1918–1919 Influenza Epidemic, and Historical Memory". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 144 (1): 61–88. doi:10.1353/pmh.2020.0003. JSTOR 10.5215/pennmaghistbio.144.1.0061. S2CID 213875823.
^ "When The 1918 Deadly Spanish Flu Hit, St. Louis Shut Down. The Quarantine Saved Countless Lives". Lake Expo. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "Philadelphia Threw a WWI Parade That Gave Thousands of Onlookers the Flu". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ Wright, Jennifer (7 February 2017). Get Well Soon: History's Worst Plagues and the Heroes Who Fought Them. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781627797467. Retrieved 2020-03-15. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ "Cancel Everything". The Atlantic. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "What happens if parades aren't canceled during pandemics? Philadelphia found out in 1918, with disastrous results". Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "A History Minute: 11 Things You Should Know About the Spanish Flu Epidemic of 1918". Free Library of Philadelphia. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "BRYN MAWR COLLEGE". University of Michigan. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "The Flu in Philadelphia". PBS. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "TODAY IN PHILADELPHIA – SATURDAY OCTOBER 12, 1918". PhiladelphiaWWIYears.com. 12 October 2018. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "Mütter Museum is reviving a 1918 Philly parade that sparked a killer flu outbreak". WHYY. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "In 1918, Philadelphia was in 'the grippe' of misery and suffering". Philly Voice. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "Armistice Day Exhibit". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "A resolution recognizing The Mütter Museum's ambitious exhibition detailing the size, scope, and impact of the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 in Philadelphia, and its historically significant research on the topic" (PDF). Philadelphia City Council. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
^ "Philadelphia didn't cancel a parade during a 1918 pandemic. The results were devastating". KSAT. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[Penn-1] "Penn and the 1918 Influenza Epidemic". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[2] "Parades and Pandemics Are a Really Bad Combination". City Lab. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[3] "100 years ago, 'Spanish flu' shut down Philadelphia – and wiped out thousands". Philly Voice. 27 September 2018. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[4] Higgins, Jim (2020). "An Epidemic's Strawman: Wilmer Krusen, Philadelphia's 1918–1919 Influenza Epidemic, and Historical Memory". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 144 (1): 61–88. doi:10.1353/pmh.2020.0003. JSTOR 10.5215/pennmaghistbio.144.1.0061. S2CID 213875823.

[5] "When The 1918 Deadly Spanish Flu Hit, St. Louis Shut Down. The Quarantine Saved Countless Lives". Lake Expo. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[6] "Philadelphia Threw a WWI Parade That Gave Thousands of Onlookers the Flu". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[7] Wright, Jennifer (7 February 2017). Get Well Soon: History's Worst Plagues and the Heroes Who Fought Them. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781627797467. Retrieved 2020-03-15. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

[8] "Cancel Everything". The Atlantic. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[9] "What happens if parades aren't canceled during pandemics? Philadelphia found out in 1918, with disastrous results". Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[10] "A History Minute: 11 Things You Should Know About the Spanish Flu Epidemic of 1918". Free Library of Philadelphia. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[11] "BRYN MAWR COLLEGE". University of Michigan. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[12] "The Flu in Philadelphia". PBS. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[13] "TODAY IN PHILADELPHIA – SATURDAY OCTOBER 12, 1918". PhiladelphiaWWIYears.com. 12 October 2018. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[14] "Mütter Museum is reviving a 1918 Philly parade that sparked a killer flu outbreak". WHYY. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[15] "In 1918, Philadelphia was in 'the grippe' of misery and suffering". Philly Voice. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[16] "Armistice Day Exhibit". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[17] "A resolution recognizing The Mütter Museum's ambitious exhibition detailing the size, scope, and impact of the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 in Philadelphia, and its historically significant research on the topic" (PDF). Philadelphia City Council. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[18] "Philadelphia didn't cancel a parade during a 1918 pandemic. The results were devastating". KSAT. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Philadelphia Liberty Loans Parade

Background

The parade

Aftermath

See also

References

Read other articles:

Henry White (diplomat)

Mazmur 9

Stadio Nicola Ceravolo

Unfinished (film)

Zhu Ran

SS San Jacinto (1903)

Sapsan

2002–03 UEFA Champions League

Phil Coulson

Associazione Calcio Fiorentina 1974-1975

2016年美國總統選舉

Love & Hip Hop: New York season 1

Robert F. Kennedy

Ipswitch, Inc.

Wentworth Beaumont, 1st Viscount Allendale

ثكنة يوسف رحمة

Burhanuddin Ulakan

CasaPound

Coronation

Basic Chess Endings